Abstract: A base protective layer, a bottom shielding layer, and a bottom insulating layer 4 are formed in turn on a base made of AlTiC. Then, a magnetoresistive effective film is formed on the bottom insulating layer, and a magnetic biasing layer is formed so as to be contacted with both side surfaces of the magnetoresistive effective film which are parallel to the ABS thereof. Then, electrode layers are formed so as to be contacted with the rear surface of the magnetoresistive effective film opposite to the ABS thereof.

Abstract: There is provided a magnetoresistance effect element capable of precisely defining the active region in a CPP type MR element and of effectively suppressing and eliminating the influence of a magnetic field due to current from an electrode, and a magnetic head and magnetic reproducing system using the same. The active region of the MR element is defined by the area of a portion through which a sense current flows. Moreover, the shape of the cross section of a pillar electrode or pillar non-magnetic material for defining the active region of the element is designed to extend along the flow of a magnetic flux so as to efficiently read only a signal from a track directly below the active region. When the magnetic field due to current from the pillar electrode can not be ignored, the magnetic flux from a recording medium asymmetrically enters yokes and the magnetization free layer of the MR element to some extent.

Abstract: A method and system for providing a magnetic element is disclosed. The method and system include providing a ferromagnetic pinned layer, providing a free layer, and providing a spacer layer between the pinned layer and the free layer. The pinned layer and free layer are ferromagnetic and have a pinned layer magnetization and a free layer magnetization, respectively. The spacer layer is nonmagnetic. In one aspect, the free layer is configured to have an increased magnetic damping constant. In another aspect, the method and system also include providing a second pinned layer and a second spacer layer between the free layer and the second pinned layer. In this aspect, the first pinned layer and/or the second pinned layer are configured such that a forward torque and a reflected torque due to a current driven through the magnetic element in a current-perpendicular-to-plane configuration are substantially equal and opposite.

Abstract: A Giant Magneto-Resistive (GMR) sensor (900) having Current Perpendicular to Plane (CPP) structure provides an extended first pinned layer (914) as compared to second pinned layer (912) and free layer (910). Increased magnetoresistance changes, increased pinning strength, increased thermal stability, and decreased susceptibility to Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) events is realized by maintaining equivalent current densities through free layer (910) and second pinned layer (912), while decreasing the relative current density through first pinned layer (914).

Abstract: A magnetoresistive effect element of a tunnel junction type includes a magnetic multi-layered film (1), ferromagnetic film (3) and intervening insulating film (2) such that a current flows between the magnetic multi-layered film and the ferromagnetic film, tunneling through the insulating film. The magnetic multi-layered film includes a first ferromagnetic layer, second ferromagnetic layer and anti-ferromagnetic layer inserted between the first and second ferromagnetic layers.

Abstract: A voltage regulator has an output circuit for producing from an input voltage a predetermined output voltage to be supplied to a load, an overcurrent protection circuit for preventing overcurrent in the output circuit, a memory for storing control information fed from outside, and an adjustment circuit for adjusting the level at which the overcurrent protection circuit detects overcurrent according to the control information read from the memory. With this configuration, it is possible to accurately detect overcurrent by canceling factors such as individual variations in the characteristics of the circuit components, the influence of stress occurring when the regulator IC is packaged, and fabrication-associated variations in the load.

Abstract: An ESD protection device can include a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) and an external pumping circuit. The external pumping circuit can be used to forward bias a junction of the SCR. The external pumping circuit can comprise a transistor that can be coupled to a region of the SCR to pump the region.

Abstract: An ESD protection circuit for hybrid voltage sources includes a first bipolar transistor set and a second bipolar transistor set, a first detection circuit, and a second detection circuit. The ON/OFF states of the first bipolar transistor set and the second bipolar transistor set are determined by the first and the second detection circuit, and the ON/OFF states function to isolate terminals of the different voltage sources and discharge electrostatic charges injected into one of the terminals.

