Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device, comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode having one or more organic layers formed there-between, at least one organic layer being light-emitting, the first and second electrodes defining one or more light-emissive areas; wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes comprises reflective and transparent portions in the light emissive area, the transparent portion being a relatively lower electrically conductive portion so that light emitted by the light-emitting organic layer passes through the transparent portion and the reflective portion being a relatively higher electrically conductive portion for reflecting emitted light, and wherein at least one reflective portion is located in the light-emissive area such that a transparent portion is formed in the light-emissive area between the at least one reflective portion and any reflective portion formed between the one or more light-emissive areas.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element including a substrate, a first electrode, a partition wall next to the first electrode, an organic luminescent medium layer including an organic luminescent layer on the first electrode and second electrode is provided. The organic luminescent medium layer can be between the first electrode and the second electrode. An area where the organic luminescent medium layer is between the first electrode and the second electrode is a light emitting area. At least one layer among the organic luminescent medium layer is continuously formed from the light emitting area to a top face of the partition wall.

Abstract: There is provided an organic light-emitting element comprising at least one light-emitting layer between a pair of electrodes formed on a substrate and at least two or more light emission center materials included in the light-emitting layer, and that the at least one or more light emission center materials include a phosphorescent light-emitting material, and an excitation lifetime of the light emission center material that emits light having a shortest wavelength is shorter than an excitation lifetime of the other light emission center material, whereby a high-efficiency organic light-emitting element without decreasing a color purity of white light emission can be obtained.

Abstract: A method of making an OLED device includes providing an anode and a spaced cathode, and a hole-transporting layer provided between the anode and cathode, such hole-transporting layer including a first hole-transporting material having a first glass transition temperature Tg1. The method further includes providing a first light-emitting layer including as a main component, a second hole-transporting material having a second glass transition temperature Tg2, such light-emitting layer disposed between the hole transporting layer and the cathode and in contact with the hole-transporting layer, and wherein Tg1 is greater than Tg2.

Abstract: As a result of miniaturization of a pixel region associated with an improvement in definition and an increase in a substrate size associated with an increase in area, defects due to precision, bending, and the like of a mask used at the time of evaporation have become issues. A partition including portions with different thicknesses over a pixel electrode (also referred to as a first electrode) in a display region and in the vicinity of a pixel electrode layer is formed, without increasing the number of steps, by using a photomask or a reticle provided with an auxiliary pattern having a light intensity reduction function made of a diffraction grating pattern or a semi-transmissive film.

Abstract: It is an object to propose a display device in which reflection of external light on a reflective polarizing plate is prevented and also extraction efficiency of light from a light-emitting layer is improved. If the display device has a light-emitting layer provided over a reflective electrode, a transparent electrode provided over the light-emitting layer, a transparent substrate provided over the transparent electrode, a reflective polarizing plate provided over the transparent substrate, a quarter wave plate provided over the reflective polarizing plate, and a polarizing plate provided over the quarter wave plate, reflection of an outside image can be suppressed, and light emitted in the light-emitting layer can be extracted efficiently.

Abstract: A barrier thin film having a sufficient flexibility while providing the excellent barrier property without suffering from a pin hole or the like, and furthermore, without the risk of damaging the substance to be covered with the barrier is provided. The barrier thin film is provided as a single thin film while a property thereof is changed continuously from one side surface to the other side surface instead of having a homogeneous property.

Abstract: A high pressure alkaline metal discharge lamp includes a ceramic arctube and a discharge-sustaining fill. The fill contains rare gas and alkali metal, the alkali metal being cesium, rubidium, potassium or mixtures thereof. The fill is mercury free and cadmium free. The alkali metal vapor pressure during operation is at least 2 atmospheres.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel (PDP) that has a structure of a discharge cell realizing high definition and high efficiency and its method of manufacture includes: forming first electrodes on a substrate; forming a first dielectric layer on the substrate to cover the first electrodes; forming a second dielectric layer to cover the first dielectric layer; coating a resist on the second dielectric layer; patterning the resist; etching the second dielectric layer with the patterned resist as a protective layer to form recessed areas for electrode formation and recessed areas for discharge space formation; filling the recessed areas for electrode formation with an electrode paste to form second electrodes and third electrodes; and forming a third dielectric layer on a portion of the second dielectric layer to cover the recessed areas for electrode formation filled with the electrode paste.

