Abstract: An electrical installation includes a power supply network, an AC/DC converter, a central DC branch, and a rotating mass energy store. The power supply network is connectable to the central DC branch selectively via one of the AC/DC converter and the rectifier bridge. The rotating mass energy store is connectable to the central DC branch selectively via one of the AC/DC converter and the rectifier bridge and connectable directly to the power supply network.

Abstract: A bidirectional DC/AC inverter includes a power conversion means in connection with an electric storage means, a control means operable to control an operation of the power conversion means, a plug for electrically connecting a power source to the power conversion means, an outlet for electrically connecting a load to the power conversion means, an inhibiting member operable to cover at least the plug to inhibit the power conversion means from being electrically connected to the power source, and a detecting means operable to detect whether the plug is covered or not. The control means inhibits the power conversion means from outputting alternating-current power when the detecting means detects that the plug is not covered by the inhibiting means.

Abstract: Window control switch system for vehicles are provided that preferably comprise a single switch module which can control manipulation of at least two of i) one or more vehicle windows, ii) one or more vehicle doors and iii) one or more vehicle mirror. Preferred systems also comprise a control module that can receive a signal from the switch module and outputs a control signal to manipulate windows, doors and/or mirrors of a vehicle. Preferred systems also may comprise a cluster module which includes a display unit for receiving a manipulation signal, transmitted from the switch module, through the control module and for displaying a corresponding driving control item, and transmits a current selection mode to the control module.

Abstract: The present invention relates to combination control systems employing at least one intermediate module between different control modules and, in one embodiment, relates to a system for isolating a load from multiple power sources. The system includes a first power isolation system capable of receiving a first power from a first input port and determining whether the first power is communicated to a first output port, and a second power isolation system capable of receiving a second power from a second input port and determining whether the second power is communicated to a second output port. The system further includes an intermediate module connected with the first and second power isolation systems, where the intermediate module allows for at least one intermediate control signal to be provided to both of the power isolation systems.

Abstract: A vibration generator is provided. The vibration generator comprising a case having a hollow inside and a lower plate. A first vibrator is disposed away from the lower plate of the case and supported by first elastic member fixed to the lower plate. A second vibrator is disposed away from the first vibrator and supported by second elastic member fixed to the first vibrator. The first vibrator and the second vibrator are operable to vibrate separately. When operated separately at least two different resonance frequencies are created and transmitted to the case.

Abstract: A stator structure includes a stator assembly and a protective body, and the stator assembly is covered by the protective body. Additionally, a manufacturing method of the stator structure, which includes the steps of providing a stator assembly, providing a mold, disposing the stator assembly in the mold, applying a filler into a space defined between the mold and the stator assembly, and removing the mold to form the stator structure with the protective body, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A portable power system has a turbine engine generating mechanical energy. A homopolar electrical machine receives this energy. The homopolar electrical machine has a single stationary superconducting field coil configured to create a magnetic field. A homopolar rotor is configured to rotate within the magnetic field such that a rotating magnetic field is created in a stationary winding by interaction of the rotating permeance wave produced by the homopolar rotor and the magnetic field produced by the single stationary field coil. The homopolar electrical machine is configured as a generator and produces electrical power for the portable power system.

Abstract: In a rotor of a rotary-electric machine, in order to improve a cooling performance of a rotor winding, in a rotor winding on an end portion of the rotor in an axial direction, the rotor winding being held by a retaining ring of the rotor winding formed by laminating a plurality of conductors in slots of a rotor iron core extending in an axial direction and having a plurality of slots formed at predetermined intervals in a peripheral direction, ventilation channels through which cooling air flows are formed in the surfaces of the conductors along a longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A generator housing (1) of an engine generator is connected to a gearbox casing (17) via a cover plate (23) that bears the rotor shaft (5). The cover plate has a two-piece design and includes a bearing retainer ring (13) for a rotor shaft bearing (11) made of a rigid material and fastened only to the gearbox casing, and a heat-conducting ring (21) connected with both the gearbox casing and the generator housing. A centering cylinder (18) molded to the bearing retainer ring centers the generator housing and thus the stator (3) and rotor (4) while a spacer ring (20) and/or an adjustable spacer ring (10) ensure the exact axial positioning of the rotor or bearing retainer ring. The generator of this design is safe to operate and has a long service life.

