Abstract: A positioning ring structure for a motor includes an axial tube, a bearing mounted in the axial tube, and a positioning ring mounted in the axial tube for retaining the bearing in place. The positioning ring includes a central hole extended through by a shaft. The positioning ring includes at least one circulating hole facing an inner circumferential wall of the axial tube. The circulating hole is a through-hole. The lubricating oil that has flowed outward via the central hole of the positioning ring flows back into the axial tube via the circulating hole. Thus, the circulating hole provides a circulating path for the lubricating oil, prevents outflow and loss of the lubricating oil, protects the motor by preventing wear to the shaft and the bearing, and prolongs the life of the motor.

Abstract: A motor includes a rotor part having a rotor shaft and a rotor magnet, a stator part oppositely disposed to the rotor magnet via a gap space, a bearing rotatably supporting the rotor shaft, a spring member abutting with one end of the rotor shaft to urge the rotor shaft in an axial direction. A spring member side restricting part is provided in the spring member to prevent fluctuation in the radial direction of the rotor shaft and a rotor shaft side restricted part is provided in the rotor shaft and engages with the spring member side restricting part.

Abstract: A fuel-cell compressed-air supplying device 6 includes a centrifugal compressor 12 provided in a casing 11, and a bearing device 14 for supporting a rotation shaft 13 of the compressor 12. The bearing device 14 includes a pair of radial foil bearings 21 and 22 provided coaxially with the rotation shaft 13 for supporting the rotation shaft 13 in the radial direction, and an axial magnetic bearing 23 facing to the rotation shaft 13 in the axial direction for supporting the rotation shaft 13 in the axial direction. Axial electromagnets 24 and 25 of the axial magnetic bearing 23 are integrated with the radial foil bearings 21 and 22, respectively.

Abstract: The device for magnetically suspending a rotor relative to a structure comprises at least one axial active magnetic bearing with a main electromagnet coil disposed in a stator and having load-bearing surfaces placed facing an armature extending essentially perpendicularly to the axis of the rotor. A device for detecting the axial position of the rotor is associated with circuits for servo-controlling the current carried by the main electromagnet coil. A compensation coil is disposed close to the main electromagnet coil, but in a position that is situated away from the load-bearing surfaces of the stator that co-operate with the rotor armature. The compensation coil is connected in series with the main electromagnet coil, but carries current in the opposite direction to that carried by said main electromagnet coil. The device constitutes an axial abutment of optimized capacity without magnetic leakage.

Abstract: An electric transmission, in particular for a motor vehicle, including two electric motors, whereby the shaft of one of the electric motors is connected to a mechanical energy source, the motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, the other electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, and the shaft thereof is connected to the element to be driven. Rotors of both motors are arranged concentrically or axially in relation to each other, and both rotors cooperate with stators, the windings of which are arranged inside the volume defined by both rotors. The windings include several annular windings juxtaposed in volume, the windings being supplied with alternating currents which are out of phase in relation to each other.

Abstract: A driving apparatus that can be made compact, without increasing the number of component parts and decreasing diameters of a rotating shaft and bearings. When a first unit assembled from a first stator and a first bobbin is coupled to a second unit assembled from a second stator and a second bobbin, engaging portions of the first bobbin are caused by a first switching member to shift from a disengaged state from the first stator to an engaged state with the first stator, and a second switching member, and engaging portions of the second bobbin are caused by a second switching member to shift from a disengaged state from the second stator to an engaged state with the second stator.

Abstract: Piezoelectric devices with excellent high temperature operation capabilities are described, including piezoelectric sensors and actuators that use a rare earth calcium oxyborate or langanite as the piezoelectric material.

Abstract: A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer having an ultrasonic wave transmission/reception surface formed by arranging a plurality of transducer cells each of which includes a membrane having a first electrode and a supporting film for supporting the first electrode, and also includes a second electrode arranged being opposite to the first electrode and being spaced apart from the first electrode at a prescribed interval, wherein: the transducer cells are arranged on the basis of resonant frequencies of the transducer cells.

Abstract: It becomes possible to obtain high sound pressure in a high frequency domain by a capacitive ultrasonic transducer which comprises a membrane on which one electrode is formed, a cavity constructed in its backface, and a substrate on which these are mounted and supported and on whose surface an electrode is provided, on a surface in an ultrasonic transmission and reception side, characterized in that the membrane comprises two or more layers, and at least one layer of them comprises a high dielectric constant film.

