Abstract: An image processing apparatus able to instantaneously transmit image data on which a color/monochrome judgment and a series of processings have been performed comprising: a color/monochrome judging device for judging if input RGB image data is color or monochrome; a color image correction processing unit for performing color image correction processing on the RGB image data and outputting color image data; a monochrome image conversion processing unit for performing monochrome image conversion processing on the RGB image data and converting the same to monochrome image data; image accumulation device for accumulating color image data and monochrome image data; a network I/F for transmitting the image data accumulated in the image accumulation device to an external network; and accumulation control device for outputting either the color image data or monochrome image data accumulated in the image accumulation device to an external network in accordance with the color/monochrome judgment result.

Abstract: This invention reduces degradation in quality of a resized image in obtaining the resized image. An image capturing apparatus includes an image sensor which converts an optical image into an electrical signal, an A/D conversion unit which converts an image signal output from the image sensor into digital image data, a color interpolation unit which executes color interpolation of the digital image data, a separation unit which separates the digital image data that has undergone color interpolation by the color interpolation unit into a luminance component and color difference components, an image size conversion unit which converts the image size of the luminance component and color difference components, and a lossless compression unit which losslessly compresses the luminance component and color difference components generated by the image size conversion unit.

Abstract: Techniques for identifying encoded digital data in a multichannel hologram are described. A method can include steps of reading a first channel of a multichannel hologram, extracting first content data stored in the first channel, reading a second channel of the multichannel hologram, extracting second content data stored in the second channel, and utilizing the extracted content data. The extracted content data may be used for digital signature recognition. A system can include a multichannel hologram configured to store first, second, and third content data at first, second, and third channels respectively, at least one optical sensor configured to read the first, second, and third channels of the multichannel hologram and extract the first, second, and third content data, and a processor configured to measure an acceleration when the system is acted upon by a force.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a computer-generated hologram or a holographic stereogram which can reconstruct a three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces, wherein the three-dimensional object composed only of surface data is processed to have the visualized cross-sectional surfaces on a given cross section thereof by adding surface data to the cross-sectional surfaces.

Abstract: Contrast enhancement films for a direct-view display include a substrate having first and second opposing sides, an array of optical microstructures on the first side, and an optically blocking film including an array of apertures on the second side. The contrast enhancement film is configured to mount between a direct-view display panel and an outer panel of the direct-view display.

Abstract: A holographic recording method and apparatus capable of performing phase code multiplex recording without employing a phase spatial light modulator. The holographic recording apparatus 10 performs phase spatial modulation of a reference beam to be projected onto a holographic recording medium by means of a phase code mask 26 in which phase code patterns are recorded in advance as a hologram and which is employed in place of a phase spatial light modulator in a reference optical system 20.

Abstract: The present invention provides one or more books of holograms recorded in a recording medium, wherein two or more short stacks of the one or more books have locations that differ from each other by a movement difference. The present invention also provides methods and devices for recording and reading holograms from the one or more books of holograms.

Abstract: A method for performing automatic stereo measure of a selected point in a scene. A sensor image is initially obtained from a sensor providing an image of a scene. First and second reference images of the scene that are a stereo pair of images are also provided. The sensor image is registered with the first reference image and a point of interest is selected from one of the sensor or first reference images. A stereo point measurement using the selected point and the two reference images is performed to determine a point in the second reference image that represents a stereo mate of the selected point in the first reference image. An analysis of a three dimensional grid volume centered about the selected point in the first reference image is then performed. The analysis uses both reference images, the selected point and its stereo mate to determine the three dimensional coordinates of the point in the grid that best matches the location of the stereo mate point in the second reference image.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid lens in which a voltage is applied to control the shape of the interface between a polar liquid and a nonpolar liquid so as to control a transmitted light path at the interface. The liquid lens has a cavity with a polygonal upper side, into which the polar liquid and the nonpolar liquid are injected to form the interface.