Abstract: There is disclosed a plasma display panel that is adaptive for improving yield and mass productivity and a fabricating method thereof. A plasma display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate with a discharge space therebetween; a sealing layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a buffer layer formed between the first substrate and the sealing layer to compensate the thermal stress of the first substrate and the sealing layer.

Abstract: A low-pressure gas discharge lamp is described that comprises, in a gas discharge vessel, one or more inert gases as a buffer gas, an indium halide and means for producing and maintaining a low-pressure gas discharge, in which lamp the indium halide is present as a monohalide and present in addition is a means that binds oxygen and water. The said means should bind oxygen and the oxygen in water more strongly than indium does. This object is satisfactorily achieved by indium, gallium, germanium, boron, molybdenum and/or tungsten.

Abstract: An arc discharge metal halide lamp for use in selected lighting fixtures having a discharge chamber with light permeable walls of a selected shape bounding a discharge region of a selected volume through which walls a pair of electrodes are supported with ionizable materials being provided in the discharge region of the discharge chamber comprising at least one member selected from a group consisting of halides of cerium, dysprosium, holmium, lithium, sodium, praseodymium, thallium and thulium, and further comprising a halide of calcium in a selected fraction of that weight total of all halides present in the discharge chamber with this selection depending also on the addition or not of a halide of aluminum. Others of the foregoing halides that are present are provided in amounts with certain limits.

Abstract: A plasma confinement apparatus, and method for confining a plasma are described and which includes, in one form of the invention, a plurality of electrically insulated components which are disposed in predetermined spaced relation, one relative to the others, and surrounding a processing region of a plasma processing apparatus, and wherein a plurality of passageways are defined between the respective insulated components; and at least one electrically conductive and grounded component forms an electrical field shielding for the processing region.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display apparatus with a self-luminescent device and a non-self-luminescent device, includes a first substrate; a second substrate; and a pixel matrix with a plurality of pixels. Each pixel comprises: a first switching device; a non-self-luminescent device, controlled by the first switching device; a second switching device; a self-luminescent device, controlled by the second switching device. The first switching device and the second switching device are active devices, wherein the first switching device is disposed on the first substrate, and the second switching device is disposed on the second substrate. Alternatively, one of the first switching device and the second switching device is a passive device. Also, the first switching device is on the first substrate, and the second switching device is on the second substrate. An apparatus for controlling the disclosed display apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for illuminating flight deck devices are disclosed. In one embodiment, a flight deck panel illumination system includes at least one illuminated panel having at least one illumination source, and a power supply coupled to the at least one illumination source and to an electrical energy source that is configured to selectively provide a suitable power conversion mode in response to an applied signal. A processor is coupled to the power supply to generate the applied signal.

Abstract: A resonant transformer is disposed at a stage following an inverter for inverting the polarity of a voltage applied to a discharge lamp. A parallel resonant circuit is formed by a resonant capacitor and a primary winding of the resonant transformer, and a periodic voltage applying section is connected to the parallel resonant circuit. The periodic voltage applying section is operated at a frequency that causes resonance in the parallel resonant circuit, thereby applying a high AC voltage to the discharge lamp in a period in which discharge is started in the discharge lamp.

Abstract: A ballast circuit is disclosed for inductively providing power to a load. The ballast circuit includes an oscillator, a driver, a switching circuit, a resonant tank circuit and a current sensing circuit. The current sensing circuit provides a current feedback signal to the oscillator that is representative of the current in the resonant tank circuit. The current feedback signal drives the frequency of the ballast circuit causing the ballast circuit to seek resonance. The ballast circuit preferably includes a current limit circuit that is inductively coupled to the resonant tank circuit. The current limit circuit disables the ballast circuit when the current in the ballast circuit exceeds a predetermined threshold or falls outside a predetermined range.