Abstract: A SAW sensor module can be produced with a true all quartz sensor package (TAQSP) attached to a substrate. The TAQSP has a quartz cover direct quartz bonded to a SAW sensor on a quartz substrate. The TAQSP can be mass produced by direct quartz bonding a quartz cover wafer, having many covers, to a quartz sensor wafer, having many sensors, thereby producing a wafer tandem. The wafer tandem can be further processed because the bond protects the sensors within. Individual sensor packages can be obtained by cutting stripes out of the cover wafer, revealing SAW sensor bonding pads, and then dicing the wafer tandem. A SAW sensor module results when the sensor packages are attached to an antenna bearing substrate and then sealed.

Abstract: An electromechanical device includes a support structure formed by attaching inner surfaces of second and third substrates to a first substrate. The support structure includes at least one cavity between the second and third layers. An electromechanical active element is provided on an outer surface of at least one of the second or third layers.

Abstract: A drive unit for the movement of an active element with respect to a passive element, wherein the active element includes a resonator and at least one excitation device for exciting oscillations of the resonator. The resonator includes contact regions for exerting forces onto the passive element. The active element may be driven with respect to the passive element by way of oscillating movements. The resonator includes at least two arms, preferably a pair of arms. The at least two arms of an arm pair, proceeding from a connection region of the resonator, are formed on the same side of the resonator. In each case the contact regions are formed at the outer ends of the arms, wherein the contact regions may be moved to and away from one another by way of oscillating movements of the arm pair. Thereby, a relative movement of the passive element with respect to the active element may be effected.

Abstract: In a vibration cutting unit, a root portion of a holding member for supporting a vibration body is fixed on a fixed portion of a node portion which is common to axial vibration and bending vibration, on a jointless basis. Therefore, the node portion, namely, a vibration body main part is firmly fixed, thereby, the vibration body main part is supported stably, and vibrations of the vibration body main part is stabilized. In other words, vibrations under the mode where the vibration body main part cannot be controlled can be restrained, and works representing objects to be processed can be processed accurately.

Abstract: The present invention provides a surface-mount SAW device configured to prevent sealing resin layer coated all over the top surface of a piezoelectric substrate from becoming charged even if the piezoelectric substrate forming the SAW device is made of a pyroelectric material.

Abstract: A laminate-type piezoelectric element 1 having a ceramic laminated body 10 obtained by alternately laminating piezoelectric layers 11 made of a piezoelectric material and inner electrode layers 20 having electrical conductivity, and having outer electrodes 34 joined to the side surfaces 101 and 102 of the ceramic laminated body 10 via an electrically conductive adhesive 33, wherein the electrically conductive adhesive 33 has buried therein mesh bodies 4 obtained by forming a mesh by using a nonmetallic material. The mesh bodies 4 are desirably constituted by using any one of a resin, ceramic, carbon or glass.

Abstract: A multilayer piezoelectric device has a laminated body 1 having piezoelectric layers 2 laminated in the direction of a given axis “A” and internal electrode layers 4, 5 each disposed between two respective neighboring piezoelectric layers 2. The device further has a underlying layer 3 disposed on a side of the laminated body 1 and electrically connected to the internal electrode layers 4, 5, a first conductive reinforcing layer 10 joined to the underlying layer 3, a second conductive reinforcing layer 11 joined to the first conductive reinforcing layer 10, and a conductive joining material 9 joining the underlying layer 3 to the first conductive reinforcing layer 10. The second conductive reinforcing layer 11 is not directly joined by means of the conductive joining material 9.

Abstract: A step motor mounted inside a camera for moving a driven member is disclosed to include a yoke iron, which has a base, two arms respectively extended from two sides of the base, and four magnetic poles respectively formed on the free ends of the arms and each junction between the base and the arms, two windings respectively surrounding the two arms of the yoke iron, a magnet, which is rotatably floating among the magnetic poles of the yoke iron by a magnetic force has sectors of different magnetic poles abutted against one another, and a crank, which is coupled to and rotatable with the magnet and has an actuating axle connected to the driven member of the camera for moving the driven member upon rotation of the magnet.

Abstract: The invention describes devices for performing thermodynamic work on a fluid, such as pumps, compressors and fans. The thermodynamic work may be used to provide a driving force for moving the fluid. Work performed on the fluid may be transmitted to other devices, such as a piston in a hydraulic actuation device. The devices may include one or more electroactive polymer transducers with an electroactive polymer that deflects in response to an application of an electric field. The electroactive polymer may be in contact with a fluid where the deflection of the electroactive polymer may be used to perform thermodynamic work on the fluid. The devices may be designed to efficiently operate at a plurality of operating conditions, such as operating conditions that produce an acoustic signal above or below the human hearing range. The devices may be used in thermal control systems, such as refrigeration system, cooling systems and heating systems.