Abstract: An electric motor has a dimensional arrangement of both the rotor and stator even at high level of torques that eliminates a flip-flop effect, which is typical for conventional step motors. Stator segments (3), on which coils (4) are placed, making up the poles of the motor, are compensated and are neutral from the point of view of forces FFe. The arrangement satisfies simultaneously the following interrelationships: 1. The number and design engineering arrangement of the permanent magnets of the rotor (2); 2. The number and design engineering arrangement of the stator segments made from soft magnetic material (3); 3. The number of the motor phases, and 4. The number and position of stator coils (4) that make up the poles of the motor installed on every segment (3) depending on the number of motor phases.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a spindle motor including a rotor hub having a hard disk placing portion, a base to which the rotor hub is rotatably attached via a bearing, and a coil inducing a magnetic field when energized and arranged at an inside space between the rotor hub and the base, and whose inside space is separated from the outside space by a substantially circular gap maintained between the rotor hub and the base, is provided. The spindle motor preferably includes one or more waterproofed portions including at least a portion of a surface of the rotor hub and a surface of the base facing each other and defining the gap connecting the inside space and the outside space of the spindle motor.

Abstract: A spindle motor includes a shaft including a core spindle member with a large and a small diameter portions and an encircling annulus member attached to the small diameter portion; a rotor hub attached to the large diameter portion; a bearing member; a radial bearing portion provided with first dynamic pressure creating grooves and formed between the outer peripheral surface of the encircling annulus member and the inner peripheral surface of the bearing member; a thrust bearing portion provided with second dynamic pressure creating grooves and formed between a lower end of the encircling annulus member and the bottom of the bearing member; a first opening formed at a radially inner side of the thrust bearing portion; a second opening formed at a radially outer side of the large diameter portion; and a communication hole continuously formed from the first opening to the second opening.

Abstract: A motor includes (1) a rotor including a permanent magnet fixed to a rotor shaft, (2) a stator including a rotor insertion hole and an inner periphery, where the inner periphery of the stator is oppositely disposed to the permanent magnet of the rotor and where the rotor insertion hole has a prescribed space and the rotor is inserted into the rotor insertion hole, (3) a bearing supporting one end of the rotor shaft, and (4) a bearing holder including a bearing insertion hole into which the bearing is inserted. In this motor, when an outer diameter of the permanent magnet of the rotor is set to be “A”, an inner diameter of the bearing insertion hole of the bearing holder is set to be “B”, and an inner diameter of the rotor insertion hole of the stator is set to be “C”, a relationship of “A<B<C” is satisfied.

Abstract: A rotating apparatus includes a separating member, at least one movable magnet, and at least one passive magnet. The separating member is made of a nonmagnetic material, and interposed between the movable magnet and the passive magnet. The movable magnet is relatively shifted from the separating member along one surface of the separating member, and N-pole and S-pole of the movable magnet are arranged along the one surface of the separating member. The passive magnet is placed on the other surface of the separating member, and coupled with the movable magnet by magnetic force. When the movable magnet and the separating member are shifted relatively to each other, the passive magnet is shifted along the movable magnet and rotated on the other surface of the separating member.

Abstract: An electromagnetic motor employing plural rotors is provided, with each rotor exhibiting a permanent magnetic field. A control module selectively induces magnetic fields in electromagnetic pads surrounding each of the rotors. Through the interaction of the permanent and induced magnetic fields, the rotors can turn. As a result, a shaft mechanically engaging the rotors also turns to provide mechanical power. In response to the shaft rotation, an alternator generates sufficient electrical power to sustain the operation of the control module without an external power source. The magnetic polarities of the induced magnetic fields can be reversed, thus causing the rotors to continue turning. In various applications, the motor can be installed in a vehicle or in a building power supply as desired.

Abstract: A permanent magnet rotating electric machine comprises a stator having stator windings wound round a stator iron core and a permanent magnet rotor having a plurality of inserted permanent magnets in which the polarity is alternately arranged in the peripheral direction in the rotor iron core. The rotor iron core of the permanent magnets is composed of magnetic pole pieces, auxiliary magnetic poles, and a stator yoke, and furthermore has concavities formed on the air gap face of the magnetic pole pieces of the rotor iron core of the permanent magnets, gently tilting from the central part of the magnetic poles to the end thereof. In a permanent magnet rotating electric machine, effects of iron loss are reduced, and an electric car using highly efficient permanent magnet rotating electric machine are realized.