Abstract: An IC for controlling a power supply circuit for delivering power to a fluorescent lamp in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention includes a ballast control section operable to provide drive signals to the power supply circuit and an amplifier section integrated into the IC and operable to provide a dimming signal to the ballast control section. The ballast control section drives the power supply circuit to provide for dimming of the lamp based on the dimming signal. An IC for controlling a power supply circuit for delivering power to a fluorescent lamp in accordance with another embodiment of the present application includes a ballast control section operable to provide drive signals to the power supply circuit; and an amplifier section integrated into the IC. The ballast control section provides the drive signals to the power supply circuit, receives current sense signals indicative of current in said lamp, and responds to the current sense signals by modifying the drive signals.

Abstract: The driving and control device according to the present invention provides a desired switched current to a load including a string of one or more electronic devices, and comprises one or more voltage conversion means, one or more dimming control means, one or more feedback means and one or more sensing means. The voltage conversion means may be a DC-to-DC converter for example and based on an input control signal converts the magnitude of the voltage from the power supply to another magnitude that is desired at the high side of the load. The dimming control means may comprise a switch such as a FET, BJT, relay, or any other type of switching device, for example, and provides control for activation and deactivation of the load. The feedback means is coupled to the voltage conversion means and a current sensing means and provides a feedback signal to the voltage conversion means that is indicative of the voltage drop across the current sensing means which thus represents the current flowing through the load.

Abstract: A middle output electrodeless lighting system comprising: a resonator having a certain inner space and adapted to form a resonance mode by shielding a discharge of microwaves applied therein to the exterior and to allow a discharge of light generated to the exterior; an electrodeless bulb including a light emitting portion positioned in the inner space of the resonator to emit (generate) light upon plasmarizing light emitting materials filled therein by the microwaves applied to the resonator, and a supporting member to support the light emitting portion thus to allow the light emitting portion to be arranged up to a certain height in the inner space of the resonator; and an initial lighting unit disposed at one side of the inner space of the resonator to enhance concentration of microwaves toward the electrodeless bulb so as to stabilize an initial lighting of the electrodeless bulb.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting apparatus includes: an inverter circuit including a switch circuit and a high-voltage transformer; a step-up circuit connected at the input stage of the inverter circuit; a control circuit to output a switch circuit controlling signal and a step-up circuit controlling signal; an on-off switching circuit connected at a input voltage line; and a switch signal buffering circuit connected between the control circuit and the switch circuit and adapted to relay the switch circuit controlling signal. A drive voltage is applied to the control circuit without going through the on-off switching circuit, and a drive voltage is applied to the switch signal buffering circuit via the on-off switching circuit. With such a structure, an excess rush current is inhibited from flowing into the discharge lamp thereby preventing its electrode wear and therefore increasing the product life of a lamp and enhancing reliability while achieving cost reduction and downsizing.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for converting DC power to AC and for driving multiple discharge lamps and, more particularly, Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFLs), External Electrode Fluorescent Lamps (EEFLs), and Flat Fluorescent Lamps (FFLs). Disclosed methods, among other advantages, allow accurate current sharing among the lamps, minimization of the total number of power switches, and, in general, simplification of the complexity of the control system.

Abstract: A method according to on embodiment may include generating AC voltage and current and a striking voltage. The method of this embodiment may also include generating striking voltage and steady-state voltage for at least two lamp loads. The method of this embodiment may also include coupling at least two lamp loads in parallel. The method of this embodiment may also include coupling current balancing circuitry to the at least two lamp loads and providing, by the current balancing circuitry simultaneous striking voltage to the at least two lamps loads. The method of this embodiment may also include balancing, by the current balancing circuitry, AC current through the at least two lamp loads. Of course, many alternatives, variations, and modifications are possible without departing from this embodiment.

Abstract: In a process in which a current is supplied from a switching regulator to multi-chip LEDs, the forward voltages of the LEDs are respectively detected in forward detecting circuits. The detected values are sent to a microcomputer. In the microcomputer, detected values when the multi-chip LEDs are initially turned on are stored as initial values. A first abnormality deciding value is set from the initial value. The detected values are sequentially stored as updated values. Second abnormality deciding values having conditions stricter than those of the first abnormality deciding value are sequentially set in accordance with the stored updated value. A read value is compared with the first abnormality deciding value or the read value is compared with the second abnormality deciding value to decide whether or not the abnormality of the LEDs is present. When it is decided that the LEDs are abnormal, an LED is turned on to inform a driver of the presence of the abnormality.

