Abstract: A metal layer is formed over a metal oxide, where the metal oxide is formed over a semiconductor substrate. A predetermined critical dimension of the metal layer is determined. A first etch is performed to etch the metal layer down to the metal oxide and form footings at the sidewalls of the metal layer. A second etch to remove the footings to target a predetermined critical dimension, wherein the second etch is selective to the metal oxide. In one embodiment, a conductive layer is formed over the metal layer. The bulk of the conductive layer may be etched leaving a portion in contact with the metal layer. Next, the portion left in contact with the metal layer may be etched using chemistry selective to the metal layer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide methods, apparatuses, and devices related to chemical vapor deposition of silicon oxide. In one embodiment, a single-step deposition process is used to efficiently form a silicon oxide layer exhibiting high conformality and favorable gap-filling properties. During a pre-deposition gas flow stabilization phase and an initial deposition stage, a relatively low ratio of silicon-containing gas:oxidant deposition gas is flowed, resulting in formation of highly conformal silicon oxide at relatively slow rates. Over the course of the deposition process step, the ratio of silicon-containing gas:oxidant gas is increased, resulting in formation of less-conformal oxide material at relatively rapid rates during later stages of the deposition process step.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preventing plasma induced damage resulting from high density plasma deposition processes. In the present embodiment, Un-doped Silica Glass(USG) is deposited so as to form a USG liner. In the present embodiment, the USG liner directly overlies a conductive interconnect structure that couples to semiconductor devices that are susceptible to plasma-induced damage during high density plasma deposition processes. A silicon-rich oxide is deposited in-situ immediately following the deposition of the USG liner so as to form a silicon-rich oxide liner that directly overlies the USG liner. The silicon-rich oxide liner protects the interconnect structure during the subsequent high density plasma deposition process, preventing damage resulting from plasma charge to the interconnect structure.

Abstract: Metalorganic precursors of the formula: (R1R2N)a?bMXb wherein: M is the precursor metal center, selected from the group of Ta, Ti, W, Nb, Si, Al and B; a is a number equal to the valence of M; 1?b?(a?1); R1 and R2 can be the same as or different from one another, and are each independently selected from the group of H, C1–C4 alkyl, C3–C6 cycloalkyl, and R03Si, where each R0 can be the same or different and each R0 is independently selected from H and C1–C4 alkyl; and X is selected from the group of chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine. Precursors of such formula are useful for chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of conductive barrier materials in the manufacture of microelectronic device structures, e.g., by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition on a substrate bearing nitrogen-containing surface functionality. Further described is a method of forming Si3N4 on a substrate at low temperature, e.g., using atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD).

Abstract: A thermal treatment apparatus 1 includes a reaction tube 2 for containing wafers 10 contaminated with organic substances having a heater 12 capable of heating the reaction tube; a first gas supply pipe 13 for carrying oxygen gas into the reaction tube 2; and a second gas supply pipe 14 for carrying hydrogen gas into the reaction tube 2. Oxygen gas and hydrogen gas are supplied through the first gas supply pipe 13 and the second gas supply pipe 14, respectively, into the reaction tube 2, and the heater 12 heats the reaction tube 2 at a temperature capable of activating oxygen gas and hydrogen gas. A combustion reaction occurs in the reaction tube 2 and thereby the organic substances adhering to the wafers 10 are oxidized, decomposed and removed.

Abstract: Fibrous structures having an additive, more particularly finished fibrous structures having a nanoparticle solid additive, and/or sanitary tissue products including such finished fibrous structures, are provided.

Abstract: A glass composition for covering electrodes of the present invention contains: 0 to 15 wt % SiO2; 10 to 50 wt % B2O3; 15 to 50 wt % ZnO; 0 to 10 wt % Al2O3; 2 to 40 wt % Bi2O3; 0 to 5 wt % MgO; 5 to 38 wt % CaO+SrO+BaO; 0 to 0.1 wt % Li2O+Na2O+K2O; 0 to 4 wt % MoO3; and 0 to 4 wt % WO3, and the total of the contents of MoO3 and WO3 is in the range of 0.1 to 8 wt %. The glass composition for covering electrodes of the present invention may contain: 0 to 2 wt % SiO2; 10 to 50 wt % B2O3; 15 to 50 wt % ZnO; 0 to 10 wt % Al2O3; 2 to 40 wt % Bi2O3; 0 to 5 wt % MgO; 5 to 38 wt % CaO+SrO+BaO; 0 to 4 wt % MoO3; and 0 to 4 wt % WO3, and the total of the contents of MoO3 and WO3 may be in the range of 0.1 to 8 wt %.

