Abstract: In a driver circuit including transistors each having an emitter follower configuration and a pair of differential transistors with emitter outputs of the transistors of the emitter follower configuration as inputs, end terminals of the pair of differential transistors are connected to individual bonding pads, and the respective bonding pads and voltage sources are individually connected by wires that function as inductors. Thereby, even in the case where the lengths of the wires of output terminals change according to packaging, outputs can be matched by determining the wire lengths of the wires suitably.

Abstract: A design for a differential amplifier with a large input common mode signal range. The differential amplifier comprises two differential pairs, each having two amplifying MOSFETs. A source follower is connected to the gate terminal of each amplifying MOSFET in one of the differential pairs. A differential signal applied to the differential amplifier comprises two separate signal. Each separate signal is applied to the gate terminals of both the amplifying MOSFET in the differential pair not driven by the source follower and the driven MOSFET of the source follower. The differential amplifier further comprises a pair of switch MOSFETs connected to a current source MOSFET. The switch MOSFETs act to control the distribution of the total current flowing from the current source MOSFET and, consequently, to determine which differential pair works dominantly to amplify the input signals.

Abstract: A variable gain amplifier contains first and second amplifying elements for signal amplification, which are differentially connected to a first constant current source. Third and fourth amplifying elements for gain control are differentially connected to a signal input terminal connected to a second constant current source. Fifth and sixth amplifying elements for gain control are differentially connected to a signal input terminal connected to a third constant current source. In addition, an output terminal of the first amplifying element is connected to the second constant current source and an output terminal of the second amplifying element is connected to the third constant current source. The first constant current source is connected to a high potential terminal of a power source and the second and third constant current sources are connected to a low potential terminal of the power source.

Abstract: Provided is a transconductor capable of eliminating a direct current (DC) offset component of a signal and compensating a mismatch of the signal. The transconductor includes amplifiers of simple circuit structures, and a common mode control DC offset elimination circuit. The transconductor includes a common mode control DC offset elimination circuit unit receiving input/output voltages to stabilize the current supplying and the output DC value, a first amplifier and a second amplifier reducing a mismatch in a transconductor circuit and increasing an output resistance, in order to prevent a signal distortion or a wrong operation of the circuit that is caused by the mismatch signal and unstable DC voltage.

Abstract: A differential amplifier and method of using same are disclosed. In one particular exemplary embodiment, the present invention may be realized as a circuit comprising a differential amplifier for receiving a differential input signal and generating a differential output signal, a comparator for generating an adjustment signal based at least in part upon the differential output signal, and a current controller for controlling current steering and at least one offset current in the differential amplifier based at least in part upon the adjustment signal and a current steering variable signal.

Abstract: Provided is an active load circuit of a voltage gain amplifier, which allows a high voltage gain with a low supply voltage operation in high-frequency range. The active load circuit includes a PMOS transistor which is connected between the amplifying unit and a power supply voltage and functions as a load element in a low frequency range; a negative feedback buffering unit which is connected to the gate of the PMOS transistor and functions as a common drain amplifier to stabilize the output voltage of the voltage gain amplifier and drive the voltage gain amplifier at a low voltage; and a capacitor which is connected to the negative feedback buffering unit and compensates for both an impedance and a frequency characteristics when the voltage gain amplifier operates in a high frequency range.

Abstract: An amplifier system and method is provided for performing gate oxide integrity (GOI) testing of a power output field effect transistor (FET) of the amplifier system. The amplifier system and method provide for integrated test circuitry that protect drive components during overvoltage stress of a gate of the power output FET, and disables and/or isolates drive devices associated with leakage paths from the gate during gate oxide leakage measurements.

Abstract: A power amplification controlling apparatus and method in a mobile communication system are provided. An amplifying part amplifies an input Radio Frequency (RF) signal with a power supply voltage. A bias adaptation part detects at least one of environmental changes of the amplifying part, attenuates the RF signal according to the detected environmental change, detecting the envelope of the attenuated signal, and generates a supply voltage control signal according to the envelope. A power supply part changes the power supply voltage in response to the supply voltage control signal.