Abstract: In order to improve the reliability of an electrical connection between a power supply terminal of a vibrator and an electrode of a circuit board and to improve the efficiency of mounting the vibrator on the circuit board, the power supply terminal is made from a torsion coil spring and a contact portion of the power supply terminal in contact with the electrode of the circuit board is formed by winding. In addition, a torsion coil spring portion is wound around a spindle pin and a housing is provided with a step portion as a space for accommodating the contact portion without interference and a plane portion to which the contact portion faces.

Abstract: A powered surgical tool with a housing that contains a power generating unit such as a motor. A control module is disposed in a shell that is mounted in the housing. The control module contains a control circuit for regulating the actuation of the power generating unit. The power generating unit emits a signal representative of the operating state of the unit that is transmitted through the structural material forming the shell. Also internal to the control module shell is a sensor that monitors the signal emitted by the power generating unit. This signal output by the sensor is applied to the control circuit. The control circuit, based on the sensor signal regulates actuation of the power generating unit. Wherein the power generating unit is a motor, the signal emitted is the magnetic field that varies with rotor position. The sensor monitors the strength of this field.

Abstract: A method for operating power train side components of a motor vehicle. Using a control device of a motor, at least one motor parameter is issued and delivered via a databus to at least one control device of one other power drive side component working independently of the motor control device in order to operate all or each one of the power drive side components dependent in a first inventive aspect, a behavior of the respective other power drive side components that adjusts itself according to the motor torque actually made available by the motor is evaluated. In second inventive aspect, the motor torque issued by the motor control device is compared with a torque stored according to motor operation parameters in the control device working independently of the motor control device.

Abstract: A thermostat transducer module includes a processor, at least one A/D conversion circuit interfaced to the processor, and at least one output level conversion circuit interfaced to the processor. The processor is configured to receive signals originating at a thermostat through the at least one A/D conversion circuit, analyze the received signals and generate signals based on the analysis for output through the at least one output level conversion circuit for control of a motor.

Abstract: A method of determining the angular position of the rotor of a brushless direct current motor having a stator with multi-phase windings, control circuitry that provides excitations switched after one another to the motor phases such that the excitations produce stator flux vectors lying in different directions in the full 360 electrical degree range, and a measurement circuit that delivers responses for the phase excitations is provided. The position is estimated by selecting the main excitation stator flux vector which results in the minimal inductivity shown by the measured response, and selecting the two other vectors in the previous and subsequent directions with respect to the direction of the main vector, and by computing the ratio between differences of measured responses for the selected stator flux vectors.

Abstract: Disclosed is a control apparatus for a brushless DC motor, which has a rotor with n poles (where n is a natural number) that rotates due to a supply current with m phases (where m is a natural number) applied to a stator, controlling the number of output rotations of a gearbox, which is connected to the brushless DC motor and has a predetermined gear reduction ratio-wherein the gear reduction ratio represents a ratio of the number of rotations of the brushless DC motor to the number of output rotations of the gearbox-, the control apparatus comprising: a rotation detector part, which counts the number of rotation pulses generated by the rotation of the rotor from the brushless DC motor; a required rotational amount input part, which receives the number of output rotations as input and converts it to a corresponding required number of rotation pulses; a comparison part, which compares the number of output rotations and the required number of rotation pulses; and a current controller part, which controls a supp

Abstract: A compressor having a sensorless motor and a driving method thereof. The compressor includes a sensorless motor having a rotation shaft connected to a rotator, a piston for performing a compression stroke and an intake stroke between a top dead center and a bottom dead center thereof, and a crank connecting the rotation shaft to the piston. The method includes forcibly aligning the rotator such that the rotator is positioned at a start position in the intake stroke of the piston, and accelerating rotation of the forcibly aligned rotator.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for stopping equipment. The system is an automatic dynamic braking system using color recognition. The automatic braking system comprises a color recognition sensor coupled to a control system. In use, the control system is operably connected to potentially hazardous equipment. The color recognition sensor recognizes a marker worn by an operator, for example, an article of clothing of a predetermined color. When the marker enters a predetermined recognition zone relative to the equipment, the system responds to the event with shut-down procedures. The equipment may be an electric or automatic saw, with the recognition zone being defined relative to a rotating saw blade.