Abstract: A powder and particle processing apparatus comprising multifunctional baffle devices is capable of not only mixing and stirring powders and particles but also ventilating and cooling a processing container by itself. The boot-shaped baffle devices 22 are arranged in the granulation/coating apparatus 1 having a rotary drum 2. Each of the baffle devices 22 has a hollow baffle main body 24 provided with ventilating holes 32, a ventilating pipe 35 held in communication with the internal space 31 of the body 24, cooling tubes 34 arranged at the body 24 so as to allow a cooling medium 33 to flow through them and a cooling medium supply/discharge pipe 36 held in communication with the tubes 34. The baffle devices 22 are adapted to mix/stir the powders and particles in the drum 2, exhaust air from the body 24 by way of the holes 34 and the pipes 35 and cool the body 24 by means of the tubes 32 and the pipes 36.

Abstract: The present invention provides a scanner apparatus provided with both a flatbed-type mechanism and an ADF-type mechanism. The ADF mechanism can be set at an arbitrary position with an arbitrary orientation for use, whereby convenience for the user is improved while ensuring freedom with regard to the setting place of the apparatus. Further, the scanner apparatus is made such that reading with the ADF unit and reading with the flatbed unit can be performed simultaneously. A movable coupling mechanism is provided at a joint portion between the ADF mechanism and the flatbed mechanism. The movable coupling mechanism does not fix the position and orientation of the ADF mechanism and enables the ADF mechanism to be freely moved and rotated. With this movable coupling mechanism, the ADF mechanism can be disposed at either of the left and right ends of the paper-pressing board of the flatbed unit or at an arbitrarily position in consideration of convenience for a user and the setting place of the apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical scanning system and an image forming apparatus having the same, wherein, in one preferred form of the invention, the optical scanning system includes a light source device, a deflecting device for scanningly deflecting a light beam from the light source device, and an imaging optical system for imaging, upon a scan surface to be scanned, the light beam deflected by the deflecting device, wherein the imaging optical system consists of a single imaging optical element with a light exit surface having a concave shape with respect to a main-scan sectional plane, and wherein relations 0.5??m/?p?0.9 0<dp/kp?0.

Abstract: A system and method for the modulation of light propagating along an optical path, for example the optical path in a projection display system. As light in the optical path travels from a light source to a display screen, it is shaped and modulated by the various components of the optical path so that the intended visual image appears on the display screen. In accordance with the present invention, a mirror disposed proximate the optical path is operable to be selectively inserted and removed from the optical path to alternately direct the light from one portion of the optical path to another, or to a light dump where it can be absorbed such that the associated heat energy may be properly dissipated. In a preferred embodiment, the mirror is a fold mirror mounted at a stop of the system to fold the light beam approximately 90 degrees when the mirror is inserted in the optical path.

Abstract: A wavelength conversion element having multi-gratings free from damage propagation and a light generating apparatus using it, and a wavelength conversion element having multi-gratings to make a thermal distribution centrosymmetric, and being free from damage propagation, are provided. The wavelength conversion element is realized by comprising a holder and plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals disposed in the holder, wherein plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals have at least five planes; the aspect ratios of planes perpendicular to respective longitudinal directions of the plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals are virtually unity; and each of the plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals has a domain inversion structure with a predetermined period in the direction perpendicular to the polarization direction thereof, and is arranged in a way that said direction perpendicular to the polarization direction is the same as those of the other crystals.

Abstract: An optical switch, e.g. a display device based on layer break up or layer displcement having at least two different states, in which one of the fluids (5) e.g oil in a first state adjoins at least a first support plate (3) and in the second state the other fluid (6) at least partly adjoins the first support plate, in which picture elements are separated by areas (13) having a hydrophilic surface.