Abstract: There is provided a high frequency power amplifier circuit capable of enhancing detection accuracy of an output level, necessary for feedback control of the high frequency power amplifier circuit, and capable of executing output power control with higher precision, With the high frequency power amplifier circuit, the detection of the output level, necessary for feedback control of the high frequency power amplifier circuit is executed by use of a current detection method, and in an electronic device comprising a differential amplifier for comparing an output power detection signal with an output level designation signal and for generating a signal for controlling a gain of the high frequency power amplifier circuit according to a potential difference between the two signals, a power source voltage with variation less than that for the power source voltage of the high frequency power amplifier circuit is used as the operational power source voltage of the output power detection circuit.

Abstract: In a power amplifier a Doherty amplifier is provided with an output higher harmonic reflection circuit that is connected to the output terminal of a first FET chip and sets an even-numbered higher harmonic load of an output signal at the output terminal to be a short-circuit, or at a low impedance approximating a short-circuit, and sets an odd-numbered higher harmonic load of an output signal at the output terminal to be an open-circuit, or a high impedance approximating an open-circuit.

Abstract: A high power Doherty RF amplifier utilizes multi-stage amplifier modules for both the main amplifier and the peak amplifiers. In one embodiment of a two way two stage amplifier, the first stage of each amplifier module can include signal pre-distortion whereby the first stage compensates for distortion in both the first and second stages. The design is simple and results in a high efficiency amplifier with high gain. In one embodiment, a commercially available CREE PFM19030SM power module is used in both the main amplifier and the peak amplifier.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a circuit arrangement includes a regulator circuit. The circuit arrangement further includes a current limit circuit coupled to the regulator circuit. The circuit arrangement further includes a power amplifier coupled to the regulator circuit, where the power amplifier is configured to draw a first current from the regular circuit. The current limit circuit is configured to decrease the first current when the first current causes a second current in the current limit circuit to be greater than a reference current. According to this embodiment, the second current is a mirror current of the first current. The current limit circuit includes a current sink, where the current sink is configured to sink the reference current to ground. The current limit circuit further includes a feedback loop, where the feedback loop causes the second current to be substantially equal to the reference current.

Abstract: A single-ended input to differential output LNA with a cascode topology of the present invention overcomes a much greater consumption of current and area for the single-ended input to differential output LNA of the prior art. The LNA needs to supply an operating bias for each transistor. The LNA has a few transistors, a few capacitive impedances, and a few inductive impedances. The main objective of the present invention not only reduces costs and conserves area and current consumption, but also has a much higher linearity and gain under the same current consumption when compare to the prior art.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a high-frequency power amplifier and a matching circuit. The high-frequency power amplifier has at least one stage of an amplifier element. The matching circuit has a MOSFET and a detector diode. The source of the MOSFET is connected to an input of a first stage amplifier element, the drain is connected to a ground, and the gate is also connected to the ground. A capacitor is connected between the gate of the MOSFET and the ground. The detector diode is connected in parallel between the drain and the gate of the MOSFET. Turning on the MOSFET reduces the effective gain of the first stage amplifier element, thereby allowing mode change.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a gain amplifier, capable of concurrently operating at three different frequency bands. The gain amplifier comprises an amplification stage for amplifying a signal applied to an input of the amplifier and a triple-band resonance load connected between a DC bias voltage and a DC bias input of the amplification stage. The triple-band resonance load uses a set of reactive elements to provide match in a first frequency band, a second frequency band and in a third frequency band, such as at 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz and 9.0 GHz. According to the gain amplifier of the present invention, it can effectively provide triple-band signal amplification and in-band interference suppression for various multi-standard coexist communication systems.

Abstract: Signal transmission in opto-electronic devices by moving the quiescent component of a differential signal. Exemplary circuits and techniques are disclosed for moving the quiescent component of the differential output signal of a preamplifier amplifying the output of a photodiode to provide an indication of the received signal strength. The quiescent component is moved in response to the average diode current, either symmetrically by imposing the same change on the differential outputs of the preamplifer, or unsymmetrically such as by imposing a change on one of the differential outputs only, and either linearly or nonlinearly with the average diode current. Detection in a postamplifier may be by open circuit techniques, such as by comparing the quiescent output of the preamplifier with a fixed reference, or by using feedback techniques that can cancel or alter the imposed quiescent component. Also exemplary embodiments for use in conjunction with opto-electronic transmitters are disclosed.