Abstract: A circuit for driving an appliance for treating laundry, includes a motor circuit having an AC motor, and a door-locking circuit. The motor circuit and the door-locking circuit may be driven by a single common electronic switching element.

Abstract: A wiper control method and a wiper control device which adjusts a wiping determining condition for determining the wiping state of a wiper according to a driving scene are provided. The driving scene is determined based on comprehensive situation determination from vehicle state information such as driving, stop, etc. and driving environment information such as rainfall state. According to the determined driving scene, the wiping determining conditions for determining the wiping state of the wiper is adjusted. Such wiping determining conditions include detection sensitivity of raindrops adhering on the detection surface, correspondence between the rainfall level and the wiping level, etc.

Abstract: A drive control apparatus including a feed-forward operation amount generation device, a feed-back operation amount generation device, a feed-forward correction amount generation device and a feed-forward operation amount correction device is provided. The drive control apparatus is configured to input an input operation amount, which is obtained by adding a feed-back operation amount to a feed-forward operation amount corrected by the feed-forward operation amount correction device, into a control target thereby to drive the control target.

Abstract: A servo control system having a proportional (P) or a proportional plus integral (PI) position controller, which output signal represents an input speed reference signal for a speed close loop system with a speed controller detecting a speed deviation, derived from a speed feedback loop, which output signal represents an input current reference signal for a current close loop system with a current controller detecting a current deviation, derived from a current feedback loop, which controls an amount of the current flowing through a motor.

Abstract: A stable motor control characteristics can be accomplished by correcting a q-axis current command value by a product of a d-axis current command value (or a detected current value) calculated by field weakening control and a sine signal which is a phase difference between the reference axis of control and the reference axis of the motor. Thereby, a “field weakening vector controller for the permanent magnet synchronous motor” which accomplishes a high-precision, high-response, and high-stability motor torque control even in a field weakening region and which is applicable both to an inexpensive current detecting system and to a system without a pole position detector is provided.

Abstract: A magnetic pole position in a synchronous motor having salient poles is estimated from an instructed voltage applied to the motor, a current generated from the instructed voltage and parameters. To estimate the position substantially matching with a true magnetic pole position, a phase matching voltage having a phase matching with the estimated magnetic pole position previously obtained is applied to the motor. The phase matching voltage has a harmonic frequency higher than that of the instructed voltage. A phase matching current generated from the phase matching voltage is detected from the motor. A value of at least one of the parameters is corrected such that a difference in phase between the phase matching voltage and the phase matching current substantially becomes zero. An estimated magnetic pole position is calculated from the instructed voltage, the generated current and the parameter having the corrected value.

Abstract: A method is proposed for distributing current to the existing current directing valves or switches in the inverting converter of adjustment drives with synchronous servo-motors when the end position of the adjustment drive is reached at a time when the torque or force load is high in which the current space indicator of the current is moved electrically through ±90° about the desired end position with sufficient frequency.

Abstract: A vehicle alternator failure monitoring system and related monitoring method are disclosed wherein an ECU executes operations depending on a power generation status of a vehicle alternator and a vehicle alternator control device has a serial communication transmitter circuit operative to transmit a serial communication signal, indicative of the power generation status of the vehicle alternator, to the ECU. The serial communication transmitter circuit has a first power generation status signal transmission mode in which a first power generation status signal, representing the power generation status, is transmitted together with a failure flag representing the presence of or absence of an operational failure, related to the vehicle alternator, and a second power generation status signal transmission mode in which a second power generation status signal, representing the power generation status, is transmitted together with additional data representing an operational state of the vehicle alternator.

Abstract: A vehicle power generation control apparatus has a power supply circuit, a rotation detecting circuit, an exciting current detecting circuit, a torque detecting/maximum exciting current determining circuit, and an exciting current control circuit. The rotation detecting circuit detects a rotation speed of a generator (or vehicle alternator) and the exciting current detecting circuit detects an exciting current flowing through an exciting winding of the generator. The torque detecting/maximum exciting current determining circuit calculates a power generation torque of the generator based on the output voltage, the exciting current, the rotation speed, and calculates an inertia torque of the generator based on a change rate of the rotation speed.