Abstract: A rotor includes a shalt that defines a rotor axis, a first end portion coupled to the shaft, and a pole piece that defines an enclosed aperture therethrough. A second end portion is positioned to dispose the pole piece between the first end portion and the second end portion. A portion of one of the first end portion and the second end portion extends through the aperture and bonds with the other of the first end portion and the second end portion. The portion is integrally-formed as a single piece with one of the first end portion and the second end portion.

Abstract: In a rotary electric machine having a field winding wound on field magnet iron cores, and an armature with an armature winding connected in series with the field winding through a pair of brushes and a corresponding pair of connecting leads that are electrically connected to the brushes, a balance winding for equalizing the magnetic field strengths of the field poles is wound around successive field magnet iron cores and thereby retained, and has one end thereof fixedly attached to and electrically connected to one of the connecting leads and the other end electrically connected to and fixedly attached to the other connecting lead.

Abstract: Slot armor for a generator rotor comprising a pair of L-shaped components each having height, width and thickness dimensions determined by a space between a field winding and an adjacent wall of a radial slot in the rotor, the L-shaped components constructed of a powder-coated metal.

Abstract: A lamination has at least one spacing strip which is formed by cutting out sheet-metal pieces from a metal sheet in order to define an inner boundary and an outer boundary of the lamination. A cut line is made in the metal sheet to define a contour for a spacing strip which is bent out of the main plane of the lamination.

Abstract: An iron core for rotary electric machinery and a method of assembling the same are disclosed. The method involves preparing a plurality of arch-shaped iron core plates and overlapping the plurality of arch-shaped iron core plates to form a lamination unit having a predetermined thickness; forming an annular member with several lamination units in the same group, by abutting the side portions of each lamination unit against the side portions of adjacent lamination units of the same group; overlapping a plurality of at least three layers of annular members in such a manner that the abutting junctions between the adjacent lamination units of one annular member is staggered a certain angle from the abutting junction between the lamination units of another annular member in proximity layer, so as to form a mutually restricted and mechanically enhanced structure; inserting fastening bolts into through holes aligned vertically in the plurality of annular members to tighten them firmly together.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for selectably directing power signals to coils of active field pole members in brushless electrodynamic machinery are disclosed. In one embodiment, a field pole commutator includes a power transfer region configured to transfer at least a first power signal and second power signal to the coils. It also includes a first power region and a second power region configured to provide the first power signal and the second power signal, respectively, to the power transfer region. The first power region and the second power region each are configured to rotate together with the power transfer region about an axis of rotation. In one embodiment, the field pole commutator is implemented in a brushless direct current (“DC”) current motor, which includes a rotor having permanent magnets and a plurality of active field pole members. Each active field pole member has one or more coils wound about the periphery of field pole members to form said plurality of active field pole members.

Abstract: Disclosed is a resilient member for use in a brush holder assembly. The resilient member may be positioned between at least a portion of a brush and at least a portion of a brush holder. For example, the resilient member may separate or isolate one or more sides of a brush from an adjacent surface of a brush holder. In some embodiments, the resilient member may prevent at least one side of a brush from impacting an adjacent surface of a brush holder. In some embodiments, the resilient member may be a conductive member forming an electrical pathway between the brush and the brush holder for transferring an electrical current between the brush and the brush holder.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide NEMS that utilize electrostatic and electromagnetic forces to operate. In one nanoelectrostatic embodiment, a nanometer-scale beam is suspended in an electric field. Electrically charged rails are placed around the beam. When a beam contacts a rail, the beam is forced to move through the electric field in a particular direction. In one nanoelectromagnetic embodiment, a nanometer-scale beam is suspended in a magnetic field. A rail is located in the vicinity of the beam and opposite charges are applied to the rail and beam. In this manner, a current may flow between the beam and rail when the beam and rail contact each other. This current may interact with the magnetic field to move the beam in a particular direction.