Abstract: A storage cabinet assembly comprises a housing including a pair of sidewalls, a rear wall, and a top wall that cooperate with one another to form a storage area, and a base assembly supporting the housing. The base assembly includes a top wall and a bottom wall that mate together to form an interior space, and a plurality of corner support brackets supporting the top wall from the bottom wall. The storage cabinet assembly further includes a drop-in drawer arrangement, and a drawer interlock assembly adapted to prevent multiple drawers from being simultaneously moved to an opened position.

Abstract: An organizer system includes an interior space defined by a frame, the frame including a first sidewall, a second sidewall, a back wall, a top wall and a bottom wall; the top wall and the bottom wall each include a right segment and a left segment. The system further includes a first door connected to the frame and extending substantially from the top left wall segment to the bottom left wall segment and a second door connected to the frame and extending substantially from the top right wall segment to the bottom left wall segment; each door further defines the interior space and opens outward from the interior space. At least one storage element is disposed within the interior space.

Abstract: A locating structure for a slide assembly operates in conjunction with a middle, an inner, and an outer rails with the inner rail sliding into the middle rail and the middle rail sliding in the outer rail and includes a linking member, a locating member and an elastic members. Both the linking member and the locating member are pivotally connected to the middle rail. A first protruding wall containing a blocking portion and a slope is disposed to the inner rail. A second protruding wall containing a retaining portion and a slop is disposed to the outer rail. The linking member includes a constraining end and a release end. The locating member includes a release end and a fixation end. The elastic member is fixed to the middle rail to hold against the release end of the linking member and the fixation end of the locating member.

Abstract: An automatic release retaining mechanism of a slide includes a locating member, an elastic member, and a retaining member operating in conjunction with a first rail and a second rail. The second rail passes through and slides on the first rail. The locating member and the elastic member are disposed on the second rail. The retaining member is disposed on the first rail. The elastic member applies pressure upon the locating member. The locating member holds against the retaining member to temporarily secure the second rail when the second rail slides and extends in relation to the first rail. The second rail is automatically released to be retracted into the first rail when the second rail is pushed into the first rail.

Abstract: A domestic appliance, for example a refrigerator, comprising a housing, a recess in the housing and a display screen which can be swiveled relative to the housing and is disposed flush in the recess of the housing. The display screen is linked on its back with a pair of first arms so as to be rotatable about a first axis of rotation. The first arms can be extended from an expanded configuration in the flush arrangement of the display screen to an angular configuration. In this angular configuration the at least one, first axis of rotation is displaced beyond the recess, thereby allowing swiveling the display screen about the first axis of rotation.

Abstract: A spacer which can effectively discharge secondary electrons and an electron emission display having the spacer include: a main body disposed between first and second substrates which have first and second electrode layers, respectively; and a coating layer formed on a side surface of the main body. The coating layer has a first portion contacting one of the first and second electrode layers and a second portion formed on a central portion of the side surface of the main body. A thickness of the first portion is greater than that of the second portion.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a cathode plate of a field emission display is disclosed. A patterned electrode layer is formed on a surface of the substrate, and emitters for absorbing a light source are formed on the patterned electrode layer. Next, a dielectric layer is formed over the substrate, and a patterned gate layer is formed on the dielectric layer. Thereafter, a backside exposure process is carried out using the emitters as a mask, and portions of the dielectric layer not masked by the emitters react with a light used in the backside exposure process. Next, portions of the dielectric layer not exposed to the light and portions of the gate layer are removed to form via holes and gate holes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vehicle headlight bulb with a bulb receptacle, a spiral wound filament (2) which is arranged inside the receptacle for the bulb (1) and a lamp base which has a metal base bushing (3) wherein the end (11) of the bulb receptacle (1), which is sealed by means of a molybdenum film seal (112, 113) is fixed. According to the invention, the metal base bushing (3) comprises at least one molded tab (32) which lies adjacent to thc scaled end (11) of the bulb receptacle (1), in the overlapping area of the molybdenum films (112, 113), with current supply wires (23,24) which protrude from the bulb receptacle and which are connected thereto, in order to reduce thermal load in the above-mentioned overlapping area during operation of the bulb.

Abstract: Cathode ray tube comprising a colour selection frame/mask assembly suspended within the front face of the said tube by suspension means composed of a first metal member comprising a central elastic part, a first extremity portion comprising a aperture designed to fit around a pin joined to the front face of the tube, and a second extremity portion attached by welding directly or indirectly to the frame the welding being carried out on the surface of the second extremity portion in at least two separate zones arranged in such a manner so as to form an acute angle ? with the hole of the first extremity portion greater than 10°. This support structure enables the tube to be made less sensitive to mechanical vibrations.

