Abstract: A vehicle switch apparatus for increasing space for other switches and ensuring operation of a switch when the switch must be felt for in order to be operated. The vehicle switch apparatus includes a paddle that has a front surface facing the driver and a rear surface opposite to the front surface. A push switch is arranged near the rear surface of the paddle and includes an operation portion operated by the driver. The paddle has a window for enabling the driver to visually check operation of the operation portion.

Abstract: A contact assembly for a circuit breaker includes a fixed contact, a movable contact, and a movable contact arm. The movable contact arm includes a first end carrying the movable contact, a second end, and a pivot portion proximate the second end. A moving arm portion extends from the first end toward the pivot portion. The moving arm portion has a width, an upper edge, a lower edge, and a height defined by the distance between the upper edge and the lower edge. In response to a trip condition, the movable contact separates from the fixed contact and the movable contact arm pivots open at an angular opening velocity. The height of the moving arm portion of the movable contact arm is at least four times the width of the moving arm portion, thus minimizing the moment-of-inertia of the movable contact arm, and increasing the angular opening velocity.

Abstract: A staked terminal rivet system and method configured to mount a switch device onto a printed circuit board is disclosed as an alternative to traditional molded-in or staked-on secondary terminal systems. An electrically conductive rivet functioning as a terminal reduces overall manufacturing costs and provides a higher degree of precision for mounting onto printed circuit boards. This technology has wide ranging applicability, including: industrial machinery and equipment, commercial aviation, test instrumentation, agricultural machinery, process control and medical instrumentation.

Abstract: A switch comprising a switch body and a control actuator, which can be associated with a control button and can move with respect to the switch body, the control actuator having a receptacle for a light source at a containment portion which is directed toward the button: the switch body is provided with fixing elements for a panel, by backpanel insertion, which comprise at least two abutment portions and at least two locking elements which act, with the panel in the mounted position, respectively at opposite faces of the panel, the two locking elements being arranged proximate to the button. Elements for detachable connection between the button and the control actuator are also provided.

Abstract: A rocking key includes a keycap and a pair of supporting arms. The keycap includes at least two posts, a rib portion positioned between the two posts for preventing the two posts from being simultaneously depressed downwardly. The supporting arms are arranged at two opposite sides of the keycap for resiliently supporting the keycap.

Abstract: A vehicle door outer handle system includes: an operating handle formed from a handle main body and a cover covering the outer side of the handle main body; a pair of electrodes; and a circuit board on which a detection circuit is provided for detecting a change in capacitance between the electrodes; the electrodes and the circuit board being housed within the operating handle. The electrodes are patterned on the circuit board, and a ground pattern connected to the detection circuit is formed so as to be disposed at a position offset from the electrodes if viewed through the circuit board.

Abstract: A cooking stove in which an operation circuit board formed with an electrode pattern is placed on a back surface of a glass top plate so as to suppress the formation of an air layer. The cooking stove includes a display mark and a switch mark provided on a front surface of the glass top plate so as to have a first positional relationship, a case having a display opening corresponding to the display mark with the first positional relationship and an operation circuit board opening corresponding to the switch mark, the case being bonded to the uneven back surface of the glass top plate so that the display opening is positioned at the display mark, and a bonding layer that bonds the back surface of the glass top plate to a part of the operation circuit board in which an electrode pattern is formed, via the operation circuit board opening in the case so that depressed portions of the back surface of the glass top plate are filled with a double coated tape having a foam as a base material.

Abstract: A system for transporting and selectively sorting particles includes a first wall and a traveling wave grid extending along the first wall. The system includes a second wall having a passage extending therethrough and a gate operatively associated with the passage. A controller is adapted to output a multi-phase electrical signal. The controller is in communication with the traveling wave grid and the gate. A method of using the system is also provided.

Abstract: A wire-cut electric discharge machine which improves contact between a wire electrode and a conducting member without deforming the wire electrode to suppress production of minute electric discharges and reduce unnecessary loads on the wire electrode and the wire-cut electric discharge machine, and which makes it easy to make space on a wire traveling path to carry out automatic wire connection easily. In a wire-cut electric discharge machine having a conducting member for supplying an wire electrode with electric power for electric discharge machining, and making the wire electrode travel along a traveling path, sliding on the conducting member, a movable member capable of being moved nearer to and away from the conducting member is provided in a position opposite to the conducting member relative to the traveling path. By this arrangement, the contact between the wire electrode and the conducting member can be always kept without deforming the wire electrode.