Abstract: A local oscillator circuit has a control loop that locks the oscillation of a voltage-controlled oscillator at a programmable frequency. The control loop includes a voltage generator that generates a control voltage for the voltage-controlled oscillator, and a current generator that generates a current to raise and lower the control voltage. The magnitude of the current is switched according to the programmed frequency. The magnitude of the current can thereby be adjusted so that the local oscillator circuit achieves lock within a predetermined time, without the need for analog comparison of the control voltage.

Abstract: An oscillation frequency control part includes a voltage-to-current converting circuit converting an input voltage to a current having a value corresponding to the input voltage, and outputting a current in proportion to the current obtained from the voltage-to-current converting circuit. An oscillating circuit part includes a ring oscillator, wherein a current in proportion to the output current of the oscillation frequency control part flows through the ring oscillator so that the oscillation frequency in the ring oscillator is controlled by the output current of the oscillation frequency control part. The voltage-to-current converting circuit has linear voltage-to-current conversion characteristics in a predetermined range of the input voltage including a ground potential.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a jittered clock signal has a reverse-biased diode. The reversed-biased diode has a leakage current which decreases a reverse voltage on the diode, time-dependent on a shot-noise of the leakage current. The apparatus for providing a jittered clock signal further has a unit for periodically increasing the reverse voltage of the diode to a value, which is above a switching value and the apparatus has a unit for comparing the reverse voltage of the diode to the switching value and for outputting a jittered clock signal dependent on the comparison.

Abstract: A tamper detection circuit for an integrated circuit includes a pseudo-random generator. A first line is connected to the output of the generator and a second line is connected in parallel via an inverter. A number of XOR gates are coupled to the first and second lines at locations along their length. Output from the XOR gates enables various general operational circuits of the integrated circuit. In the event of one of the lines being cut or otherwise tampered with then the output from the XOR gates will indicate a tamper state. The general operational circuits respond by either resetting or deleting critical data from memory such as the integrated circuit's authentication key. In a preferred version a number of trigger transistors connected to ground are inserted into the paths of the first line and the second line. A physical attack upon the integrated circuit causes a nearby trigger transistor to pull its attached line to ground thereby causing the output of local XOR gates to indicate a tamper state.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an oscillator circuit that includes terminals to couple a second circuit having an impedance to the oscillator circuit. The apparatus includes a third circuit that is coupled to at least one of the terminals to isolate a leakage current from at least part of the oscillator circuit.

Abstract: A voltage controlled oscillator apparatus includes at least two voltage controlled oscillators, each of the voltage controlled oscillators being formed on a semiconductor substrate and having an LC-resonant circuit including a three-terminal inductor or a two-terminal inductor, and a continuously variable capacitor, and an amplifier including n-channel transistors or n-channel transistors and p-channel transistors. Two of the three-terminal or two-terminal inductors constructing the first and second voltage controlled oscillators have a coil shape formed with a wiring layer of an integrated circuit formed on the semiconductor substrate, and one of the three-terminal or two-terminal inductors has such a shape that its inductance value differs from that of the other of the three-terminal or two-terminal inductors, and is disposed in a region inside of the other of the three-terminal or two-terminal inductors with respect to its planar shape.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a sub-millimeter backward wave oscillator. More specifically, the disclosure relates to a miniature backward wave oscillator having a biplanar interdigital circuit. In one embodiment the interdigital circuit includes diamond and is coated with an electro-conductive material.

Abstract: A comb frequency generator that is tunable to vary the width of the pulses in the output signal and achieve a maximum power output at different harmonic frequencies. A wavefront compression device receives a sinusoidal input signal and provides wavefront compression to create a compressed signal having a series of periodic fast edges. A delay device receives the fast-edge compressed signal and delays the fast-edge signal to create a delayed fast-edge signal. A combining device receives the original fast-edge compressed signal and the delayed fast-edge compressed signal to generate an output signal including a series of pulses having a width determined by the delay of the delayed signal. In one embodiment, the delay device is a shorted transmission line stub having a length selectively set by a series of MEM devices. In another embodiment, the delay device is an NLTL variable time delay device that delays the fast-edge signal.

