Abstract: A method and system for conducting a group call between a source electronic device (116) and a plurality of destination electronic devices is disclosed. A packet characterized by a first coding technique and destined towards the plurality of destination electronic devices is received. The packet is processed to identify if at least one of the plurality destination electronic devices uses the first coding technique. The packet is then multiplied to form a plurality of packets. The plurality of packets is sent to the plurality of destination electronic devices using the first coding technique. Further, in case at least one of the plurality of destination devices uses a second coding technique, the packet is transcoded to the second coding technique. The transcoded packet is multiplied to form a plurality of transcoded packets. The plurality of transcoded packets are sent to the plurality of destination electronic devices using the second coding technique.

Abstract: Instead of implementing per flow measurement at every interface of every IGMP Router or Snooping Proxy in the aggregation network, as in the prior art “per flow measurement” approaches, the present invention relates to a scheme where the IGMP Router or Snooping Proxy tracks the multicast subscription of each host (for IGMPv3) or subnet (for IGMPv1 and IGMPv2) and stores the information such as host id, the time the host joined a channel, the duration of the channel delivery, etc. in a database. This database (MIB) can then be pulled by a network management tool using SNMP or WSDM MUWS. According to the invention a mechanism for multicast host authorization is also provided.

Abstract: In a virtual LAN, a packet forwarding apparatus forwards IP packets and L2 packets using a single switch. The packet forwarding apparatus includes a switch that switches a media access control (MAC) packet using a MAC address of the MAC packet, and a packet format converter. The packet format converter converts a packet from an input and output unit into a packet having a MAC address according to information from the input and output unit, and converts a packet output from the switch to the input and output unit to a packet format compatible with the input and output unit according to the information of the input and output unit.

Abstract: The disclosed techniques provide for eliminating real-time transport protocol, RTP, extension bit X, marker bit M, time stamp and sequence number information and/or user data protocol, UDP, checksum information from the header of a packet for transmission.

Abstract: To provide a packet forwarding device which minimizes degradation in packet forwarding performance at the time of execution of filtering there is provided a technique in which a destination decision processing unit of a destination decision and filtering unit decides whether to execute filtering on the basis of at least one of an input interface, an input port number, an output interface, and an output port number of an input packet and a plurality of pieces of information constituting the header of the packet. A filtering unit executes filtering only for a packet for which execution of filtering is decided. The packet forwarding device with the destination decision and filtering unit need not execute filtering for all packets and can minimize degradation in packet forwarding performance caused by filtering.

Abstract: A dual-stack network apparatus and a broadcasting method are provided. The broadcasting method is provided with transforming data created by an application into a packet and generating an IP packet using the IP address of a target network apparatus, looking up the Ethernet address of the target network apparatus in the ARP cache table, broadcasting an ARP request packet to the network if the Ethernet address is not found in the ARP cache table, receiving an ARP reply packet for the ARP request packet from the target network apparatus and transmitting the IP packet using the data included in the ARP reply packet. As a result, the number of broadcast packets can be significantly reduced, thereby reducing network load and improving network processing efficiency.

Abstract: For carrying out communication with the use of an IP address, prefix information is extracted from a router advertisement, the prefix information is registered and managed; and a predetermined number of prefixes are selected from the prefix information registered and the IP address is generated therefrom.

Abstract: The disclosed techniques provide for eliminating real-time transport protocol, RTP, sequence number information and/or user data protocol, UDP, checksum information from the header of a packet for transmission.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods in a communication system providing the steps of determining a set of spatial transport formats, and signalling a selected active set of transport formats to one or several mobile terminals. The transport formats are adjustable by means of adapting the parameters of their complex transmission weights and/or their transmission power by evaluating collected channel management information, e.g. feedback information received from the mobile terminals, in order to optimise the aggregate data throughput subject to quality and fairness requirements. Further the present invention allows to evaluate a plurality of feedback information received from the various mobile terminals, determining applicable data rates for each of the data streams associated to the transport formats, determining from said evaluation a scheduling scheme for scheduling data streams to said mobile terminals, and assigning applicable data rates to each of said scheduled data streams.