Abstract: A lithographic scanning apparatus includes a light projection device for seamlessly and uniformly projecting a scanning light onto a light exposing area. The light projecting device further includes an array of micromirrors having a predefined distribution pattern of reflectance variations for reflecting an incident light onto the light exposing area to seamlessly and uniformly scanning a reflecting light over the light exposing area. In one of a lithographic scanning apparatus, the micromirrors of the micromirror array are coated with a reflective coating of different reflectance to provide the predefined distribution pattern of reflectance variations. In another lithographic scanning apparatus, the micromirrors of the micromirror array are coated with stripes of reduced reflectance whereby each micromirror may have predefined total reflectance to provide the predefined distribution pattern of reflectance variations.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator includes a mirror plate comprising a reflective upper surface, a lower surface, and a cavity having an opening on the lower surface; a substrate comprising an upper surface, a hinge support post in connection with the upper surface, and a hinge component supported by the hinge support post and in connection with the mirror plate; and a landing tip having a laterally extended upper portion and a vertically extended lower portion in connection with the substrate and the vertically extended lower portion. The laterally extended upper portion can contact the lower surface of the mirror plate to limit the rotation of the mirror plate. The hinge component extends into the cavity and can facilitate a rotation of the mirror plate.

Abstract: An optical switching element includes a resonant reflection element and a driving unit. The resonant reflection element has a thickness portion functioning as a waveguide layer, with one surface in a thickness direction functioning as a total reflection surface and the other surface having formed thereon a fine periodic structure with fine asperities, the resonant reflection element resonant-reflecting light that is incident from the other surface and has a specific wavelength component. The driving unit varies a resonant wavelength of resonant refection by varying at least one of a shape and a refractive index of the resonant reflection element.

Abstract: An optical communication apparatus includes: an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier for amplifying a modulated optical signal, wherein a DC (direct current) light which is not modulated is inputted to the erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier together with the optical signal.

Abstract: An optical modulation apparatus is provided which implements a stable amplifying function by reducing the effect of reflected light rays from end faces of a bidirectional optical amplifier by imposing a numerical limitation on the relationship between the gain of the bidirectional optical amplifier and the loss of the optical modulator, or by inserting a polarization rotation section in a reflection type optical modulator including the bidirectional optical amplifier or in a multi-wavelength collective optical modulation system combining the multiple optical modulators. An optical modulation apparatus is provided which implements a stable amplifying function and cost reduction by reducing the effect of reflected light rays by interposing optical isolators at every alternate SOAs in a transmission-type optical modulation apparatus including a plurality of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) connected in a multistage fashion.

Abstract: A method for amplifying light in a fiber laser comprising the steps of (a) providing a fiber laser having a laser active dopant; (b) pulse pumping the fiber with a pump having a peak power rating, at a predetermined frequency and at a predetermined duty cycle, wherein the duty cycle is less than one so as to define an effective frequency which substantially minimizing the buildup of ASE; and (c) transmitting a signal pulse after each pumping pulse.

Abstract: A stereo-examination system for imaging an object 8 is proposed, comprising an objective arrangement 3 having an optical axis 5 and an object plane 7 for positioning the object 8 to be imaged, wherein the objective arrangement 3 receives an object-side beam bundle 11 emanating from the object plane 7 into a solid angle region 9 and converts the same into an image-side beam bundle 13, a selection arrangement for selecting at least a pair of partial beam bundles 19, 20 from the image-side beam bundle 13, and an image transmission apparatus 51, 52 for generating a representation of images of the object 8 provided by the partial beam bundles 19, 20.

Abstract: The subject matter of the invention is an arrangement for focusing and adjusting illumination devices at microscopes which comprises a stationary stage and a housing or a stand with a stand base. A condenser carrier is arranged at the stand base so as to be removable and carries a condenser holder which is mounted so as to be displaceable in direction of the optical axis of the microscope beam path and at which a condenser is arranged. Further, a device is provided at the condenser holder for exchanging and adjusting the condenser. According to the invention, the condenser carrier is arranged between the observer and the optical axis of the microscope beam path in the area of the stand base adjacent to (facing) the observer.