Abstract: A method is provided for purifying gases, particularly gases contaminated by environmentally harmful substances, by way of plasma discharge. The gas to be purified is guided through a thermal plasma, which is generated by electrodeless ignition of a process gas, so that, by way of the thermal plasma, the harmful substances contained in the gas to be purified are converted to environmentally neutral, fully oxidized substances.

Abstract: An operating system is provided for an electric arc welder including a high switching speed inverter power source for creating an arc voltage and arc current between an electrode and a workpiece. This operating system regulating the arc voltage to provide a voltage with a slope by using an error circuit to create an error output and having a first input with a signal representing the set voltage and a second input representing the sum of the actual arc voltage and the actual arc current multiplied by a slope constant. A DSP program reduces the error output by adjusting the voltage output of the inverter power source to change the actual arc voltage. The slope constant is in the range of 0–10%.

Abstract: A filler metal including not more than about 0.1% C, not more than about 1.0% Si; not more than about 0.8% Mn; from about 10.5% to about 13.0% Cr; from about 0.65% to about 4.0% Ni; from about 10(% C) to about 1.5% Ti; not more than about 0.5% each of N, S, P, Mo, Nb, Cu, V, or Co; and balance essentially Fe, wherein a weld test pad of the filler metal contains a microstructure comprising martensite. A method of attaching together two components using a modified filler metal which forms a weld containing an amount of martensite sufficient to increase the volume of the weld thereby at least partially offsetting shrinkage of the weld upon cooling, and articles produced thereby.

Abstract: A dual function heating and toasting apparatus is provided for radiantly heating or surface toasting bread-type food products. The apparatus includes a housing defining a heating/toasting chamber. A generally vertically oriented, center fixed heating platen is disposed in the chamber. A pair of generally vertically oriented, movable heating platens are disposed on opposite sides of the center fixed platen. A gate is movably mounted on the housing near the bottoms of the platens for movement between a closed position to hold a product between the platens and an open position allowing a finished product to exit the chamber. A product such as a bagel can be placed into the chamber onto the gate between one of the movable platens and the fixed platen and spaced therefrom to heat the bagel by radiant heat. Alternatively, a product such as a bun can be placed in the chamber onto the gate and the movable platen moved to bias the bun against the fixed platen to surface toast the bun.

Abstract: Durable, stick resistant, stain resistant, dishwasher safe, and thermal shock resistant cooking utensils produced from a MAX phase and methods for their production are provided.

Abstract: A removable filter/pod compartment is filled with coffee grounds, tea, or other espresso particulate brewing substance and mounted within a water reservoir. Water is placed in the water reservoir. A bottom cover is connected to upper cup assembly to hold the filter/pod compartment in place. A resilient gasket or valve is positioned between the filter/pod compartment and a filtrate passage. A filtrate splash cover may be attached to the upper edges of the filtrate reservoir. The assembled beverage maker is placed into a microwave oven. As water in the water reservoir begins to heat up, steam is generated, and hot water is displaced upwards through the filter/pod compartment and particulate brewing substance. The heated beverage is automatically emptied into the filtrate reservoir, which is designed to function as a drinking cup for individually-sized portions.

Abstract: A microwave baking furnace is provided including a metallic cavity irradiated with microwaves; a baking chamber provided in the cavity and surrounded by a heat insulating member having a low microwave absorption characteristic and a high heat insulating property, which is disposed in the cavity; and a microwave generator. Substances having a high microwave loss are arranged in weak microwave electric field areas in the baking chamber at a distance, which exceeds ¼? of a wavelength ? of microwaves to be used, from the metallic cavity. The microwave baking furnace can efficiently implement a temperature rise in a low temperature range and a temperature rise in a high temperature range only by microwave heating, can effectively prevent the occurrence of a temperature gradient in an object to be baked during a baking process, and is stable in supply of microwaves and is simply structured.

Abstract: A solid-state image pickup device comprises first and second photoelectric conversion regions, wherein each of first ones of the second photoelectric conversion regions in a peripheral area comprises a first opening having a size larger than that of a second opening of each of second ones of the same in a central area, a first ratio of a length of each of the first ones of the same in a first direction with respect to its opening center to a length of each of the second ones of the same in the first direction is larger than a second ratio of a length of each of the first ones of the same in a second direction to a length of each of the second ones of the same in the second direction; and the first direction is a direction, in a plan view, in which light coming in the second photoelectric conversion regions is cut off in the highest degree.