Abstract: An ESD power clamp utilizes both a transient triggering method integrated together with a voltage level detection circuit to disable a MOSFET transistor forming the ESD power clamp unless the voltage level on a relevant power supply rail is higher than a predetermined level above the normal power supply voltage. When the voltage level of the power supply rail is higher than the predetermined level (e.g., 10% higher, 25% higher, etc.), then the power surge is presumed to be an ESD pulse, and thus the ESD power clamp is enabled to turn ON and discharge the ESD power surge.

Abstract: A reliable uninterruptible DC power supply device. The DC backup power supply device includes an AC/DC converter, a DC/DC converter, voltage step-up/down choppers and a battery connected to a DC path of a main circuit connected with a load via a switch, and a microcomputer. In the device, under control of the microcomputer, the voltage step-up/down choppers are first operated under a condition that the MOS FET was turned OFF for self diagnosis of the backup power supply device. Next, the switch is turned ON to execute the remaining self diagnosis. The DC backup power supply device can execute its self diagnosis with a reduced likelihood of danger of exerting an adverse effect on the main circuit and also can exhibit a reliable uninterruptible power supply function.

Abstract: A circuit and device protects connected equipment from a broad range of unsafe conditions of over-voltage and under-voltage by disconnecting the line voltage before surge protection components, generally MOVs, are damaged from sustained surges. However, nuisance tripping of the protective circuit is avoiding by discriminating surges that are properly handled by the MOVs and components in the load or protective device. Further, the devise are protected from sustained high voltage line conditions, which would ordinarily result in repeated cycling between the on and off states as the line voltages fluctuates slightly at or about the trip threshold, as the circuit has a deliberate hysteresis such that the turn on voltage is about 10 to 20 V lower than the shut off threshold.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for protecting an energized inductive device such as an electromagnet from an open circuit, i.e., the loss of the power source for the inductive device. A diode is connected across terminals of the inductive device such that when the inductive device is normally energized, the diode is reversed-biased. A spark gap enclosed in a housing is connected in series with the diode. An inert gas fills the housing. A resistance in the form of one or more resistors is in series with both the diode and the spark gap. Upon the sudden loss of supply to the energized device, the diode, the resistance and the spark gap form a path for the discharge of energy from the inductive device.

Abstract: A power line based communication system includes a powerline termination module, a plurality of powerline gateways, and a plurality of powerline nodes. AC coupling modules couple powerline nodes to medium voltage power lines. One AC coupling module includes a housing having an upper portion that contains a transformer and a lower portion that contains a power node. Another AC coupling module intercouples a powerline node to a test point of a dead front transformer. Still another AC coupling module employs a surge arrestor to couple signals between a powerline node and a medium voltage transmission line. Yet another AC coupling module clamps on a medium voltage power line to couple signals between a powerline node and a medium voltage power line.

Abstract: The switchable lightning-arrester system has a safety-switchable connector (10), which, for differing power-line features, can include optionally a counter-lever safety connector (14), a slide safety connector (40), a hinged safety connector (56) and a pivot safety connector (67) intermediate a power line (11) and a lightning arrester (1) for on-spot disconnection to protect workers from self-destructing arresters when changing lightning arresters or working on damaged lines without costly, time-consuming and power-disruptive shutdown of power lines. This is highly important because the lightning arresters are changed and repair work is done on damaged lines as quickly after self-destruction from lightning surges as possible requiring the change and repair. The safety-switchable connectors are made to be operable and changeable from a safe distance remotely, which is preferably from a ground position near a light pole, a transformer or other line support (9).

Abstract: A circuit arrangement and also a method for controlling a bistable magnetic valve in which a magnetic valve is to be supplied with a pulse of electrical current in order to switch over the magnetic valve from a first stable state into a second stable state, comprises a power supply source to provide a supply voltage, a power supply device fed by the power supply source and able to be activated for the duration of the current pulse by an entered control signal (Enable) to create a coil current (I) flowing through the magnetic coil, with the coil current (I) being set to a setpoint, where changeover means are provided in order to reduce the setpoint of the coil current during the current pulse. This advantageously allows the power dissipation of the activation of bistable magnetic valves to be reduced.