Abstract: A stabilization apparatus according to the present invention comprises a stopper which is in contact under pressure with one side face of a movable body capable of swinging around a torsion bar, this one side face being vertical to an axial direction of the movable body, to damp the movable body. The stopper is displaced between a first position at which the stopper is in contact under pressure with the side face of the movable body, and a second position apart from the side face, according to a drive voltage applied to a stopper electrode. The drive voltage for the stopper electrode is controlled by a control section at the appropriate timing according to a drive condition of the movable body. As a result, the resonance operation can be reliably suppressed even when an angle of the movable mirror is changed at a high speed, and thus, it becomes possible to stabilize the movable mirror to be in a desired state in a short time.

Abstract: An exemplary surface acoustic wave device includes a DLC film, a zinc oxide film formed on the DLC film, and at least one interdigital transducer formed on the zinc oxide film. The DLC film has a nano-sized thickness Z(f), corresponding to the surface acoustic wave device having an operational frequency f ranging from 20 to 1,000 GHz, satisfying the condition (1): Z(f)=M×Z0/(f/f0), and Z(f)?1 nanometer. The zinc oxide film has a nano-sized thickness Y(f), corresponding to the surface acoustic wave device having the operational frequency f, satisfying the condition (2): Y(f)=N×Y0/(f/f0). The Z0 and Y0 respectively are the thicknesses of the DLC film and the zinc oxide film corresponding to an operational frequency f0 of the surface acoustic wave device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the acoustic galvanic isolator comprise a carrier signal source, a modulator connected to receive an information signal and the carrier signal, a demodulator, and an electrically-isolating acoustic coupler connected between the modulator and the demodulator. The acoustic coupler comprises no more than one decoupled stacked bulk acoustic resonator (IDSBAR). An electrically-isolating acoustic coupler based on a single IDSBAR is physically small and is inexpensive to fabricate yet is capable of passing information signals having data rates in excess of 100 Mbit/s and has a substantial breakdown voltage between its inputs and its outputs.

Abstract: An ultrasonic motor includes a circular stator having a piezoelectric element and a comb-tooth body having a plurality of comb teeth which are circumferentially arranged thereon, and a circular rotor having a rotation shaft, the circular rotor being in press-contact with the comb teeth of the circular stator. The circular rotor is provided with a projection which is in the press-contact with the comb teeth, wherein a width of the projection is smaller than a radial width of the comb teeth, and wherein a radial position of the projection varies along a circumferential direction of the circular rotor.

Abstract: An electro-active, valveless pump having a pumping chamber with at least one chamber wall. There is at least one opening in the at least one chamber wall. An electro-active actuator is located over each of the openings for inducing fluid flow.

Abstract: The present invention provides a shear motion driven motion actuator. The motion actuator provides a plurality of driving modes to drive a main body, including the inertial drive mode, the friction drive mode and the scanning mode. The motion actuator comprises a base having a V-shape concave groove and a main body having a V-shape convex. A plurality of piezoelectric elements is provided on the base to drive the main body using the shearing deformation force of the piezoelectric elements. The present invention also provides motion control using a variety of driving modes to achieve stable, high resolution and linear driving of the main body along the base.

Abstract: The present invention provides a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device including a pair of thin plate sections in an opposed relation to each other, a fixing section for supporting the thin plate sections, and at least one pair of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are provided to the pair of thin plate sections. The thin plate sections include movable sections having end surfaces in an opposed relation. Recesses are formed between the thin plate sections and the fixing section and/or the movable sections.

Abstract: A method and system include a cable including a plurality of conductors terminating at a leading edge of the cable, and markers disposed at the leading edge providing visual reference points at one or more predetermined positions, the markers being separate from the plurality of conductors.

Abstract: A display device including a main body and at least a cover is provided. The main body has multiple TV standing holes. The cover detachable disposed on the main body is used to cover the TV standing holes. The cover includes multiple buckling parts, at least a lug and a removable portion. The buckling parts are disposed on corresponding opposite two sides of the cover, and the lugs and the removable portion are disposed on another corresponding opposite two sides of the cover. The buckling parts are adapted to pass through the TV standing holes respectively by the force of the friction and elastic. The lug is adapted to contact with the inner wall of the display device. The buckling parts are located between the lug and the removable portion. The removable portion is adapted to separate the cover and the display device.