Abstract: An optical wireless local area network using line of sight optical links. The base station and terminal stations are provided with optical transceivers which include a transmitter array and detector array. The transmitter array consists of an array of resonant cavity light emitting diodes integrated using flip-chip technology with a CMOS driver circuit. The driver circuit includes constant bias, current peaking and charge extraction. The driver circuitry is compact and can be confined within a region underlying the corresponding light source. The detector array consists of an array of photo diodes, provided with sense circuitry consisting of a pre-amplifier and post-amplifier. The diodes and sense circuitry are also integrated using a flip-chip technique. The light emitter and the detector may include adaptive optical elements to steer and/or focus the light beams.

Abstract: A direction-turning device for the lens of a camera phone contained in the rear side of the camera phone includes a lens base having a pivot at two sides respectively connected pivotally in an interior wall of the groove, a driving unit able to rotate the pivot for 180 degrees, and a positioning unit having an auxiliary gear fixed with the lens base and an elastic locking wire always stopping the auxiliary gear to keep the lens base positioned stably when moved to a position electronically or manually. The driving unit and the pivot of the lens base are linked by viscous oil, enabling the lens base driven by the driving unit or manually. The invention is totally hidden to keep the camera phone looked normally and able to shift the lens to face forward or backward with a self-shooting function.

Abstract: An object to be imaged or detected is illuminated by a single broadband light source or multiple light sources emitting light at different wavelengths. The light is detected by a detector, which includes a light-detecting sensor covered by a hybrid filter. The hybrid filter includes a multi-band narrowband filter mounted over a patterned filter layer. The light strikes the narrowband filter, which passes light at or near the multiple wavelengths of interest while blocking light at all other wavelengths. The patterned filter layer alternately passes the light at one particular wavelength while blocking light at the other wavelengths of interest. This allows the sensor to determine either simultaneously or alternately the intensity of the light at the wavelengths of interest. Filters may also be mounted over the light sources to narrow the spectra of the light sources.

Abstract: Methods and processes are disclosed for calibrating optoelectronic devices, such as optoelectronic transceivers and optoelectronic receivers, based upon an avalanche photodiode breakdown voltage. In general, the method involves adjusting a reverse-bias voltage of the avalanche photodiode until avalanche breakdown of the avalanche photodiode occurs. An optimized APD reverse-bias voltage is then determined by reducing the reverse-bias voltage at which avalanche breakdown occurs by a predetermined offset voltage. This process is performed at a variety of different temperatures. Information concerning each temperature and the corresponding optimized APD reverse-bias voltage is stored in a memory of the optoelectronic device.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for detecting light which is incident to a first semiconductor die. During operation, the system receives light at a photo-detector on the first semiconductor die, wherein associated circuitry converts the received light into a current. In doing so, the associated circuitry biases a gate voltage of an integrating transistor to be close to a threshold voltage of the integrating transistor, and applies the current from the photo-detector to the gate of the integrating transistor so that the current causes a charge to collect at the gate of the integrating transistor. This charge builds up and causes the integrating transistor to switch, thereby indicating that light has been received by the photo-detector.

Abstract: In an optical encoder, a plurality of light sources is controlled on and off so as to use light rays to irradiate an optical grating of a scale from a plurality of different directions. The light rays are received by a plurality of photoreceptor elements. Operations are performed using signals output from the photoreceptor elements. Accordingly, the relative position between the photoreceptor elements and the scale is detected precisely.

Abstract: A natural gamma tag marking materials for sub or permanent markers used in gamma logging operations, such natural gamma materials having a gamma count of between 200 and 1000 counts per second. The instant invention further discloses a typical Sub, for insertion in a drilling operation, utilizing natural gamma element compounds which are considered to be non-hazardous and effective as tag markers when used in wire-line logging operations.

Abstract: A detector element for mass spectrometry of a flux of heavy and light ions, that includes: a first detector to detect light ions that transit through a foil operatively placed in front of the first detector, and a second detector that detects the flux of heavy and light ions.