Abstract: A wide input voltage range relay drive circuit allowing a more than 2:1 input voltage variation is provided. The circuit utilizes a scaled and rectified bulk voltage to drive the relay coil. As the monitored bulk voltage increases beyond the relay coil rated voltage, the circuit pulse width multiplexes this bulk voltage to protect the relay coil. The bulk voltage switching does not begin, however, until the relay energizes. To reduce the power dissipation during the PWM switching, of the relay coil, a power dissipating switch is included and held on during the PWM switching events. To further increase relay life, the circuit controls the energizing of the relay coil to actuate the contacts of the relay at or near a zero cross of the power switched thereby.

Abstract: A static eliminator for neutralizing and eliminating static electricity by applying an ultraviolet ray to a static elimination target includes at least one means for applying the ultraviolet ray and the means for applying the ultraviolet ray is formed of an ultraviolet light emitting diode.

Abstract: A capacitor having a first nickel electrode. A BCTZ dielectric covers a side of the first nickel electrode. A second nickel electrode sandwiches the BCTZ.

Abstract: Particles of active electrode material are made by blending and fibrillizing (i.e., fibrillating) a mixture of activated carbon, conductive carbon, and fibrillizable binder. In selected embodiments, chloride level in the activated carbon is relatively low, a small amount of conductive carbon with low impurity levels and high conductivity is used, and the binder is inert. For example, chloride content of the activated carbon is below 50 ppm, and total impurities in the conductive carbon are below 120 ppm. The mixture may include about 10% of PTFE and 0.5% or less of conductive carbon. Blending and fibrillization may be performed without solvents. The fibrillized particles are dried, blended again to reduce clumping, and used to make active electrode material film. The film is attached to a current collector to obtain an electrode for use in various electrical devices, including double layer capacitors. The electrode increases breakdown voltage of the capacitor electrolyte.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrolytic capacitor manufacturing method capable of manufacturing an electrolytic capacitor having the PTC function as easy as possible. A main electrode layer in a cathode is formed so as to have the PTC function. Different from a conventional electrolytic capacitor manufacturing method of connecting a PTC thermistor to a capacitor element to give the PTC function to an electrolytic capacitor so that an electrolytic capacitor manufacturing process is complicated and the number of manufacturing processes is increased by the amount corresponding to the PTC thermistor connecting process, the process of connecting the PTC thermistor to the capacitor element is unnecessary. Consequently, complication of the electrolytic capacitor manufacturing process and increase in the number of manufacturing processes caused by the PTC thermistor connecting process can be prevented.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for a load center comprising a basepan with a plurality of fastener devices for securing bus bars, neutral bars, and a variety of other electrical components to the basepan. Each fastener device comprises a self aligning support post and an arm with engaging lock affixed thereto. The self aligning support post projects away from the basepan first surface. The self aligning support post consists of a plurality of angled surfaces to facilitate assembly of the electrical component to the first surface of the basepan. The engaging lock has a first surface with an inclined angle with respect to the basepan and a second surface angled at zero degrees with respect to the basepan to facilitate securing the electrical component to basepan first surface. The fastening device may also include a swing snap and an angled arm for securing electrical components to basepan first surface.

Abstract: A low-cost display apparatus whose display section can have its angle and height adjusted easily through a stand of a simple structure is provided. The stand of the display apparatus includes first and second arms that form a V shape. The first arm is attached to the display section through a hinge. By having the second arm extend to the front and the back underneath the display section so that the second arm is laid on a surface, the display section is supported in a first supported state at a distance from this surface. By having the second arm extend downward diagonally from the tip of the first arm so that the tip of the second arm and the lower end of the display section stand on a surface, the display section is supported in a second supported state where the display section is in contact with this surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a portable computer having a computer main body, and a display part rotatably coupled to the computer main body. The portable computer includes a camera module provided on one of the computer main body or the display part. A switch is provided in the camera module for turning the camera module on/off when the display part is rotated to an open/closed position.

Abstract: An integrated personal information management system is described. In one embodiment, for example, an integrated personal information management system is described that comprises: a receptacle holding at least one paper page that is capable of receiving pen strokes from a digital pen; a digital pen for recording pen strokes when a user writes on a particular paper page; a page identifier for identifying the particular paper page on which the user is writing; and a handheld personal information device in communication with the digital pen and page identifier for processing the recorded pen strokes associated with the particular paper page and displaying the processing results on a display screen.