Abstract: A glass with high internal transmission as well as low tendency to radiation-caused physical compaction and low tendency to solarization, comprising 18 to 31% by weight of SiO2, 0 to 7% by weight of Na2O3, 0 to 7% by weight of K2O, 65 to 84% by weight of PbO, 0.001 to 1% by weight of As2O3+As2O5, which is characterized by a content of 0 to 5000 ppm of Sb2O3 0 to 500 ppm of TiO2 0 to 100 ppm of CuO 0 to 1000 ppm of F. The ?(As2O3, As2O5, Sb2O3, F)?20 ppm and the ratio of As(III)/As(V) is at least 0.5. Such a glass is suitable for the use as optical element.

Abstract: The invention relates to friction linings for structural and functional elements used in braking systems, especially in systems for motor vehicles. Said friction linings consist of an inorganic composite material which in turn consists of a glass or glass ceramics matrix, inorganic reinforcing fibers and one or more fillers, including one or more anti-friction substances with planar hexagonal structural elements.

Abstract: Ceramic plates for side dams of twin-drum continuous strip casters comprising a REAG phase of 10 to 90 vol. %, a Sialon phase of 5 to 50 vol. %, a BN phase of 5 to 50 vol. % and an amorphous phase of over 0 to 20 vol. %, with the REAG phase comprising at least one rare-earth aluminum garnet phase selected from YAG, ErAG, YbAG and DyAG phases and the Sialon phase having a chemical formula, Si6?zAlzOzN8?z, wherein Z is between 0.05 and 1.9.

Abstract: Provided are a dielectric ceramic composition of forsterite system for microwave and millimeter-wave application and a method for forming the same. Here, the dielectric ceramic composition having a small dielectric loss is used for communication devices used at microwave and millimeter-wave bands. The dielectric ceramic composition includes forsterite (Mg2SiO4) as a main element and titanium oxide (TiO2), which is partially substituted for silicon (Si) in forsterite. The dielectric ceramic composition is obtained by using 56 to 57 wt % of MgO, 33 to 42 wt % of SiO2, and 1 to 11 wt % of TiO2, and adding an additive including Li ions as a sintering aid for improving a sintering characteristic. The dielectric ceramic composition is formed by mixing MgO, SiO2, and TiO2, calcining the mixture to form forsterite powder, adding an additive including Li ion, for example, Li2CO3, and shaping and sintering the mixture.

Abstract: A solid catalyst component for polymerization of olefins prepared by contacting (a) a dialkoxy magnesium compound, (b) a tetra-valent titanium halide, and (c) an electron donor compound of the formula R1R2C(COOR3)2 suspended in (d) an aromatic hydrocarbon having a boiling point in the range of 50–150° C. The catalyst containing the catalyst component is excellent in the olefin polymerization catalyst activity to hydrogen and can produce a polymer with a high stereoregularity in a high yield.

Abstract: Catalyst components for the polymerization of olefins CH2?CHR, wherein R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical having 1–12 carbon atoms, comprising Mg, Ti, Cl, OR groups, where R is a C1–C10 alkyl group optionally containing heteroatoms, and an ether having two or more ether groups, characterized by the fact that the Mg/Ti weight ratio is lower than 3 from 2 to 6.5 the Cl/Ti weight ratio is from 1.5 to 6, the OR/Ti weight ratio is from 0.5 to 3.5 and at least 50% of the Titanium atoms are in a valence state lower than 4. The said catalyst components allow the preparation of ethylene copolymers with a low content of xylene soluble fractions.