Abstract: A method/apparatus for multiplexing plural ion beams to a mass spectrometer. At least two ion sources are provided with means of transporting the ions from the ion sources to separate two-dimensional ion traps. Each ion trap is used for storage and transmission of the ions and operates between the ion sources and the mass analyzer. Each ion trap has a set of equally spaced, parallel multipole rods, as well as entrance and exit sections into which and from which ions enter and exit the trap, respectively. For each ion trap, the entrance section is placed in a region where background gas pressure is at viscous flow. The pressure at the exit section drops to molecular flow pressure regimes without a break in the structure of the ion trap. Each trap alternately stores and transmits ions by way of a fast voltage switch applied to the ion trap exit lens.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for identification of chemical compounds in a sample based on differences in ion mobility, wherein the filter and detector electrodes are formed radially spaced on facing substrates.

Abstract: A method of separating ions includes providing a FAIMS analyzer region including an ion inlet orifice for providing ions thereto, and providing a sample holder along a side of the ion inlet orifice that is opposite the FAIMS analyzer. A sample material is applied to the sample holder such that sample material is disposed about first and second points along the sample holder, a distance between the first and second points being greater than a maximum dimension of the ion inlet orifice. The first point is aligned with the ion inlet orifice, and the sample material disposed about the first point is irradiated with laser light of a predetermined wavelength. Next, the sample holder is moved relative to the ion inlet so as to align the second point with the ion inlet orifice, and the sample material disposed about the second point is irradiated with laser light of a predetermined wavelength.

Abstract: A micro-miniature ion trap device comprises a wafer (or substrate) having a major surface, a multiplicity of electrodes forming a micro-miniature ion trap in a region adjacent the major surface when voltage is applied to the electrodes, characterized in that the multiplicity includes a first, planar annular electrode located over and rigidly affixed to the major surface, and at least one second, planar annular electrode located over and rigidly affixed to the major surface, the at least one second electrode being concentric with the first electrode. The at least one second electrode may be completely annular, in that the annulus forms a closed geometric shape, or it may be partially annular, in that the annulus has a slot or opening allowing access to the first electrode. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of our invention, the at least one second electrode is C-shaped, and the angle subtended by the C-shape is greater than 180 degrees.

Abstract: The edges of the reticle are detected with respect to the microstructured patterns exposed by the stepper, and the shapes of the microstructured patterns at the surface and at the bottom of the photoresist are detected. The microstructured patterns are evaluated by calculating, and displaying on the screen, the dislocation vector that represents the relationship in position between the detected patterns on the surface and at the bottom of the photoresist. Furthermore, dislocation vectors between the microstructured patterns at multiple positions in a single-chip or single-shot area or on one wafer are likewise calculated, then the sizes and distribution status of the dislocation vectors at each such position are categorized as characteristic quantities, and the corresponding tendencies are analyzed. Thus, stepper or wafer abnormality is detected.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to an apparatus for generating a dual-energy electron beam. A first electron beam source is configured to generate a lower-energy electron beam, and a second electron beam source is configured to generate a higher-energy electron beam. A holey mirror is biased to reflect the lower-energy electron beam. The holey mirror also includes an opening therein through which passes the higher-energy electron beam, thereby forming the dual-energy electron beam. A prism array combiner introduces a first dispersion between the lower-energy electron beam and the higher-energy electron beam within the dual-energy electron beam. A prism array separator is configured to separate the dual-energy electron beam traveling to a substrate from a scattered electron beam traveling away from the substrate. The prism array separator introduces a second dispersion which compensates for the dispersion of the prism array combiner. Other embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: In order to provide a full-automatic scanning electron microscope which carries out investigation jobs full-automatically from fine adjustment to reviewing, the scanning electron microscope of the present invention has a function of calculating the accuracy of correction after correction of coordinates and displaying it with vectors 39, a function of automatically determining a searching magnification for automatic object detection from the obtained information after correction of coordinates, and a function of calculating the frequency of occurrence of objects or defects and a time required for measurement from the searching magnification and conditions of measurement.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to detection of light (or radiation) at different wavelengths. A voltage-tunable multi-color infrared (IR) detector element receives incident radiation through a substantially-transparent substrate. Side surfaces of the voltage-tunable multi-color IR detector element reflect the incident radiation, thereby redirecting the radiation. The reflected radiation is directed through a voltage-tunable multi-color infrared (IR) detector. Energy proportional to different ranges of wavelengths is detected by supplying different bias voltages across the voltage-tunable multi-color IR detector element.