Abstract: The use of computer case is just to put together computer parts. A computer case needs to be located either on top of the desk, on the side of the desk, under the desk or on the floor. Not only computer desk takes up space but also the computer case is not safe from being stolen. By integrating computer case/chassis with a computer desk, a space-saving issue and parts-being-stolen issue will be resolved. This is a very easy to maintain. It can be unlocked to open the drawer and blow dust. If the system needs to be upgraded then open the drawer swap the parts without going through unplugging, re-plugging or assembling, disassembling hassle. If the system needs to be completely repaired then the entire drawer can be taken out just like the way a regular drawer is moved out. The drawer functions same as computer case but it is integrated with the desk.

Abstract: An apparatus for the safe storage and transport of nail technician implements. The invention comprises: a body having a rear panel, left and right sides and a base. A handle formed at the top and connected to the left and right sides. A cavity is defined by said rear panel, base, and said left and front sides, and upper and lower panels hingedly attached to said left and right sides.

Abstract: A display cabinet for cabinetry merchandise having a center box unit, a primary side box unit, a secondary side box unit, and a base unit. The base unit may have one or more sample drawers. Within the box units may be displayed one or more product feature modules, including a functional sample door and various arrays of hardware and finishing samples.

Abstract: A refrigerator, with an inner casing forming a drawer type storage compartment and a drawer unit being received in and combined with the drawer type storage compartment, the refrigerator having: at least a pair of rail units provided between the inner casing and the drawer unit enabling the drawer unit to slide against the inner casing; a support part positioned at the inner casing, supporting the rail unit, and preventing the rail unit from moving upward and downward; and a combining part combining the rail unit with the support part, the combining part enabling the support part to move relative to the rail unit in a direction approximately perpendicular to a surface of the inner casing.

Abstract: PDP filter and a method for manufacturing the same. The PDP filter comprises an electromagnetic shielding layer including an electromagnetic shielding pattern having a transparent substrate and a non-electroplating layer pattern formed on a surface of the transparent substrate, a color correction layer formed on the electromagnetic shielding pattern, and a filter base formed on another surface of the transparent substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to gated nanorod field emission devices, wherein such devices have relatively small emitter tip-to-gate distances, thereby providing a relatively high emitter tip density and low turn on voltage. Such methods employ a combination of traditional device processing techniques (lithography, etching, etc.) with electrochemical deposition of nanorods. These methods are relatively simple, cost-effective, and efficient; and they provide field emission devices that are suitable for use in x-ray imaging applications, lighting applications, flat panel field emission display (FED) applications, etc.

Abstract: A method for treating carbon nanotubes with microwave energy to selective remove metallic-type carbon nanotubes is provided. A sample containing carbon nanotubes is positioned in a microwave cavity at a location corresponding to a maximum in the electric field component of a stationary wave having a microwave frequency. The sample is exposed to the microwave energy for a sufficient period of time to increase the proportion of semiconducting-type carbon nanotubes within the sample. Alternatively, a sample consisting essentially of metallic-type and semiconducting-type carbon nanotubes is exposed to microwave energy for a sufficient period of time to increase the proportion of semiconducting-type carbon nanotubes within the sample.

Abstract: A thermal electron emission backlight unit includes: first and second substrates arranged parallel to each other; first and second anode electrodes respectively arranged on inner surfaces between the first and second substrates; wall frames adapted to seal an inner space between the first and second substrates; a movable spacer holder and a fixed spacer holder arranged inside the wall frames to face each other; a plurality of spacers arranged between the first and second substrates and adapted to maintain a gap therebetween, wherein ends of the spacers are coupled to the movable and fixed spacer holders; a plurality of cathode electrodes arranged across the spacers between the first and second substrates; and a phosphor layer arranged on the second anode electrode. The spacers include tension spacers adapted to provide tension between the movable and fixed spacer holders by pushing the movable spacer holder away from the fixed spacer holder. The first substrate is adapted to pass white light therethrough.

Abstract: An electron emission display includes a first substrate, an electron emission unit formed at the first substrate to emit electrons, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and a light emission unit formed at the second substrate to emit visible light using electrons emitted from the electron emission unit. The light emission unit includes a phosphor layer formed on the second substrate and an anode electrode formed on the phosphor layer. The anode electrode includes a first metal layer and a second metal layer formed on the first metal layer and having a single- or multi-layered structure.