Abstract: A catalyst is synthesized by a method in which a catalytic metal such as platinum or another noble metal is dispersed onto a support member. A transition metal macrocycle is also adsorbed onto the support, and the support is heat treated so as to at least partially pyrolyze the macrocycle and anchor the transition metal to the support. The catalytic metal is alloyed with the transition metal either during the pyrolysis step, or in a separate step. The catalyst has significant utility in a variety of applications including use as an oxygen reduction catalyst in fuel cells.

Abstract: A method of making a catalyst comprising mixing a metal oxide precursor and a pore former to form a metal oxide precursor mixture and calcining the metal oxide precursor mixture in the presence of a flowing gas having a flow rate to form the catalyst comprising metal oxide. The catalyst comprises a first distribution of pores having a median pore diameter of 10 to 50 angstroms and a second distribution of pores having a median pore diameter of 1 to 500 angstroms. The median pore diameter of the second distribution of pores is inversely related to the flow rate of the gas.

Abstract: A method is featured for fabricating Carbon-supported AuPt nanoparticle catalysts for fuel cells, and particularly fuel cells using methanol as the fuel. The method prepares AuPt-based fuel cell catalysts having a wide range of controllable Au:Pt ratios. The AuPt catalysis are supportable on both carbon black (C) and C/TiO2 support materials. These materials demonstrate electro-catalytic activity towards CO and methanol oxidation, and O2 reduction. The same catalyst material is useful in constructing both anodes and cathodes, and demonstrates bifunctional activity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for pretreatment of a solid catalyst that is obtained by a reaction between an inorganic binder and phosphoric acid, whereby said method comprises a stage in which said catalyst is brought into contact with a mixture of hydrocarbons under swelling conditions of the catalyst up to a predetermined volume increase, with no significant volume constraint on said catalyst. The invention also relates to an operating process of said catalyst in an alkylation or oligomerization reactor.

Abstract: A copolymer of ethylene and a higher alpha olefin, preferably 1-hexene, can be produced using an activated chromium containing catalyst system and a cocatalyst selected from the group consisting of trialkylboron, trialkylsiloxyalutninum, and a combination of trialkylboron and thalkylaluminum compounds. The polymerization process must be carefully controlled to produce a copolymer resin having an exceptionally broad molecular weight distribution, extremely high PENT ESCR values, and a natural branch profile that impacts branching preferably into the high molecular weight portion of the polymer. The resulting copolymer resin is especially useful in high stiffness pipe applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst composition, a method of making the same and its use in the conversion of a feedstock, preferably an oxygenated feedstock, into one or more olefin(s), preferably ethylene and/or propylene The catalyst composition comprises a molecular sieve and at least one metal oxide, such as a magnesium oxide that, when saturated with acetone and contacted with said acetone for 1 hour at 25° C., converts more than 80% of the acetone.

Abstract: A metallic or resinous material having excellent deodorant, antifouling, antibacterial, antifungal, and other effects which can be industrially efficiently provided by applying to a polymer resin film an adhesive coating fluid containing a silane coupling as a hardener, drying the coating to form an adhesive layer, applying a coating fluid for photocatalyst-layer formation, subsequently drying the coating to produce a photocatalyst-supporting film consisting of the polymer film and a photocatalyst layer deposited thereon through the adhesive layer, and laminating this photocatalyst-supporting film to the surface of a metallic plate or resin structure by heat pressing. The laminate may be processed into a complicated shape.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purifying catalyst for purifying exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine of an automotive vehicle. The exhaust gas purifying catalyst comprises a substrate on which a catalytic coat layer containing a catalyst component is formed. The catalytic coat layer is formed by coating a slurry containing the catalyst component on a surface of the substrate. A crack-preventing coat layer is formed on an upper-most surface of the catalytic coat layer. The crack-preventing coat layer has a thickness of not larger than 50 ?m.