Abstract: In a PET scanner, a method for processing coincidence data includes associating a selected portion of the coincidence data with one of a plurality of subspaces of a coincidence space; deriving, from the coincidence data associated with subspace, a contribution to be used in forming an image; and weighting the contribution by an amount that depends on a likelihood that the coincidence data associated with that subspace includes data indicative of trues.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system and method for efficiently and cost effectively determining an accurate depth of interaction for a crystal that may be used for correcting parallax error and repositioning LORs for more clear and accurate imaging. The present invention is directed to a detector assembly having a thin sensor (e.g., APD) deployed in front of the detector (the side where the radioactive source is located and the photon is arriving to hit the detector) and a second sensor (APD or photomultiplier) on the opposite side of the detector. The light captured by the two interior and exterior sensors which is proportional to the energy of the incident photon and to the distance where the photon was absorbed by the detector with respect to the location of the two sensors, is converted into an electrical signal and interpolated for finding the distance from the two sensors which is proportional to the location where the photon hit the detector.

Abstract: When the distal end of a radiation detection probe (2) is directed toward a place to be measured, pointer light emitted by a light-emitting device (7) sequentially passes through a transmission window (5C) of a radiation detection element (5) and a projection window (3E) of a probe cover (3) to be emitted onto the place to be measured. This pointer light clearly indicates the place as a bright spot. The radiation from the place passes through the distal end of the probe cover (3) to be collimated by a radiation-introducing window (4A) of a side shield (4), and then enters the radiation detection element (5). The dose of the radiation is detected in this way.

Abstract: A dose detector includes a semiconductor radiation detector; a dose counter; and a check counter. The dose detector detects that the semiconductor radiation detector is outputting white noise even in a radiation shielded area and judges that the semiconductor radiation detector is working in a normal manner when dose count data from the dose counter is smaller than predetermined dose boundary data and check count data from the check counter is greater than predetermined lower limit checking data. The dose detector and a dosimeter provided with the dose detector are simple in structure and capable of checking a status of the semiconductor radiation detector safely.

Abstract: A radiological imaging apparatus capable of improving an arrangement density of semiconductor radiation detectors and detector units thereof, each detector unit consisting of a plurality of combined substrates having a detector substrate which includes semiconductor radiation detectors and a signal processing substrate which includes integrated circuits, housed in a housing. The detector substrate protrudes outward from an opening of the housing. A plurality of detector units are attached to a ring-shaped unit support section in a circumferential direction thereof. More specifically, the detector substrate protrudes inward from the unit support section and the housing is attached to the unit support section.

Abstract: A UV sensor (1) includes a container (5) in which the upper end opening of a metal side tube (2) is sealed with a front plate (3) composed of borosilicate glass as an incident light window and the lower end opening is sealed with a base plate (4). The front plate (3) serving as an incident light window constitutes part of the wall of container (5) by sealing the upper end opening of the metal side tube (2). A pin-type photodiode (6) is disposed inside the container (5). The pin-type photodiode (6) comprises a photoabsorption layer (9) formed from InxGa(1?x)N (0<x<1) between an n-type contact layer (8) and a p-type contact layer (10).

Abstract: A device that permits the in-home UV treatment of drinking water such as tap water is disclosed. The device employs a bare low-energy UV lamp suspended below a reflector and above a free surface of water flowing within the device. The water is supplied from a tap or other store of drinking water and proceeds through the device by the force of gravity. The device itself is not pressurized. The flow of water within the device is exposed to UV radiation from the UV lamp and is disinfected as a result. In the illustrated embodiment, the device is of a small size to permit its use, for example, directly at a tap for drinking water within the home. The flow rate of the device is commensurate with the normal flow rate of tap water, preferably less than about 8 liters per minute. The lamp power for safely disinfecting the water can be less than 20 watts, and in the illustrated embodiment the lamp is a low-pressure Hg lamp.

Abstract: The wafer scanning device causes a wafer to scan in a vacuum area and includes a holder 10 to hold a wafer, a ball screw 20 to move the holder 10 to scan, a motor 50 to drive the ball screw 20 and an integrally formed support frame 60. While the holder 10 and the ball screw 20 are installed in the vacuum area, a transmission mechanism offset from the line of travel of the ball screw 20 and the motor 50 are installed in the atmosphere. Thus the wafer scanning device improves responsiveness with respect to the scanning speed control, enhances the uniformity of the scanning speed, has the motor or the like arranged properly and achieves the tilt of a wafer in a most preferable manner.