Abstract: A spacer apparatus comprises a rigid base member including a stop surface located on a top portion of the base member and a resilient member coupled to the rigid base member, the resilient member positioned adjacent the stop surface. The spacer apparatus may be installed in an information handling system to limit damage to the display and the engaging surfaces of the information handling system.

Abstract: An enclosure has a set of panels forming an outer peripheral skin. A heat exchanger wall is placed within the panels. A first fan arrangement circulates ambient air into a space within the panels and along the exterior surface of the heat exchanger wall and back into the environment. A second fan arrangement circulates air contained within the enclosure against the interior surface of the heat exchanger wall. Heat is transferred through the heat exchanger wall to the ambient air circulated by the first fan. An inner wall is placed adjacent to the interior surface of the heat exchanger wall. The space between the inner wall and the heat exchanger wall forms a space for the air within the interior of the enclosure to circulate by the second fan. The heat exchanger wall provides a barrier isolating the ambient air from the air within the enclosure, preventing dust, humidity and pollutants to enter into the interior of the cabinet in the space surrounding the electronic components.

Abstract: A cooling air intake structure of a desk-top computer having a housing containing a mother board with a processor, includes one of a passage frame extending from one side to the other side of the housing, defining a passage penetrating through the housing and having a predetermining cross-sectional area, and a recess portion, on each of the sides of the housing, having a predetermined cross-sectional area. The passage frame and the recess portion have a plurality of air intake vents in the wall thereof.

Abstract: Electronic equipment (3) has an electronic equipment main body (1) and an external device (2) attached to this electronic equipment main body (1). A first side face (21B) of a housing (21) for the external device (2) adjoins an exhaust port (112) of the electronic equipment main body (1). A first opening (211B) is formed on this first side face (21B). A second opening (211D) is formed on a third side face (21D) facing the first side face (21B). Because of the rotation of an exhaust fan (113) and the air exhausted from the exhaust port (112), negative pressure is generated near the first opening (211B), and air flows from the second opening (211D) to the first opening (211B).

Abstract: A fan fasten device is for fixing at least one fan. The fan fasten device includes a chassis and a fastener. At least one fixing portion is set on the chassis, and at least one end of the fastener is connected with the fixing portion.

Abstract: An air conditioning structure for an electrical appliance, which is capable of air-cooling at least one heat-generating electrical component part in a housing of the electrical appliance while suppressing leakage of operation noise from an air intake fan to the outside, and also capable of achieving a muffling effect and even enhancing the rigidity of the front part of the housing by the front part being constructed of a double structure. The housing accommodates at least one electrical component part group. In the housing, a double plate assembly has a double structure and is comprised of a front plate and a rear plate. The housing has a rear plate provided with two windows and two exhaust fans, which form an exhaust section. The front plate is formed therein with two outer air intake openings, while the rear plate is formed therein with an inner air intake opening.

Abstract: A screw-free fan bracket mounting structure includes a base frame mounted inside the case of a computer and a fan bracket fastened to the base frame for holding a cooling fan, the fan bracket having a top protruding block, a retaining block and a bottom hook, the base frame having an upper coupling hole, a retaining hole and a lower coupling hole for receiving the top protruding block, retaining block and bottom hook of the fan bracket respectively. The distance between the retaining block and bottom hook of the fan bracket is slightly greater than the distance between the retaining hole and lower coupling hole of the base frame so that the fan bracket is slightly compressed to produce an amount of plastic deformation and secured firmly to the base frame with an elastic force during installation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a storage medium protection system for protecting one or more storage media from the effects of one or more undesirable conditions. The system includes an enclosure formed from a material resistant to the one or more undesirable conditions, and the storage medium is positioned within the interior of the enclosure. Further, the system provides a sealing mechanism for sealing a circulation passageway of the enclosure in the event of an occurrence of the one or more undesirable conditions.