Abstract: An orthorhombic phase mixed metal oxide is produced selectively in quantitative yield.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a quasi-crystalline boehmite containing additive in a homogeneously dispersed state. Suitable additives are compounds containing elements selected from the group of alkaline earth metals, alkaline metals, rare earth metals, transition metals, actinides, silicon, gallium, boron, titanium, and phosphorus. Said QCBs according to the invention may be prepared in several ways. In general, a quasi-crystalline boehmite precursor and an additive are converted to a quasi-crystalline boehmite containing the additive in a homogeneously dispersed state.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process that makes it possible to epoxidize ?,?-unsaturated enones or ?,?-unsaturated sulfones with high conversions and enantiomeric excesses in a two-phase system without addition of water in the presence of an organic solvent, a base, an oxidant, a diastereomer- and enantiomer-enriched homo-polyamino acid that has not been separately preactivated as catalyst, and a specific phase-transfer catalyst as cocatalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a passivated hydrogenation catalyst that is embedded in a primary amine, a derivative thereof, and/or a nitrile, the process to make such catalysts, as well as the use of such catalysts in a hydrogenation process in which an amine or a derivative thereof is produced.

Abstract: A decolorable image forming material contains a color former and a developer, that develop a colored state through interaction therebetween and can be decolored by heating or contact with a solvent, in which the developer contains two or more compounds whose deference in molecular weight is 15 or more.

Abstract: Certain novel (dihalopropenyl)phenylalkyl substituted benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives have unexpected insecticidal activity. These compounds are represented by formula (I): where R through R11, inclusively. x, A, B, y, D, E and G are fully described herein. Preferred compounds of the present invention are those wherein the benzo-fused ring moiety is attached to the remainder of the molecule at the positions designated as (5) or (6) and where R11 is either C1–C3 alkyl or halo C1–C3 alkyl. In addition, compositions comprising an insecticidally effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I), and optionally, an effective amount of at least one of a second compound, with at least one insecticidally compatible carrier are also disclosed; along with methods of controlling insects comprising applying said compositions to a locus where insects are present or are expected to be present.

Abstract: A method and composition for identifying chemically tagged petroleum products can be achieved by adding one or more chemicals to a selected petroleum product wherein the chemical is immune to extraction from the petroleum product by conventional inexpensive absorbents, cannot be removed by extraction with acids, bases, or immiscible solvents, cannot be easily oxidized, reduced or reacted with common agents, is difficult to disguise by masking with other agents, has a low polarity, and has a boiling point in the range of the petroleum product the chemical is being added to. The presence of the chemical is determined by using ion mobility spectroscopy.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for manufacturing an alkylphosphonate monoester. The process may comprise partially hydrolyzing an alkyl phosphonate diester with an alkaline compound in a first solvent to provide a reaction mixture, wherein the first solvent comprises a mixture of an alcohol and water. The reaction mixture may be diluted with a second solvent to provide an organic phase, wherein the second solvent comprises at least one non-polar organic solvent. The process may comprise acidifying the reaction mixture with an acid, wherein the organic phase includes an alkylphosphonate monoester.

Abstract: The invention relates to ecologically-acceptable agent for treating pathogenic germs on surfaces, instruments and in fluids, comprising synergistic mixtures of aromatic hydroxybenzoic acids and phenols with a broad spectrum of action. The above is active against hydrophilically-sheathed and -unsheathed viruses as well as lipophilic bacteria and yeasts and is thus applicable in medicine, industry and commercial animal raising.

Abstract: A cleaning solution for a cured anti-reflective layer (AFC layer) component and a method of cleaning an anti-reflective layer component by using the same, wherein the cleaning solution comprises about 5–30% by weight of ammonium hydroxide, about 23–70% by weight of an organic solvent and about 10–50% by weight of water. When an organic material is spattered to adjacent equipment during implementing a coating process onto a wafer, the equipment is detached and then is dipped into the cleaning solution. Thereafter, the equipment is rinsed and dried. Cured and non-cured organic materials are advantageously removed. Cured organic materials left for a period of time, particularly anti-reflective layer components are advantageously removed.

Abstract: Methods and solutions for forming self assembled organic monolayers that are covalently bound to metal interfaces are presented along with a device containing a self assembled organic monolayer. Embodiments of the present invention utilize self assembled thiolate monolayers to prevent the electromigration and surface diffusion of copper atoms while minimizing the resistance of the interconnect lines. Self assembled thiolate monolayers are used to cap the copper interconnect lines and chemically hold the copper atoms at the top of the lines in place, thus preventing surface diffusion. The use of self assembled thiolate monolayers minimizes the resistance of copper interconnect lines because only a single monolayer of approximately 10 ? and 20 ? in thickness is used.