Abstract: A medium access control (MAC) scheduler is disclosed for scheduling uplink (UL) traffic by a subscriber station having multiple active service connections. The scheduler may include two types of queue sets, a first type of queue for each unsolicited grant service (UGS) connection and a second type of queue for each and all other non-UGS connections. Upon receipt of an overall bandwidth grant from a base station, data in the first type of queues may be sent first and then data in the second type of queues is sent if there is sufficient remaining burst space in the granted UL frame. The second type of queues may be assigned weight value, and thus scheduled, depending on the type of connection. When serving the second type of queues, initial burst space allocation may be reserved for bandwidth requests to the base station. Additional embodiments and variations are also disclosed.

Abstract: An overhead processor processes overhead bytes in a stream of Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) frames in multiple levels. In one embodiment, the overhead processor includes three stages. A first stage provides access for external processing of a first set of overhead bytes in the stream of SONET frames. A second stage is programmable to process a second set of overhead bytes in the stream of SONET frames. A third stage processes a third set of overhead bytes in each frame in the stream of SONET frames.

Abstract: A method and system for providing quality of service in an IP telephony session between a calling party and a called party establishes a high quality of service ATM virtual circuit for the session between first and second devices, each of the devices having ATM capability and IP capability. The first and second devices provide bidirectional translation between IP media and ATM media. The system transports IP media for the session between the calling party and the first device, and between said called party and a second device. The virtual circuit transports ATM media for the session between the first and second devices. An intelligent control layer provides IP and ATM signaling to set up the session.

Abstract: A system for providing resilient multimedia broadcasting services over a VPLS network is described. A network Management System (NMS) calculates disjoint minimum cost trees using the Steiner algorithm executed with extra steps to result in the disjoint trees. Destination PE routers in the VPLS network are connected to the disjoint trees so that they can be serviced by either tree in the case of a fault. Each of the disjoint trees is provisioned with enough bandwidth to carry all of the services provided by the VPLS network. Under normal operation, however, the services are distributed evenly over the trees. In the event of a fault, the services on the faulty tree are switched to the other tree using split horizon bridging. Each Steiner tree can also be realized using poin-to-multipoint LSPs which is fully protected by a precomputed point-to-mulltipoint LSP.

Abstract: Implementation of a VPN service such as a VPLS (Virtual Private Local area network Service) is performed utilizing a two-stage process. A first stage of the two-stage process involves providing notification of whether a PE (Provider Edge) router in a label-switching network has VPLS capability. Notification can include broadcasting a message from a PE router to remote PE routers in the label-switching network to indicate whether the broadcasting PE router is VPLS enabled. A second stage of the two-stage process involves, based on receiving a notification that a PE router is VPLS enabled, generating a query message to discover a set of VPLS instances to which the broadcasting PE router belongs. In this way, a given PE router generating the query message can identify other PE routers in the label-switching network associated with the same VPLS for purposes of setting up the VPLS in the label-switching network.

Abstract: Systems, methodologies, media, and other embodiments associated with provisioning an Internet Protocol (IP) core network services multimedia subsystem (IMS) are described. One exemplary system embodiment includes a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) logic operably connectable to components including, a user database, an application server (AS), and a permissions database. The HSS logic may be a component of an IMS that facilitates communications between application servers and users. Thus, the HSS logic may be configured to receive an AS-to-user-database-interface-message (AUDIM) and to selectively update the permissions database based, at least in part, on the AUDIM. The user database may store user data concerning IMS users and the permissions database may store information for controlling AUDIM initiated interactions between an AS and the user database.

Abstract: There are provided a voice communication unit 23a for voice communication with the telephone equipment 13 through the metallic cable 3, an identifier generation unit 23b for generating a caller identifier and an intended recipient identifier on the basis of a control signal from the telephone equipment 13, a conversion unit 23d for converting voice signals of voice communication into packet signals and vice versa, and a packet transmitter receiver unit 23 for transmitting and receiving packet signals on the basis of the caller identifier and the intended recipient identifier, and a determination unit 23e operable in order that the voice signals are output to the subscriber line exchange 24 without converting the voice signals into packet signals on the basis of the intended recipient identifier.