Abstract: A multi-layer cross connect having high isolation between signal channels, the multi-layer cross connect comprising: (a) a multi-layer circuit board having a top and bottom orientation and comprising at least a bottom layer and one or more upper layers; (b) a plurality of microstrip launches along the perimeter of the bottom layer; (c) a plurality of striplines on the bottom layer, each stripline being connected to one and only one microstrip launch and comprising a transformer for lowering its impedance and thereby increasing its width, the striplines comprising first striplines and second striplines; (d) a plurality of transition vias, each transition via conductively coupling each of the second striplines to a stripline on an upper layer; and (e) a combiner on each layer for combining signals from multiple striplines to a common stripline.

Abstract: An R switch with a stator and a rotor with three paths wherein a central, straight interconnection is constructed as step transformers and formed bar-like by recesses incorporated laterally in the in the steps of the transformers in order to lower the low frequency limit of the HF signals which can be transmitted.

Abstract: An RF cavity resonator (400) that includes: a resonator chamber (410) for containing an RF field; an RF coupling element (450, 452) coupled to the resonator chamber for introducing the RF field into and extracting the RF field from the resonator chamber; a tuning assembly (420) for causing the RF field to resonate at a desired frequency, wherein at least a portion of the tuning assembly is coupled within the resonator chamber; and a heat transport element (440) for transporting heat from the RF cavity resonator, wherein at least a portion of the heat transport element is coupled within the resonator chamber, the heat transport element including a phase change material, a housing for enclosing the phase change material, means for circulating the phase change material within the housing, and an electrically conductive surface for isolating the phase change material from the RF field.

Abstract: Since a width of an edge portion of a signal line of a first high frequency transmission line is changed with respect to a width of another portion thereof, a deviation of impedances in a connection portion of the first and second high frequency transmission lines can be suppressed, so that signal reflections occurred in the connection portion can be lowered and a signal passing characteristic is improved.

Abstract: A sealing gasket for a waveguide assembly having a primary sealing surface loop defining a first plane and at least one secondary loop defining a second plane. The primary sealing surface loop intersecting with and being broken by the at least one secondary loop at two locations around the secondary loop.

Abstract: A MEMS device fabricated from a single multi-layered wafer, which alleviates the alignment problem associated with a two-piece prior-art design. In one embodiment, the MEMS device has a stationary part and a movable part rotatably coupled to the stationary part. The stationary part has an electrode and a first conducting structure electrically isolated from the electrode. The movable part has a rotatable plate and a second conducting structure located on the plate and electrically connected to the plate. The mass and location of the second conducting structure are selected such as to compensate for the plate's imbalance with respect to the rotation axis. In addition, at the rest position, the first and second conducting structures form, around the electrode, a substantially continuous barrier adapted to provide electrical shielding for the electrode.

Abstract: An alignment apparatus moves an X-Y slider together with X and Y beams. Electromagnetic guides (electromagnetic mechanisms) are interposed between the X-Y slider, the X beam, and the Y beam. The electromagnetic guides include alignment and acceleration electromagnets attached to the X-Y slider, and targets attached to the X and Y beams. The alignment electromagnet is feedback-controlled, whereas the acceleration electromagnet is feedforward-controlled.

Abstract: A method for producing a shim piece for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnet. The shim piece is used to form a shim of a magnet and is designed to suppress eddy currents in the shim created by the introduction of a gradient magnetic field. The shim piece is formed by a plurality of ferromagnetic rods placed side-by-side and surrounded by a dielectric material.

Abstract: A magnetically influenced current or voltage regulator includes a body of an anistropic magnetisable material that provides a closed, magnetic circuit. A first electrical conductor is wound around the body along at least a part of the closed circuit for at least one turn which forms a first main winding. At least one second electrical conductor is wound around the body along at least a part of the closed circuit for at least one turn which forms a control winding. The winding axis for the main winding is at right angles to the winding axis for the control winding. Orthogonal magnetic fields are generated in the body when the first main winding and the control winding are excited. A characteristic of the anisotropic magnetisable material relative to a field in the main winding is controlled by means of a field in the control winding.