Abstract: The present invention is an improved illumination system which achieves enhanced spatial resolution and contrast in the observation of small objects. The enhanced performance is achieved by using a metal-halide light source, a power conservative pre-condenser optics train, an annular diaphragm, a cardioid annular condenser, and an adjustable light-filtering iris. These features are also intended to be used with a direct-view light optical microscope. A method of manufacturing and using the improved illumination system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A macroscopic fluorescence illumination assembly is provided for use with an imaging apparatus with a light-tight imaging compartment. The imaging apparatus includes an interior wall defining a view port extending into the imaging compartment to enable viewing of a specimen contained therein. The illumination assembly includes a specimen support surface facing toward the view port of the imaging apparatus. The support surface defines a window portion that enables the passage of light there through. The window portion is selectively sized and dimensioned such that the specimen, when supported atop the support surface, can be positioned and seated over the window portion in a manner forming a light-tight seal substantially there between.

Abstract: A single-focus imaging apparatus having an array of imaging devices includes an optical system including a first imaging system that produces a focused image, at least one imaging plane on which an image produced through the first imaging system is formed, and a second imaging system group including an array of second imaging systems, each second imaging system including the imaging device and a lens through which at least part of the image formed on the imaging plane is formed on the imaging device. At least the position of the lens, the distance between the lens and the imaging device, and the angle of view are determined as parameters of each second imaging system in accordance with the position of the imaging plane that changes depending on the distance between the imaging apparatus and an object.

Abstract: To provide an optical apparatus which controls an interface state to change a focal length by using an optical element having a container sealing first liquid that is conductive or polarized and second liquid that does not mutually mix with the first liquid with their interface in a predetermined form and electrodes provided in the container and of which optical characteristics change according to change of interface form due to application of voltage to the electrodes, and in particular an optical apparatus that controls a duty ratio of alternating current voltage applied to said electrodes for changing said interface form.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention relates to a stereoscopic projection system including a projection device with at least one filter which filters a parameter of the light in a color selective manner. The at least one filter which filters a parameter of the light in a color selective manner has a spectral characteristic for transmitting light in a first wavelength band or set of wavelength bands and for reflecting light in a second wavelength band or set of wavelength bands. The projection device includes a device, such as e.g. a rotating wheel or a sliding filter, for fast synchronized switching between light in different wavelength bands or sets of wavelength bands.

Abstract: Preferred embodiments of a purge gas port, laser beam attenuating input window, and laser shutter constitute subsystems of a UV laser optical system in which a laser beam is completely enclosed to reduce contamination of the optical system components. Purge gas is injected through multiple locations in a beam tube assembly to ensure that the optical component surfaces sensitive to contamination are in the flow path of the purge gas. The input window functions as a fixed level attenuator to limit photopolymerization of airborne molecules and particles. Periodically rotating optical elements asymmetrically in their holders reduces burn damage to the optics.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for spectral-beam combining light from a plurality of high-power fiber lasers that, in some embodiments, use two substantially identical diffraction gratings in a parallel, mutually compensating configuration to combine a plurality of separate parallel input beams each having a slightly different successively higher wavelength into a single output beam of high quality. In other embodiments, a single diffraction grating is used to combine a plurality of different wavelengths, wherein the input laser beams are obtained from very narrow linewidth sources to reduce chromatic dispersion. In some embodiments, diagnostics and adjustments of wavelengths and/or positions and angles are made dynamically in real time to maintain the combination of the plurality input beams into a single high-quality output beam.

Abstract: A zoom lens includes, in the following order from an object side: a first lens group including negative refractive power; a second lens group including negative refractive power; and a third lens group. At least the second and third lens group are movable along an optical axis to perform a zooming action. The second lens group is movable in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis to shift an image in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis. The following (1) and (2) are satisfied: 0.5<(1???)×?b<1.0, and??(1) 0.1<|f1/f2|<1.25, ??(2) where ?? is magnification of the second lens group at a telephoto end of the zoom lens; ?b is magnification of a lens group on an image side relative to the second lens group; f1, f2 are focal lengths of the first, second lens group, respectively.