Abstract: A wireless bridge for communicating with another wireless bridge. The wireless bridge comprises a plurality of phased-array antennas, an antenna selector and a transceiver. The phased-array antennas each forms a beam and transmits/receives a signal to/from the other wireless bridge, and the beams are overlapped in angles. The antenna selector is connected to the phased-array antennas for selecting one as a main antenna according to the plurality of received signals. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the signal received by the main antenna is the largest than that received by the other phased-array antennas. Then the transceiver makes transmission/reception via the main antenna.

Abstract: A method for accessing data is disclosed, which method is for accessing data to a plurality of storage media through an electronic communication device, wherein the storage media are electrically connected to a gateway, the method including the steps of: the electronic communication device being connected to the gateway in a wireless manner; the electronic communication device selecting a file type of the data to be accessed; the electronic communication device sending the file type to the gateway; the gateway searching, according to the file type, for the data in the storage media, which data matches with data to be accessed; and the gateway sending the matching data to the electronic communication device.

Abstract: Various embodiments are described which can serve to increase the cross paging call success rate in joint networks. Resource reservation by a requesting network (312) in the context of cross paging is described. In general, such resource reservation may be triggered by the occurrence of any one of a variety of events in conjunction with the requesting network determining that a communication session with an AT (301) is desirable. Examples of triggering events include the following: the AT subscribing for resource reservation as a matter of configuration, the AT having a particular call state and perhaps with regard to particular services, the AT requesting resource reservation (before or after being paged/notified of the requesting network's desire to provide service, the communication session for which the requesting network is requesting the AT is of a particular type, and/or resource reservation is an operational default system operation.

Abstract: A node (401) responsive to a TDMA protocol is provided. The node (401) can include a transceiver (403) and one or more processors (407) cooperatively operable with the transceiver (403). The processor (407) can be configured to facilitate receiving (413) one or more frames to be transmitted in a communication over the transceiver (403). The frame(s) can indicate a priority relative to other frames. The processor (407) can queue (415) the frame(s) in one of several queues in response to the priority. Each of the queues can correspond to a different priority. The queues are serviced (417), including processing the frame(s) in the queue(s).

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a plurality of first queues to which priorities or predetermined bandwidths are assigned respectively, a plurality of second queues which are corresponded to any of the plurality of first queues and to which the priorities are assigned respectively, a first writing portion which writes data blocks into any of the plurality of second queues or any of the plurality of first queues which is not corresponded to the second queues in accordance with a rule, a second writing portion which reads the data blocks stored in the plurality of second queues in order of the priorities assigned to the second queues respectively, and writes the data blocks into at least one of the first queues which is corresponded to the second queues, and a transmitting portion which reads the data blocks stored in the plurality of first queues in order of the priorities assigned to the first queues respectively or at time intervals corresponding to the bandwidths assigned to the first queues respectively,

Abstract: Network devices (1) for receiving first and second packets comprising source addresses and destination addresses and codes from interface devices (2-4) via network couplings (12-14), which codes define couplings (15-20) between the interface devices (2-4) and terminal devices (5-10), are provided with detector units (109) for, in response to detections of codes, selecting different processes (101a-103a,101b-103b) for processing the packets. These network devices (1) can distinguish between different subscribers using different terminal devices (5,6) and/or between different services delivered via the different terminal devices (5,6) and all using the same network coupling (12). The different processes (101a-103a,101b-103b) may comprise different routings (101a,101b) or non-authentication and authentication processes (102a,102b) or non-cryptographic and cryptographic processes (103a,103b).

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems are presented for compensating for independent clocks in relayed modem communications involving receiving data packets from a first network device, forwarded over a packet-based network, at a second network device, the data packets representing data in a first modulated signal from a first modem, the first modulated signal being associated with a first symbol rate, placing data derived from the data packets into a queue in the second network device, generating a second modulated signal at the second network device for transmission to a second modem, the second modulated signal being generated using data retrieved from the queue and being associated with a second symbol rate, obtaining at least one queue size measurement associated with data in the queue, and effectively adjusting the second symbol rate based on at least one queue size measurement associated with data placed in the queue in the second network device.

Abstract: A network management system comprises a plurality of terminal devices, and a network to which the plurality terminal devices are connected. At least one of the plurality of terminal devices comprises a management setting information changing system configured to change management setting information for managing usage of the network by the plurality of terminal devices, and a management setting information restoring system is configured to perform a restoring operation for restoring the management setting information changed by the management setting information changing system, in response to a predetermined restoring condition being satisfied.