Abstract: An electron emission display device includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a side member formed along edges of the first substrate and the second substrate to form a vacuum envelope together with the first substrate and the second substrate, an electron emission unit provided on the first substrate, a light emission unit provided on the second substrate for emitting visible light by means of electrons from the electron emission unit, and a conductive layer formed on at least a partial exterior surface of the vacuum envelope and connected to a ground voltage for discharging static charge accumulated in the vacuum envelope.

Abstract: Color cathode ray tube comprising a glass front face on which a screen of luminescent materials is deposited as well as a frame/color selection mask assembly, the mask being maintained by welding on the frame, the frame/mask assembly being suspended within the tube by means of support means, at least one of the support means integrates a metal part forming a spring and comprising an aperture at one of its extremities into which fits a metal pin inserted in the glass front face of the tube, and at its other extremity an aperture to enable it to be attached to the frame either by a rivet or by a screw/nut assembly. This type of attachment provides an additional degree of liberty in positioning the aperture of the spring designed to cooperate with the pin of the front face.

Abstract: A shadow mask includes a perforated region in which a plurality of electron beam passage apertures are formed, a non-perforated region on the periphery of the perforated region, and a skirt portion bent to an electron gun side with respect to the non-perforated region. The curved surfaces on an x-axis and a y-axis of the perforated region are convex to a panel side. The perforated region includes a curved surface that is convex to the panel side and a curved surface that is convex to the electron gun side on a periphery of the perforated region. Furthermore, the perforated region has a curved surface that is convex to the panel side and a curved surface that is convex to the electron gun side in a region surrounded by the periphery, the x-axis, and the y-axis.

Abstract: A phosphor (A) comprising a host material composed of a compound having a garnet crystal structure represented by the general formula (I): M1aM2bM3cOd??(I) (wherein M1 is a divalent metal element, M2 is a trivalent metal element, M3 is a tetravalent metal element containing at least Si, a is the number of 2.7 to 3.3, b is the number of 1.8 to 2.2, c is the number of 2.7 to 3.3, and d is the number of 11.0 to 13.0), and a luminescent center ion incorporated in the host material; a light emitting device (B) comprising the phosphor as a wavelength conversion material and a semiconductor light emitting element capable of emitting a light in the range of from ultraviolet light to visible light; and a display (C) and a lighting system (D) using the light emitting device (B) as a light source. The above phosphor can be readily produced, and can provide a light emitting device having a high color rendering property.

Abstract: An electron emission device is disclosed. The electron emission device includes a resistance layer for electrically connecting a line electrode and isolate electrodes included in the cathode electrode. The cathode electrode can maintain a uniform voltage due to the resistance layer. A protection layer is located on the resistance layer. The protection layer prevents conductive elements contained in the resistance layer from diffusing over the protection layer. The protection layer also prevents the resistance layer from being oxidized.

Abstract: This image display device includes a rear plate having a large number of electron emission elements and a face plate placed opposite to the rear plate and having a pattern of a phosphor layer and a pattern of a light absorption layer (a black matrix), on an inner surface of a light transmissive panel. Each pattern portion of the phosphor layer has a polygonal shape obtained by cutting corners from a quadrangle concentric with the light emitting portion which receives electron beams emitted from electron emission elements to emit light. Further,the area of each pattern portion of the phosphor layer can be 1.5 to 4 times the area of the light emitting portion The image display device is capable of display of high quality with high contrast and without decrease in brightness.

Abstract: An electron emission display device is constructed with first and second substrates facing each other, cathode electrodes formed on the first substrate, electron emission regions electrically connected to the cathode electrodes, and red, green and blue phosphor layers formed on a surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate. Each cathode electrode is constructed with a first electrode having opened portions arranged at the corresponding unit pixels defined on the first substrate with the same size, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode within the opened portion, and a resistance layer disposed between the first and the second electrodes to electrically interconnect the first and the second electrodes. The distance between the first and the second electrodes corresponding to the red, green and blue phosphor layers is established to be proportional to the light emission efficiency of the corresponding red, green and blue phosphor layers.

Abstract: The present invention provides electroluminescent materials that emit very bright light with little energy consumption, little loss of energy converted into heat, etc., and suffers from little deterioration due to long-term use, in particular, inorganic electroluminescent materials that emit blue to green light having a wavelength shorter than yellow.