Abstract: This invention provides an infrared diffractive lens capable of focusing infrared rays within a wide range of wavelength band effectively. According to the present invention, there is provided an infrared diffractive lens including a concave-convex shape with predetermined depth defined based on a predetermined standard wavelength in a wavelength band of incident infrared rays, wherein: the incident infrared rays are within the wavelength band of 1.1-16 ?m; a depth h of the concave-convex shape is defined by m?/(n?1) with regard to a refractive index n of material of lens, the standard wavelength ? and a harmonic order m; and the harmonic order m is an integer between 2 and 10. Using the infrared diffractive lens with such a configuration makes it possible to focus infrared rays within a wide range of wavelength band effectively.

Abstract: To provide a dielectric multilayer filter, such as an IR cut filter and a red-reflective dichroic filter, that produces an effect of reducing incident-angle dependency and has a wide reflection band. A first dielectric multilayer film 30 is formed on the front surface of a transparent substrate 28, and a second dielectric multilayer film 32 is formed on the back surface of the transparent substrate 28. The width W1 of the reflection band of the first dielectric multilayer film 30 is set narrower than the width W2 of the reflection band of the second dielectric multilayer film 32. The half-value wavelength E2L of the shorter-wavelength-side edge of the reflection band of the second dielectric multilayer film 32 is set between the half-value wavelength E1L at the shorter-wavelength-side edge and the half-value wavelength E1H at the longer-wavelength-side edge of the reflection band of the first dielectric multilayer film 30.

Abstract: An optical thin sheet is provided, which comprises a substrate with a light difflusion layer on at least one side of the substrate. The optical thin sheet has an optical property with respect to a haze of no less than 98% and is particularly suitable for use in flat displays.

Abstract: A rearview mirror system), in particular for a motor vehicle, including a rearview mirror provided with a reflection part with variable reflectance and a control system associated with the reflection part and including a number of illuminance sensors, configured for a particularly reliable determination of a nominal value for the reflectance which is adapted to the situation and to the requirements. The spectral response of an illuminance sensor provided as a glaring-illuminance sensor is configured to provide a response characteristic shifted towards shorter wavelengths as compared to a scotopic eye response characteristic. Advantageously, the spectral response of a further illuminance sensor provided as a glaring-illuminance sensor, in the manner of a double sensor design, may be configured to provide a response characteristic shifted towards longer wavelengths as compared to the scotopic eye response characteristic.

Abstract: Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shields for a direct-view display having a direct-view display panel and an outer panel that provides an outer surface for the direct-view display. These EMI shields include a conductive mesh having an array of gaps therein. The conductive mesh is configured to shield at least some of the EMI that is emitted by the direct-view display panel. An optical redirecting structure is also included, that is configured to redirect at least some optical radiation that is emitted from the direct-view display panel that would strike the conductive mesh, through the gaps in the conductive mesh. The EMI shield is configured to mount between the direct-view display panel and the outer panel such that the optical redirecting structure is adjacent the direct-view display panel and the conductive mesh is remote from the direct-view display panel.

Abstract: The present invention is intended to provide wave plates which have excellent initial properties, are hardly influenced by the usage environment or the production environment and have excellent long-term reliability. The first wave plate of the invention is a wave plate comprising two or more retardation films, wherein the retardation films are not bonded to each other in the laser beam transmission area and further they are bonded to each other in at least a part of other area than the laser beam transmission area. The second wave plate is a wave plate comprising at least two retardation films which are laminated on each other, on at least one surface of said laminated retardation films a glass substrate being laminated, wherein the retardation films, and the retardation film and the glass substrate are lamination-fixed respectively with different adhesives which are selected from an adhesive (A) having a glass transition temperature of not higher than 0° C. and a Young's modulus at 23° C.