Abstract: Optimized delivery of locally applicable Internet content to users. A cache of locally applicable Internet content is maintained in a local content server, based upon a monitoring of locations of users requesting Internet content. Requests for Internet content are received from user equipment through a wireless network base station, and served from the local content server, which is logically proximate to the wireless network base station. The caching of locally applicable Internet content may be maintained on a layered basis. Secure action request receipt and corresponding performance, and item condition alerts are also described.

Abstract: A method of scheduling and sub-channelization is provided for a wireless network such as an OFDMA network. Distributed coordination is applied across sectors, such neighboring sectors will tend to schedule cell-edge users at the same time, while sub-channelizing to different portions of the full frequency band available for forward link transmissions. This tendency is achieved by dividing each sector's users into user classes which depend upon forward link channel quality. Each user class is assigned a different set of priorities for use of available timeslots and subcarriers.

Abstract: Quality of Service (QoS) support is provided by means of a Tiered Contention Multiple Access (TCMA) distributed medium access protocol that schedules transmission of different types of traffic based on their service quality specifications. In one embodiment, a wireless station is supplied with data from a source having a lower QoS priority QoS(A), such as file transfer data. Another wireless station is supplied with data from a source having a higher QoS priority QoS(B), such as voice and video data. Each wireless station can determine the urgency class of its pending packets according to a scheduling algorithm. For example file transfer data is assigned lower urgency class and voice and video data is assigned higher urgency class. There are several urgency classes which indicate the desired ordering.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, a telephony network having a server configured to provide selected communication functions following failure of a primary server.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system comprises a communication medium; a first controller coupled to the communication medium; and a second controller coupled to the communication medium. The first controller is configured to interrupt transmission of a packet on the communication medium to the second controller subsequent to transmission of a first portion of the packet. The first controller is configured to transmit at least one control symbol on the communication medium in response to interrupting transmission of the packet, and wherein the first controller is configured to continue transmission of the packet with a second portion of the packet. The controller(s) may include, in some embodiments, a media access controller and a physical coding sublayer.

Abstract: A power outlet adaptor device having a housing, at least one multimedia, networking and/or communications component, and an electrical socket box including at least one electrical socket is provided. The multimedia, networking, and/or communications component is secured within the housing and provides multimedia, networking and/or communications capabilities. The electrical socket accommodates an electrical device plug. The housing fits around the electrical socket box. The electrical socket box electrically couples to the multimedia, networking, and/or communications component.

Abstract: A transmitter generates MUX-PDUs for video, audio, data, and/or control streams based on a fixed PHY packet size such that all or a substantial percentage of the MUX-PDUs conform to the PHY packet size. The MUX-PDUs have variable sizes and are mapped to PHY packets such that (1) each MUX-PDU that is smaller than the PHY packet size is sent in one PHY packet and (2) each MUX-PDU that is larger than the PHY packet size is sent in a minimum number of PHY packets. Each MUX-PDU is padded with one or more null MUX-PDUs and/or one or more padding bytes, if needed, to obtain the PHY packet size. Each PHY packet is sent in one transmission time interval (TTI) to a receiver. The receiver performs the complementary processing on the received PHY packets to recover the MUX-PDUs. The receiver forwards each valid MUX-PDU and discards any padding.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a service data transfer method applicable in PSN, which includes: when sending service data, a sending end performing a rate adaptation on a service data stream depending on a constant rate container adaptive to the rate of the service rate stream, encapsulating the service data stream into data frames that may be transferred over the PSN, and then sending the data frames; and when receiving data, a receiving end decapsulating the data frames from the network, performing a rate de-adaptation on the constant rate containers in the data frames, and obtaining the transferred service data stream. The present invention further discloses a corresponding apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of wireless communication involving at least one first uplink channel associated with a first protocol and at least one second uplink channel associated with a second protocol. The method may include providing signaling information associated with the first uplink channel over a signaling channel associated with the at least one second uplink channel in response to determining that the signaling channel associated with the at least one second uplink channel is available.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cell disassembly unit which accurately reproduces the position of data on a time axis when ATM cells are converted into STM signals even if cell loss occurs in an ATM network. A cell loss detection circuit disassembles the ATM cells into bytes, sends them to the memory, and detects the number of lost bytes M of the ATM cells. A sequence number generation circuit generates the sequence number N, which is N=N+1 if there is no loss, and N=N+M if there is loss, in the sequence of the transmission of bytes from the cell loss detection circuit. A write address generation circuit generates a write address, and a read address generation circuit generates a read address. A selector sends either the bytes read from the memory or dummy data generated by the dummy data generation circuit to the outside as STM signals.