Abstract: The vehicle-generator control device for controlling an output voltage of a vehicle generator by on/off-controlling an excitation current flowing into an excitation winding of the vehicle generator, includes an excitation current detecting circuit detecting an excitation current flowing into the excitation winding, and a computation circuit having a first function of correcting the excitation current detected by the excitation current detecting circuit on the basis of a current flowing into an electrical load applied with the output voltage of the vehicle generator, and a second function of calculating an output current of the vehicle generator on the basis of the excitation current.

Abstract: The present invention provides a LUT circuit that can simultaneously determine the corresponding output values of a plurality of input values. The LUT circuit of the present invnention includes a plurality of comparators, a plurality of selecting circuits and at least one table stored in a memory. This table is used to record the values of dependent variables of a certain function. A plurality of input values (Xn) are sent to the LUT circuit at the same time. The selecting circuits generates select signals based on the received input values. Then, the select signals are sent to the comparators for letting the comparators output the corresponding output values.

Abstract: Provided is an electronic equipment including: a boost DC-DC converter and an electric power storage device, in which the electric power storage device is charged with a electric power outputted the DC-DC converter with efficiency, and in which stored electric power of the electric power storage device is not wastefully consumed even when supply of the electric power is stopped. The electronic equipment including the power supply, the boost DC-DC converter, a rectifier rectifying a pulse-like boosted electric power outputted the DC-DC converter to a second boosted electric power, and the electric power storage device for charging a first boosted electric power from the boost DC-DC converter, wherein an operation of the boost DC-DC converter is maintained by the second boosted electric power.

Abstract: This patent specification describes a boost circuit which includes an inductor wired to an input terminal, a switching device connected between the inductor and a ground, a rectifying device formed of a MOS transistor and connected between the inductor and an output terminal and configured to be switched in accordance with the control signal, a first transistor wired to the input terminal and to a substrate gate of the rectifying device, a second transistor wired to the substrate gate of the rectifying device and to the output terminal and a controller configured to control each operation of the switching device, the rectifying device and the first and second transistors so that the first transistor is off and the second transistor is on in a boost mode and the first transistor is on and the second transistor is off in a boost suspend mode.

Abstract: The invention relates, in an embodiment, to a power supply module configured to be coupled to a power outlet to supply an operating voltage to a data processing device. The power supply module includes a set of signal connectors having at least a first signal connector. The set of signal connectors is configured to provide at least a portion of data received from the data processing device to devices external to the data processing device, whereby the power supply module is disposed in a flexibly-coupled, spaced-apart relationship relative to the data processing device.

Abstract: A power factor correction integrated circuit housed in an integrated circuit package for controlling a boost converter circuit having an input inductor coupled in series with a boost rectifier between a rectified AC line input voltage and a DC bus voltage, on a DC bus, the rectified AC line input voltage provided by a rectifier coupled to an AC line input voltage to be power factor corrected.

Abstract: A phase reference generator for use in a resistance weld control. The phase reference generator including a digital signal processor having a digital volt-time area generator to generate a volt-time area of an observed voltage; a digital current-time area and current-difference-time area generator to generate a current-time area of an observed current and a current-difference-time area of the observed current; a line impedance estimator; and, a driving point voltage area estimator configured to receive values from the digital volt-time area generator, the digital current-time area generator and current-difference-time area generator, and the line impedance estimator and generate estimates of the driving point voltage.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for efficient switching regulators that adapt automatically to, and operate with, input voltages that are above, below, or equal to the output voltage. The disclosed switching regulators demonstrate advantages of both buck and boost converters at high efficiency.

Abstract: A step-down switching voltage regulator may operate in PFM mode based on peak current sense without requiring an external diode. The regulator may comprise a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor whose drains are coupled to a common output node and whose sources are coupled to high and low supply voltages, respectively, configured to develop a current in an inductor and generate an output voltage. A control circuit, coupled to the respective gates of the PMOS transistor and the NMOS transistor, may sense the current in the inductor (IL), sense an attenuated version of the output voltage (VFB), and sense the polarity of the voltage (VX) developed at the common output node. The control circuit may turn on the PMOS transistor when the VFB falls below a reference voltage and VX remains positive with respect to the low supply voltage, and may turn off the PMOS transistor when IL reaches a specified value or when VFB exceeds the reference voltage.