Abstract: A system for chemical and biological decontamination has a source of oxygen. A reactor is coupled to the source oxygen. An optical source is coupled to the reactor. The system produces singlet delta oxygen that neutralizes chemical and biological contaminants.

Abstract: System and method for sterilization, using UV light source(s), of products, e.g., polymer-based products, whether positioned within or external to their packaging, using monochromatic, continuous wave, high-intensity, incoherent light in single and/or multiple light source configurations. The treatment system(s) and method(s) may be used for sterilization of alternative products, including, for example, food products such as meat and poultry, enteral and/or parenteral solutions and systems, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the automatic analysis and identification of different species of particles in a liquid sample using both fluorescent tagging and magnification techniques. A light source at a first wavelength is used to induce the tagged particles to emit light at a second wavelength, while the image thereof is captured on a pixel array of a digital camera. A second camera can be used to capture an image of the particles illuminated at the first wavelength, which is separated from the second wavelength by an optical filter. Alternatively, a second light source emitting pulses of light at the second wavelength, which alternate with the first light source.

Abstract: A filter device with a UVC lamp for filtering fluids, with a lamp housing, which is installed in a flow of the fluid to be filtered and has a principal axis, is characterized by the fact that at least one cleaning element is arranged in contact with a fluid-side surface of the lamp housing and can rotate about an axis of rotation that coincides with the principal axis.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement for generating x-ray or EUV radiation are disclosed. Target material is supplied from a container for target material to a jet-forming orifice in an interaction chamber by means of a flexible capillary tubing of considerable length, wherein the orifice is an integral part of the capillary tubing. A jet formed by urging target material through the orifice is made to interact with a beam of energy, thus producing a radiating plasma emitting the desired electromagnetic radiation. The use of a flexible capillary tubing for supplying target material from a source of target material to an orifice, which is integrated with the tubing, within an interaction chamber, in order to form therein a jet of target material for interaction with an energy beam to generate x-ray or EUV radiation, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for debris removal from a reflecting surface of an EUV collector in an EUV light source is disclosed which may comprise the reflecting surface comprises a first material and the debris comprises a second material and/or compounds of the second material, the system and method may comprise a controlled sputtering ion source which may comprise a gas comprising the atoms of the sputtering ion material; and a stimulating mechanism exciting the atoms of the sputtering ion material into an ionized state, the ionized state being selected to have a distribution around a selected energy peak that has a high probability of sputtering the second material and a very low probability of sputtering the first material. The stimulating mechanism may comprise an RF or microwave induction mechanism.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for protecting an internal EUV light source component from ions generated at a plasma formation site. In one aspect, the system may comprise a plurality of foil plates and an arrangement for generating a magnetic field to deflect ions into one of the foil plate surfaces. In another aspect, an electrostatic grid may be positioned for interaction with ions to reduce ion energy, and a magnetic field may be used to deflect the reduced energy ions onto paths wherein the ions do not strike the internal component. In yet another aspect, a grid may be connected to a circuit tuned to a resonant frequency to reduce ion energy. For example, the resonant frequency may be substantially equal to an inverse of a time difference between the time when electrons reach the grid and a subsequent time when ions reach the grid.

Abstract: In a plasma processing apparatus that forms plasma from a process gas by supplying the process gas into a processing container and applying high-frequency power to an electrode provided inside the processing container on which a workpiece is placed and executes specific plasma processing on the processing surface of the workpiece, apparatus state parameter data indicating a state of the plasma processing apparatus are obtained through measurement executed by a parameter measuring instrument, optical data are obtained through measurement executed by an optical measuring instrument and electrical data are obtained through measurement executed by an electrical measuring instrument. A means for plasma leak judgment judges that a plasma leak has occurred if there is a fluctuation in the data.

Abstract: A film scanner is configured with a broadband irradiation source and a film carrier. The film carrier has at least one light passage for a visible spectral channel, and the light passage is oriented to at least one photosensitive photodetector. The photosensitive photodetector is arranged in a housing, and the film carrier is connected to the housing.