Abstract: The present invention is comprised for pre-setting bandwidth control information of each user for each of the number of normal physical links which are integrated as a Link Aggregation, recognizing the number of currently normal physical links if a failure, or recovery therefrom, of a physical link which is integrated as the aforementioned Link Aggregation, and carrying out a bandwidth control, for each user traffic, corresponding to the number of the recognized normal physical links by referring to bandwidth control information of each user for each of the number of preset normal physical links, in order to prevent an occurrence of unfairness in usable bandwidth among the users even in the case of a failure occurrence in respective physical links which are logically integrated as a Link Aggregation.

Abstract: A multipacket interface is easily adaptable to any of several link layer interfaces via a simple adaptation layer which can be provided on an ASIC or FPGA. The interface according to the invention includes (in both transmit and receive directions) a multi-bit data signal, a multi-bit channel identifier, a packet abort/error signal, a start-of-frame signal, an end-of-frame signal, a data valid signal, and an interface clock. In the transmit direction, the interface also includes a data request signal and a multi-bit PDU length indicator signal. In the receive direction the interface also includes a server signal failure signal.

Abstract: In a method for improving the transmission efficiency in a communication system with a layered protocol stack, data packets are processed on an upper protocol layer. Data packets are forwarded to a lower protocol layer for transmission and the transmission is performed with variable channel access delays. The upper protocol layer is notified by the lower protocol layer when a transmission is started to allow a synchronization of timers in the upper protocol layer. If a layer performs a scheduling of data packets for the transmission, a rescheduling is performed alternatively or in addition during a channel access delay. Devices and software programs embodying the invention are also described.

Abstract: A wireless data network architecture supports both centralized mode operation and distributed mode operation. In the centralized mode, all of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model data link layer, also known as layer 2, protocol functions are implemented within the radio access network control entity, such as at a base station controller (BSC) or similar network controller, before the data packets are delivered to one or more base station transceiver subsystems (BTSs). In the distributed mode, some of the layer 2 protocol functions are implemented at the BSC or similar network controller, and some of the layer 2 protocol functions are implemented at the BTSs. The data transmission is dynamically switched from one of the modes to the other as a function of various implementation-specific triggers.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for inserting, in a radio link control entity, at least one service data unit to a protocol data unit of an appropriate size. The method also includes providing at least one indicator including a length indicator for indicating that a first data octet of the protocol data unit is a first octet of a first service data unit and at least one other octet of the protocol data unit is the last octet of another service data unit, the first service data unit being either the same or different from the other service data unit.

Abstract: A method and device for changing between a long address and a short address in a packet is provided. According to one embodiment, a method of converting a long address to a short address by an processing element in a communication network, comprises receiving a packet having a first long address, retrieving a first short address associated with the first long address from a data repository, replacing the first long address in the standard packet with the first short address forming an improved packet with a control field and sending the improved packet toward a subsequent device.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method for receiving a first portion of a first packet at a first agent and determining whether the first portion is an interleaved portion based on a value of an interleave indicator. The interleave indicator may be sent as part of the first portion. In such manner, interleaved packets may be sent within transmission of another packet, such as a lengthy data packet, providing improved processing capabilities. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: In one aspect, a system capable of performing network address changes is provided. The system comprises a network interconnecting a plurality of hosts, a mobile device connected to the network, the mobile device associated with a first network address corresponding to a first network location of the mobile device on the network, a first host connected to the network, and a mobile handler capable of communicating with the mobile device and the host over the network.

Abstract: A system and method for scalable multifunctional network communication between presentation devices and service providers are disclosed. A group of consumer premise equipment (CPE) units are coupled to the presentation devices, and a headend control computer receives upstream messages from the CPE units and for sending downstream messages to the CPE units. A group of service provider control subsystems interface between the headend control computer and the service providers. The head end control computer receives messages from the CPE units and transports them to the service provider control subsystems, and the headend control computer receives messages from the service provider control subsystems and transports them to the CPE units.