Abstract: A device for homogenizing optical beams contains at least one optically functional boundary surface through which a beam to be homogenized can pass or at which a beam to be homogenized can be reflected. A plurality of lens elements or mirror elements are disposed on the at least one optically functional boundary surface. The lens elements or the mirror elements each have such a curvature in their edge regions that diffraction-related effects are reduced as a result.

Abstract: A method and device for influencing light, include a first array of lens systems through which the light to be influenced can at least partially pass. A first phase-modifying array modulates the phases of the light which has passed through the individual lens systems of the first array. A second array of lens systems is provided through which the light phase-modified by the phase modifiers can at least partially pass. The second array of lens systems causes a plurality of local intensity maxima of the light to be created in the propagation direction of the light in the region of the second array of lens systems. A first lens system is disposed between the first array of lens systems and the second array of lens systems and a second lens system is disposed between the first lens system and the second array of lens systems. The first phase-modifying array is disposed between the first and second lens systems.

Abstract: A layered product comprising an optical substrate having, on at least one surface thereof, a photochromic surface layer constituted by a resin in which a photochromic compound is dispersed, and an ultraviolet ray-absorbing film of a thickness of 0.1 to 100 ?m formed on the photochromic surface layer of the optical substrate, the ultraviolet ray-absorbing film having a transmission factor of not smaller than 50% for a ray of light of 360 nm and a transmission factor of not larger than 10% for a ray of light of 320 nm. The layered product features a very high photochromic light resistance without causing a drop in the color density while effectively preventing the oxidation and deterioration of the photochromic compound.

Abstract: An intermediary layer is introduced between a lens and a wafer for an immersion lithography process. A non-supercritical gas is provided and condensed to form a layer of liquid between the lens and the wafer. The substrate may be irradiated through the lens and intermediary layer. In addition, the intermediary layer may then be evaporated. The non-supercritical gas may include superheated steam which may be condensed to form a layer of water between the lens and the wafer. The wafer may be irradiated with one of a EUV light and UV light. A system for introduction of an intermediary layer between a lens and a wafer for an immersion lithography process is also provided. The wafer for use in the immersion lithography process may includes a hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to provide enhanced contact angles between the wafer and the intermediary liquid layer condensed on the wafer and to reduce light aberration provided from a light source through the intermediary liquid layer.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus that irradiates exposure light onto a substrate to expose the substrate, comprises an optical element that has a concave surface from which the exposure light is emitted, a supply port that is provided on an object that can be placed in opposition with the concave surface and that supplies a liquid to the space between the concave surface and the object, and a suction port that is provided on the object and suctions the fluid of the space between the concave surface and the object.

Abstract: A zoom lens system includes a negative first lens group, a positive second lens group, a positive third lens group and positive fourth lens group, in this order from the object. The negative first lens group includes a reflection member, and the first lens group remains stationary when zooming is being performed from the short focal length extremity to the long focal length extremity. The zoom lens system satisfies the following conditions: 1.0<f2 /(fw×ft)1/2<1.5??(1) 1.2<|f1a|/fw<1.8 (f1a<0 )??(2) 2.0<f1b/ft<4.0??(3) wherein f2: the focal length of the positive second lens group; fw: the focal length of the entire zoom lens system at the short focal length extremity; ft: the focal length of the entire zoom lens system at the long focal length extremity; f1a: the combined focal length of an object-side lens element with respect to the reflection member; and f1b: the combined focal length of image-side lens elements with respect to the reflection member.

Abstract: An objective lens for an endoscope is provided and has a lens group A and a lens group B that are movable in a direction of an optical axis. In the objective lens, first focal adjustment for observing a point between a most-distant point and an intermediate point is performed by moving the lens group A from a lens arrangement for observing the most-distant point; and second focal adjustment for observing a point between the intermediate point to a nearest point is performed by moving the lens group B from a lens arrangement for observing the intermediate point.