Abstract: The present invention is a composition comprising a surfactant blend of nonionic and anionic surfactants useful for the removal of oligomer deposits from polyester fibers and polyester processing equipment. The composition of the present invention includes a surfactant blend of an ethoxylated sorbitan ester and at least one additional nonionic or anionic surfactant. The combination of the ethoxylated sorbitan ester and additional surfactants used in the invention surprisingly has a synergistic effect on the removal of oligomer deposits from polyester fibers and polyester processing equipment.

Abstract: An improved paint stripper is provided and comprises at least one paint-stripping agent modified with at least one heavy metal remediation agent. Optionally, one or more viscosity-modification agents, dispersants, or other additive is also included. The invention also provides a kit for making a heavy metal-remediating paint stripper, comprising a vessel containing a paint-stripping agent and a dissolvable packet containing a remediation agent. To use the kit, a painter or other laborer opens the vessel containing the paint-stripping agent and deposits therein the packet containing the remediation agent. The packet dissolves, thereby releasing the remediation agent into the stripping agent.

Abstract: Surfactant compounds are claimed which consists essentially of a) fatty alcohol alkoxylates, b) amorphous silica, c) a carrier material and optionally d) an assistant.

Abstract: Laundry detergent compositions comprise (a) surfactant, and (b) a hueing dye, wherein the hueing dye exhibits a hueing efficiency of at least 10 and a wash removal value in the range of from about 30% to about 85%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved controlled delivery system that can be incorporated in soap bars to enhance deposition of active ingredients and sensory markers onto skin. The carrier system also provides controlled release or prolonged release of these actives from the skin over an extended period of time. The controlled delivery system of the present invention comprises substantially free-flowing, powder formed of solid hydrophobic, positively charged, nanospheres of encapsulated active ingredients, that are encapsulated in moisture sensitive microspheres. The high cationic charge density of the nanosphere improves deposition of active ingredients onto skin.

Abstract: An anionic surfactant particle for use in laundry detergent compositions has an anionic surfactant content of at least 95 wt % of anionic surfactant and comprises linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) and primary alcohol sulphate (PAS) in a weight ratio of from 5:1 to 1:3. The particle, which is preferably in the form of a flake, is of low hygroscopicity and dissolves rapidly in water.

Abstract: A composition comprising: (a) from about 0.01% to about 99%, by weight, of a fragrance oil, wherein the fragrance oil comprises about 5% or greater, by weight of fragrance oil, of a top note perfume raw material, or mixture of top note perfume raw materials, and wherein the top note perfume raw materials have a boiling point of less than, or equal to, about 250° C. at 1 atmosphere pressure; (b) an entrapment material which is selected from the group consisting of polymers; capsules, microcapsules and nanocapsules; liposomes; pro-perfumes selected from more than 1 type of pro-chemistry; film formers; absorbents; cyclic oligosaccharides and mixtures thereof; (c) greater than about 50% volatile solvent.

Abstract: A composition comprising: (a) a fragrance oil wherein the fragrance oil comprises greater than 0.5% of a top note perfume raw material, or mixture of top note perfume raw materials, with a boiling point of less than, or equal to, 250° C. at 1 atmosphere pressure; (b) an entrapment material which is selected from the group consisting of polymers; capsules, microcapsules and nanocapsules; liposomes; film formers; absorbents; cyclic oligosaccharides and mixtures thereof; (c) greater than 50% volatile solvent; wherein the perfume raw material and the entrapment material exist in an associated form on the substrate and wherein the weight ratio of the top note perfume raw material to the entrapment material within the associated form is in the range from about 1:20 to about 20:1.