Abstract: A modulation scheme detecting apparatus for determining a target modulation scheme used for demodulating a received signal and a related method are disclosed. The modulation scheme detecting apparatus includes: a first power estimating module, for evaluating a first nominal power of the received signal rotated by a first predetermined phase according to a first modulation scheme; a second power estimating module, for evaluating a second nominal power of the received signal rotated by a second predetermined phase according to a second modulation scheme; and a decision module, coupled to the first power estimating module and the second power estimating module, for selecting the target modulation from the first and second modulation schemes according to the first nominal power and the second nominal power.

Abstract: A communication system is formed with a master unit having a communication function and at least one slave unit also having a communication function connected by a network including a bus. Repeater units are inserted on the network between the master unit and the slave unit in one or more stages. As the master unit transmits request frames downstream through the network to the slave unit, the slave unit control the timing of transmitting the response frames in response successively such that the master unit receives the response frames without waiting in between regardless of repeater delay times of each of the returned response frames determined by the number of stages of the repeater units. Each communication frame that is transmitted through the network contains identification data indicative of its type and each repeater unit serves to repeat certain types of received frames only in the upstream direction.

Abstract: A serializer/deserializer (SERDES) receiver circuit designed to support multiple serial data rates (full, half, and quarter rates) based on user selection, while requiring substantially minimal amounts of additional logic and complexity within the core logic functions and analog circuits of a full rate SERDES. Over-sampled data from the analog block is provided to support each of the different rates, and the data is stored in three preliminary rate registers, one for full rate, one for half rate and one for quarter rate. In full rate mode, all samples coming from the analog circuits are utilized. In half rate and quarter rate modes, one out of every two samples and one out of every four samples is utilized, respectively. The selected samples are converted to parallel data by core logic functions, which are provided a single clock signal corresponding to the particular mode of operation.

Abstract: An improved system and method for permitting a transmitting electronic device to indicate explicitly which streams in a multimedia stream being transmitted should not be synchronized or should include a specified amount of synchronization jitter. The present invention aids the receiving device in understanding the stream characteristics. The present invention also allows the receiving device to make an informed decision as to whether an synchronization jitter value should be used when synchronizing two or more streams. For certain applications such as uni-directional video sharing or video PoC, the sending device of the stream can indicate that the receiving device doesn't perform any or limited synchronization for better media quality.

Abstract: Techniques for providing an uninterrupted data stream to a mobile node are disclosed. In a first technique, a time stamp is inserted at some point in the wireless network and the time stamp is used along with a tolerance value to determine when to transmit a packet in a data stream. By transmitting the packets at the same adjusted time, transmission to mobile nodes is synchronized. A second technique uses duplication of data stream content to avoid an interruption in the data stream at a mobile node. A third technique uses an error correcting code to avoid interruption of the data stream at a mobile node. A fourth technique uses a sequence number inserted into packets in the data stream at the content server to synchronize transmission to mobile nodes.

Abstract: Method and system for providing data transmission with transparency over the Gigabit Ethernet data stream includes receiving the 10 bit code with a data rate of 1,250 Mbits/second from the encoded 8B/10B data and arbitrarily selecting 9 bit codes using a look-up translation table which can fully represent the 10 bit codes received. The translated 9 bit codes with a data rate of 1,125 Mbits/second is then provided to eight STS-3 inverse multiplexer which inverse multiplexes the received codes into eight STS-3 data streams each with a data rate of 155.52 Mbits/second plus an offset A which are then provided to the modem for transmission to the far end via the optical transmission path.

Abstract: Write logic and read logic are coupled to SDRAM and a frame status table. VCG members are written into SDRAM by the write logic and an entry (based on the MFI and SQ) in the frame status table is maintained by the write logic for each member. The read logic scans the frame status table to identify the earliest frame number for which data is available in SDRAM. Based on the frame status and the address pointer offset, the read logic maintains a state table entry for each VCG member and a state for each VCG. According to the preferred embodiment, the read logic is provided in two parts separated by a temporary buffer. The first part of the read logic performs the functions described above and writes chunk data into the temporary buffer. The second part of the read logic reads byte data from the temporary buffer according to a selectable leak rate.