Abstract: A heat-dissipating structure. The heat-dissipating structure comprises a plurality of first and second conductive plates. Each first conductive plate has a first base surface, a first reference surface and a first main disturbing portion disposed on the first base surface and the first reference surface, and each second conductive plate has a second base surface, a second reference surface and a first sub disturbing portion disposed on the second base surface and the second reference surface. A middle passage, formed between two adjacent first and second conductive plates by facing the second base surface of the second conductive plate to the first reference surface of the first conductive plate, provides airflow passing therethrough with uniform flow resistance.

Abstract: A cooler cools a plurality of electric parts from both sides thereof. The cooler includes a plurality of cooling units including a pair of cooling tubes for flowing coolant therethrough. A pair of cooling tubes having a flat shape is disposed to sandwich the electric part so that both sides of the electric part are cooled by a pair of cooling tubes. The cooling units are disposed to align in a stacking direction. A clearance is disposed between the neighboring cooling units in the stacking direction.

Abstract: A thermal module includes a thermal body, at least one thermal tube, and a holding part. The thermal tube includes a heat receiving portion and condenser terminals connecting with the thermal body, wherein the heat receiving portion has a plane. The holding part includes a plate body with trenches therein, wherein the trenches has through holes and a connecting part formed between the through holes. The through holes are used for receiving and holding the heat receiving portion of the thermal tube. The connecting part are connected with a top surface of the heat receiving portion. Thus, thermal transfer is speed up, and the thermal module is assembled without a thermal treatment which causing a copper reduction reaction, resulting in improvement of thermal conduction, reduction of cost, and manufacturing time saving.

Abstract: A heat sink operatively connected to an integrated circuit is configured to generate a magnetic field. Fluid flow toward and away from a hot spot of the integrated circuit is dependent on the magnetic field and an induced electrical current. A temperature sensor is used to take temperature measurements of the hot spot. A value of the induced electrical current is adjusted dependent on one or more temperature measurements taken by the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A circuit board fixer structure, for fixing a circuit board having at least one through hole, includes a carrier for carrying the circuit board, a pillar, and a stud. The pillar is mounted on the carrier and is formed with a first opening and a second opening corresponding to the first opening. The circuit board is fixed in place on the carrier by the pillar penetrating the through hole of the circuit board and the stud penetrating the first and second openings of the pillar to be coupled to the pillar. By the circuit board fixer structure, there is no need to use any tool to assemble and disassemble a circuit board in an electronic device, making the assembly and disassembly of the circuit board convenient to implement.

Abstract: A modular electronics enclosure for one or more circuit card assembly includes top and bottom lids formed substantially the same with at least one intermediate circuit card support member disposed therebetween. At least one spring clip clamps the top and bottom lids together around the intermediate support member.

Abstract: An optical transceiver module that includes an enclosure within which are disposed a transmitter module and a receiver module. A primary and secondary board are disposed as well in the enclosure, and the transmitter module and the receiver module are each connected with one of the boards. The primary and secondary boards each have a ground plane, and a third ground plane is provided by a ground signal plate that disposed within the enclosure and electrically coupled with the primary board and the secondary board.

Abstract: Insertion and ejection mechanisms for modular boards and cards. Mechanisms are provided for coupling the motion of insertion/ejection handles coupled to a modular board or a board carrier frame to which a board is attached. The mechanisms include a single-bar linkage, a rack and pinion-based configuration, a two-bar linkage, and a telescoping configuration. Applying an input force to one of the handles causes the board to be urged inward in a chassis slot, thus coupling the connectors on the board with mating connectors on a backplane mounted within the chassis. The input force is coupled via the various handle-coupling mechanisms to the other handle, producing a result similar to if a force was applied to both handles at the same time. In a similar manner, a board may be ejected by applying a force to a single handle to cause that handle to rotate outward. An automated retention screw insertion and extraction mechanism is also disclosed.

Abstract: Electrically, thermally and mechanically enhanced ball grid array (BGA) packages are described. An IC die is mounted on a first surface of a stiffener. A first surface of a substrate is attached to a second surface of the stiffener that is opposed to the first surface of the stiffener. A bond pad of the IC die is coupled to a contact pad on the first surface of the substrate with a wire bond. The wire bond is coupled over a recessed step region in the first surface of the stiffener and through a through-pattern in the stiffener that has an edge adjacent to the recessed step region. The through-pattern in the stiffener is one of an opening through the stiffener, a recessed portion in an edge of the stiffener, or other through-pattern.