Abstract: A magnetic element and a power supply which can output a plurality of different output pulse signal voltages or different output AC voltages while preventing an increase in the number of parts or an area occupied by parts are provided. The magnetic element includes a magnetic core which includes an inner leg portion, a first outer leg portion and a second outer leg portion (hereinafter referred to as the outer leg portions) which share the inner leg portion, and each of which forms a loop magnetic path together with the inner leg portion. An inner leg coil is wound around the inner leg portion, and an outer leg coil is wound around the outer leg portions. The outer leg coil is wound around the outer leg portions so that magnetic fluxes generated in the outer leg portions by a current flowing through the outer leg coil cancel each other out in the inner leg portion.

Abstract: An ignition coil. The ignition coil includes a casing, a bobbin, and a core. The bobbin includes a body, a primary coil surrounding the body, a secondary coil surrounding the body, a plurality of first terminals embedded in the body, and two secondary coils embedded in the body. The bobbin is disposed inside the casing. The primary coil is connected to the second terminal, and the secondary coil is connected to the first terminal. Each first terminal is abutted by the body and the casing respectively so that each first terminal is maintained in a predetermined position on the body. The core is disposed inside the bobbin.

Abstract: Temperature sensors are produced by first producing temperature sensing elements each having electrodes on its mutually oppositely facing main surfaces, next forming a lead frame comprising a linearly elongated base part and a plurality of pairs of planar lead parts extending perpendicularly from said base part, twisting each of these planar lead parts such that each of the pairs has top end parts which face each other with a gap therebetween, inserting one of the temperature sensing elements between the mutually facing top end parts of each pair in the corresponding gap and electrically connecting the electrodes on the inserted temperature sensing element individually to the top end parts of the corresponding pair, and cutting each of the planar lead parts from said base part to form lead terminals of specified lengths for the temperature sensors.

Abstract: A chip resistor includes a resistor element in the form of a chip, and at least two electrodes formed on the resistor element. The resistor element includes an upper surface, a lower surface, and two end surfaces extending between the upper and the lower surfaces and spaced from each other. The two electrodes are provided on the lower surface of the resistor element. Each of the end surfaces of the resistor element is formed with a conductor film integrally connected to a corresponding one of the electrodes. The conductor film is made of copper, for example, and is higher in solder-wettability than the resistor element.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a bilayer thin film resistor in which the lower layer is a seed layer that controls the crystal structure of the upper layer. The thickness of the lower layer and the thickness of the upper layer may be chosen to form a resistor with a TCR having a design value.

Abstract: An enclosure constructed around an area at which hot work is to be performed at a facility containing flammable or combustible material. Hot work includes such things as welding, torch cutting, grinding and the like. Facilities include petroleum drilling and production platforms, oil tankers, petroleum and chemical plants, and petroleum tank farms. Gas detection monitoring apparatuses are used with the enclosure which will automatically simultaneously shutdown one or more enclosures.

Abstract: An operating system for a motorized barrier includes an operator for controlling movement of the barrier between various positions and an accessory. The system includes a wall station transmitter, a wireless keyless entry transmitter and/or a portable remote transmitter. The system also includes an accessory device such as a light fixture or switch that controls a load, wherein the device is capable of also receiving wireless signals to control the fixture or the load. The system allows for pre-storing of an operator serial number that is needed to communicate with the accessory devices. The operator serial number may also be randomly derived from a timer or by parsing a serial number generated by one of the transmitters.

Abstract: An improved electronic lock system is provided for use with real estate lock boxes. Each user has an identification card with a non-volatile secure memory for exchanging data with the lock box, and for exchanging data with a central computer. The user first inserts the card into a connector at the lock box, or at the central computer. The lock box or central computer must first enable (or unlock) the data in the card memory, and then can read the data stored in that card's memory and record this information in lock box memory. The card must then identify itself, and the user must identify himself/herself to the lock box or central computer. After the identification information is authenticated, the user can enter commands to the lock box; e.g., an access code is manually keyed into the lock box keypad by the user to obtain access to a secure compartment.