Abstract: A composition comprising: (a) a fragrance oil comprising: (i) top note perfume raw material, or mixture of perfume raw materials, with a boiling point of less than, or equal to, about 250° C. at 1 atmosphere pressure; (ii) middle or base note perfume raw material, or mixture of perfume raw materials, with a boiling point of greater than 250° C. at 1 atmosphere pressure; (b) an entrapment material which is selected from the group consisting of polymers; capsules, microcapsules and nanocapsules; liposomes; pro-perfumes selected from more than 1 type of pro-chemistry; film formers; absorbents; cyclic oligosaccharides and mixtures thereof; (c) greater than 50% volatile solvent; wherein the weight ratio of the top note perfume raw materials to middle or base note perfume raw materials within the fragrance oil is in the range from about 1:20 to about 20:1.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for improving release, on a surface, of a fragrance from an entrapment structure of at least one fragrance oil and at least one entrapment material. The method destabilizes the entrapment structure by providing at least one trigger molecule which preferentially associates with the entrapment material; and/or at least one release agent which at least partially disrupts the entrapment structure. The invention also provides a composition for improving release of a fragrance from a surface. The composition comprises at least one fragrance oil; at least one entrapment material, the at least one fragrance oil and the at least one entrapment material being capable, in use, of forming an entrapment structure on the surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of pain and to compounds that modulate C-fibre activity. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of a lectin in the manufacture of a medicament for modulation of C-fibre neuron activity, and to lectin conjugates. The lectin conjugates comprise a lectin coupled to a peptide or protein, wherein the peptide or protein is substantially free of Clostridial neurotoxin enzyme activity. The present invention also concerns methods for manufacturing conjugates. The compounds and compositions described have particular application in the treatment of diseases of which C-fibre activity is a component. Such diseases include pain, inflamation, psoriasis and other C-fibre related conditions.

Abstract: SR-BI is present at relatively high levels on the membranes of hepatocytes and steroidogenic tissues, including the adrenal gland, testes, and ovaries, where it mediates the uptake and transport of cholesteryl ester from high density lipoproteins. It has been demonstrated that transgenic animals which do not produce SR-BI are healthy, with the exception that the females are infertile. SR-BI KO females have abnormal HDLs, ovulate dysfunctional oocytes and are infertile. Surgical, genetic and pharmacologic methods were used to show that the fertility of SR-BI KO females (or their transplanted oocytes) can be restored in the absence of ovarian and/or extraovarian SR-BI expression by manipulations that modify the structure, composition and/or abundance of their abnormal plasma lipoproteins. These manipulations included inactivation of the apolipoprotein A-I gene and administration of the cholesterol-lowering drug PROBUCOL™.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions comprising known verotoxins, particularly, verotoxin 1, have been found to be useful in the treatment of mammalian neoplasia, particularly, ovarian cancer and skin cancer. Surprisingly, although verotoxin 1 has previously been shown to have anti-neoplastic activity in vitro, non-lethal doses of verotoxin 1 have been shown to be therapeutically anti-neoplastic in vivo.

Abstract: We claim a method of treating a patient to stimulate chondrocyte proliferation comprising administering to said patient an adrenomedullin analog that is adrenomedullin-(27–52) wherein said patient is suffering from cartilage disorders, and a method of stimulating chondrocyte proliferation comprising administering to chondrocyte cells adrenomedullin-(27–52).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel follistatin-3 protein which is a member of the family of inhibin-related proteins. In particular, isolated nucleic acid molecules are provided encoding the human follistatin-3 protein. Follistatin-3 polypeptides are also provided as are vectors, host cells and recombinant methods for producing the same. The invention further relates to screening methods for identifying agonists and antagonists of follistatin-3 activity. Also provided are diagnostic methods for detecting reproductive system-related disorders and disorders of the regulation of cell growth and differentiation and therapeutic methods for treating reproductive system-related disorders and disorders of the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.

Abstract: Disclosed are glycopeptides that are substituted with one or more substituents each comprising one or more phosphono groups; and pharmaceutical compositions containing such glycopeptide derivatives. The disclosed glycopeptide derivatives are useful as antibacterial agents.

Abstract: Described herein are pharmaceutical compositions including vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) variants having modifications in the C-terminal heparin binding domain. The variants exhibit reduced clearance rates for systemic administration generally at lower doses compared with native VEGF thus providing variants having longer availability for therapeutic effect.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel granulopoietic activity (GPA) proteins and nucleic acids. The invention further relates to the use of the GPA proteins in the treatment of G-CSF related disorders.