Abstract: A focus adjustment apparatus includes an imaging device for capturing object images via a photographing lens; a lens driving device which moves a focusing lens group; a manual focus adjustment device which actuates the lens driving device to move the focusing lens group in response to a manual operation; a focus detection device for making the imaging device capture an object image to determine a contrast value thereof each time the focusing lens group moves by a predetermined amount of movement due to the manual operation, and for detecting an in-focus position of the focusing lens group in accordance with contrast values detected by the focus detection device at different lens positions; and a controller which moves the focusing lens group to the in-focus position via the lens driving device if a deviation exists between a stopped position and the in-focus position.

Abstract: A lens barrel comprising: a plurality of lens groups including two lens groups for guiding object light; and a lens drive apparatus for moving the two lens groups in the plurality of lens groups in a direction of an optical axis, the lens drive apparatus includes a single motor and a lead screw rotated by the rotation of the motor; wherein the lens drive apparatus is structured in such a manner that one lens group of the two lens groups is moved linearly to the rotation of the lead screw, and the other lens group of the two lens groups is moved non-linearly to the rotation of the lead screw.

Abstract: The optical elements are made from an opto-ceramic material that is characterized by high density, transparency for visible light and IR, high refractive index, high Abbe number and outstanding relative partial dispersion. Mixed oxides are sintered to obtain the opto-ceramic material. The mixed oxides contain zirconium oxide and hafnium oxide mixed with one or more oxides of yttrium, scandium, lanthanide elements, and optionally mixed with one or more of SiO2, Na2O, and TiO2. Alternatively the mixed oxides contain zirconium oxide and hafnium oxide mixed with CaO and/or MgO and optionally mixed with one or more of SiO2, Na2O, and TiO2. In addition, the mixed oxides can also include one or more oxides of Al, Ga, In, and Sc; optionally one or more oxides of yttrium, some lanthanide elements; and optionally one or more of SiO2, Na2O, MgO, CaO, and TiO2.

Abstract: An imaging lens including, in order from an object side towards an image surface side, a diaphragm, a first lens which is a meniscus lens having a positive power whose convex surface faces the object side, and a second lens which is a lens having a positive power whose convex surface faces the image surface side, wherein conditions expressed by each of following expressions (1)-(6) are to be satisfied; 1.25?L/fl?0.8, 0.55?f1/f2>0, 1.5?f1/fl?0.9, 1?d2/d1?0.2, 0.35?d1/fl?0.1, and 0.27?d3/fl?0.1 (where, L: entire length of the imaging lens, fl: focal distance of the entire imaging lens, f1: focal distance of the first lens, f2: focal distance of the second lens, d1: center thickness of the first lens, d2: space between the first lens and the second lens on the optical axis, and d3: center thickness of the second lens).

Abstract: An imaging lens including, in order from an object side towards an image surface side, a diaphragm, a first lens which is a meniscus lens having a positive power whose convex surface faces the object side, and a second lens which is a lens having a positive power whose convex surface faces the image surface side, wherein conditions expressed by each of following expressions (1)-(6) are to be satisfied; 1.25?L/fl?0.8, 0.55?f1/f2>0, 1.5?f1/fl?0.9, 1?d2/d1?0.2, 0.35?d1/fl?0.1, and 0.27?d3/fl?0.1 (where, L: entire length of the imaging lens, fl: focal distance of the entire imaging lens, f1: focal distance of the first lens, f2: focal distance of the second lens, d1: center thickness of the first lens, d2: space between the first lens and the second lens on the optical axis, and d3: center thickness of the second lens).

Abstract: A clamping apparatus for clamping optical elements (100) includes a first fixture (10), a second fixture (20) and two mounting members (30). The first fixture defines a plurality of holding holes (11). The second fixture defines a plurality of holding grooves (210) corresponding to the holding holes. The holding grooves and holding holes are configured for cooperatively positioning the optical elements. At least one mounting member is configured for adjustably mounting the first fixture and the second fixture so that the first fixture and the second fixture are movable so as to position the optical elements in different positions.