Abstract: Circuit boards capable of receiving different sets of electrical devices are fabricated from raw boards of the same type by forming respective networks of electrically conductive traces with a common layout on the raw boards, including open circuits within the networks. Electrical device receivers and controllers are then loaded on the boards, and some of the open circuits are closed such that some of the boards have different patterns of closed circuits and thereby different interconnections. Some of the receivers can accommodate two different types of electrical devices, with some of the boards configured to support one type and the others another type. The loading of receivers and controllers, and the closing of open circuits, can be performed simultaneously with the placement of zero ohm resistors used for circuit closings. Numerous different circuit board configurations can thus be supported from a common supply of raw boards.

Abstract: A small form factor USB Bluetooth dongle includes a printed circuit board (PCB), a USB contact area, and a radio frequency (RF) transceiver die. The PCB includes a first primary surface and a second primary surface. The USB contact area is fabricated on the first primary surface. The RF transceiver die is mounted on the second primary surface, wherein the RF transceiver is in accordance with Bluetooth.

Abstract: To provide a circuit board comprising a plurality of first signal lines which transmits first signals, a plurality of second signal lines which transmits second signals which are higher in speed than the first signals, a joint which is bonded to a joint of another circuit board through an anisotropic conductive material, a plurality of first electrodes which are arranged at regular intervals separated by a first distance in the joint, each of the first electrodes are connected to a respective one of the first signal lines, and a plurality of second electrodes which are arranged at regular intervals separated by a second distance larger than the first distance in the joint, each of the second electrodes are connected to a respective one of the second signal lines.

Abstract: A power distribution system is provided for an automobile mirror assembly or the like, and includes a flexible membrane having electrical traces electrically connected to the vehicle electrical system, and connecting sites for electrically connecting to various power consumers in the mirror assembly.

Abstract: A laminated electronic component includes a laminated block in which a plurality of electrically insulating layers are laminated. An external conductor film is disposed on a surface of the laminated block. An additional conductor film which is at the same potential as the external conductor film is arranged such that it faces the external conductor film with an insulating layer disposed therebetween. The additional conductor film and the external conductor film are electrically connected to each other through a via-hole conductor so that they are at the same potential.

Abstract: A method of reducing noise induced from reference plane currents is disclosed. The method includes routing a first path for an electrical trace on a circuit board such that the first path references a voltage plane. The method further includes routing a second path for the electrical trace on the circuit board such that the second path references a ground plane whereby the second path is substantially similar to the first path. The method further includes electrically coupling the first path to the second path at each of the ends of the first and second paths such that noise induced into the electrical trace is reduced.

Abstract: A microprocessor packaging architecture using a modular circuit board assembly that provides power to a microprocessor while also providing for integrated thermal and electromagnetic interference (EMI) is disclosed. The modular circuit board assembly comprises a substrate, having a component mounted thereon, a circuit board, including a circuit for supplying power to the component, and at least one conductive interconnect device disposed between the substrate and the circuit board, the conductive interconnect device configured to electrically couple the circuit to the component.

Abstract: A power conversion apparatus includes serially connected arms U and X, serially connected arms V and Y, serially connected arms W and Z, and a capacitor, the pairs of serially connected arms and the capacitor all connected in parallel to one another. The input-side arms U and X and the output-side arms W and Z are subjected to PWM control so that the arms W and Z are controlled to have a voltage that is lower than that of the arms U and X, thereby providing a step down operation. A step up operation also can be provided by an opposite relation in which the arms W and Z are controlled to have a voltage that is higher than that of the arms U and X, thereby to expand the range within which the output voltage is controlled with the effect of reducing distortion.

Abstract: A half bridge driver includes a push/pull control chip outputting a first control signal and a second control signal. Each duty cycle of the two control signals is smaller than 50%. A driver couples to the push/pull control chip and a DC power for receiving the first control signal and the second control signal. A half bridge switch assembly with two N-MOSes couples to the DC power, the driver and a transformer, and converts the DC power into an AC power by the driver. The AC power is transmitted to a first side of the transformer.