Abstract: An identification system includes a reader and one or more tags. The reader identifies tags such as radio frequency (RF) tags. The system divides a number space into n bins, wherein each bin is associated with m unique bits of the number space, and the number space contains the identification codes of the tags. A command is issued to test v bits of the number space. A response is received from a tag, wherein the response occurs when a first portion of an identification code of the tag matches the v bits of the number space. A timing of the response corresponds to a particular bin and m unique bits associated with the particular bin correspond to a second portion of the identification code.

Abstract: A word recognizer for providing a channel-to-channel compare for an input digital signal divides channels of the input digital signal into equal-width input signal channel paths. One input signal channel path serves as a reference value for comparison with the other input signal channel path to produce the channel-to-channel compare.

Abstract: Data throughput rate in a power line communications (“PLC”) system is controlled by generating PLC carrier signals in accordance with a PLC signal frame structure containing payload symbols where the payload symbol length is selected based on at least one of a PLC system channel quality and node configuration data. The selected payload symbol length determines the processing operations that a source PLC transceiver performs for generating PLC signals or that a destination PLC transceiver performs for extracting information content from received PLC signals. The payload symbol lengths can be selected to maximize the data throughput rate while maintaining compatibility with prior art PLC system protocols and standards that require a PLC signal frame structure and its payload portion to have fixed, predetermined lengths.

Abstract: A siren housing has a dish-shaped base having a back wall adapted to be secured to as support structure. The base is configured and dimensioned to contain siren components. A post projects forwardly from the back wall. The post has a cylindrical sidewall terminating at a front rim. At least one channel circumscribes a segment of the sidewall at a location spaced rearwardly from the front rim. Entry and exit slots communicate with the channel at spaced locations along the length thereof. The entry slot leads to the front rim and the exit slot leading towards the back wall. A dish-shaped cover has a front wall. A cylindrical sleeve projects rearwardly from the front wall, the sleeve having at least one pin projecting radially inwardly therefrom. The sleeve is dimensioned for axial insertion onto the post.

Abstract: A portable security system. The portable security system includes a wheeled trailer and a telescopic mast that is coupled to the trailer. The mast is pivotable between a first generally horizontal retracted position and a second generally vertical extended position. A cabinet is mounted onto the trailer and houses a control subsystem, a data input subsystem, a data server and a data storage subsystem. At least one input device is connected to the data input subsystem. The data input subsystem receives data from the input device and forwards the data to the data storage subsystem for storage by means of the data server.

Abstract: A door system for a motor vehicle includes a door, an environmental sensor for detecting an obstacle in the vicinity of the motor vehicle, a door sensor for outputting an output signal as a function of the initiation of the opening of the door, and a control unit for detecting an imminent collision between the door and the obstacle as a function of an output signal of the environmental sensor and for triggering a warning device such that a warning may be output by the warning device in response to the detection of an imminent collision between the door and the obstacle. During the triggering of the warning device, the control unit distinguishes between at least two selectable warning stages, a first warning stage and a second warning stage, and the selection of a warning stage by the control unit is a function of the output signal of the door sensor.

Abstract: A safety interlock circuit wherein the safety interlock switches can report their status. Signal generators associated with the safety interlock switches produce status signals that are transmitted on the wiring of the safety interlock circuit. The present invention is ideal for retrofitting current installations because no additional wiring is required for carrying the status signals.

Abstract: A rapid-mounting security monitoring and controlling system is disclosed. Co-axial cable is used to transmit power supply, images, sound, and to control detected signals so as to rapidly installation of wirings for the security monitoring and controlling system. The complexity of wiring installation is improved and the installation cost and the material cost are greatly reduced.

Abstract: A system for improved monitoring of changes in the location and conditions surrounding vehicles and shippable property, utilizing fixed and moveable logic processors, which communicate with each other as well as receivers. Non-continuous signaling may be used to provide for reduced power consumption, and network coupling may be used to provided for exporting information to anywhere in the world by means of, for example GSM/GPS infrastructures.