Abstract: A cathode plate including a substrate, a cathode structure, a gate structure and emission sources is provided. The cathode structure and the gate structure are disposed on the substrate. The emission sources are arranged regularly on the cathode structure. A field emission flat lamp including said cathode plate, an anode plate and a sealant is provided. The sealant is disposed between and seals the cathode plate and the anode plate. Since the volume of each emission source is small, the bubbles resided inside the emission sources can be reduced, such that the qualities of the field emission flat lamp and the cathode plate thereof can be improved.

Abstract: A cathode plate including a substrate, a plurality of cathode structures, a plurality of gate structures, and an emission layer is provided. The cathode structures and the gate structures are strip-shaped and disposed on the substrate. The cathode structures and the gate structures are parallel interlaced with one another. Each of the cathode structures has at least one groove, and the emission layer is disposed in the grooves. A field emission flat lamp including the above cathode plate, an anode plate, and a sealant is provided. The sealant is disposed between and seals the cathode plate and the anode plate. With the grooves on the cathode structures, the emission layer is positioned precisely to improve the light uniformity of the field emission flat lamp.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an upper panel of a field emission type backlight unit. The method includes: sequentially forming an anode electrode and a phosphor layer on a substrate; forming a metal reflection film on the phosphor layer; and annealing a surface of the metal reflection film. The method can increase brightness of an image, can prevent occurrence of an electric arc when a high driving voltage is applied to the backlight unit, and allows removal of residues produced when manufacturing the backlight unit.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information processing apparatus includes a body, a display unit supported by the body, a light source provided in the display unit and including a first area in which a first light emitting element and a second light emitting element are arranged and a second area in which a third light emitting element and a fourth light emitting element are arranged, the third light emitting element being connected in series with the first light emitting element, the fourth light emitting element being connected in series with the second light emitting element, a first control circuit provided in the body to supply a first voltage to the first and third light emitting elements, and a second control circuit provided in the body to supply a second voltage to the second and fourth light emitting elements.

Abstract: A display device comprises a fluorescent screen provided with a shading portion including a plurality of openings, and a fluorescent layer formed on the shading portion, and a metal-back layer provided on the fluorescent screen and including a plurality of dividing means and a plurality of divisions defined by the dividing means, wherein the dividing means are provided on the shading portion via the fluorescent layer interposed therebetween, and an electrical resistance between each pair of adjacent ones of the divisions located with a corresponding dividing means interposed between the each pair falls within a range of 102? to 105? via the fluorescent layer.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating a planar light source and method for driving the same is provided. The apparatus for generating a planar light source comprises an emitting layer disposed not only on a cathode electrode, but also on a gate electrode as well. Accordingly, by applying an AC voltage to the apparatus, a duty cycle of the AC voltage can reach 100% so as to enhance the brightness to the extent that the apparatus is applied a DC voltage.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electron emission device includes the steps of (a) forming a cathode electrode on a substrate, (b) forming an emitter on the cathode electrode by patterning, (c) forming a photosensitive glass paste layer burying the emitter by coating and drying the photosensitive paste layer on the surface of the substrate fabrication in which the emitter is formed, and (d) forming a gate insulating layer by patterning the result of step (c) by exposing, developing and calcining the photosensitive glass paste layer. The number of steps of the method of manufacturing an electron emission device is reduced and the processes are simplified due to self-alignment, and thus the manufacturing cost is reduced. The electron emission device is used as an electron emission type backlight unit and/or in an electron emission display device.

Abstract: An electroluminescent display device contains an electroluminescent phosphor sandwiched between a pair of electrodes and a graphic arts element. The device is fabricated by bonding a generic electroluminescent base laminate containing an electrode and an electroluminescent layer, to a custom graphic arts film containing a graphic element and a corresponding electrode. The generic electroluminescent base laminate is made at a first location or time, and the custom graphic arts film is made at a second location or time.

Abstract: A double-sided display comprises a first organic light emitting device with a first transparent substrate, and the first organic light emitting device illuminates toward the first substrate. A second organic light emitting device with a second transparent substrate opposite to the first substrate, and the second organic light emitting device illuminates toward the second substrate. The first organic light emitting device is separated from the second organic light emitting device by a gap. A controller, coupled to the first and second organic light emitting devices, receives a control signal to individually switch the power of the first and second organic light emitting devices.

Abstract: A dual-emission organic electroluminescent device. The device comprises a substrate with a display region and a seal region, a plurality of bottom-emission organic light emitting diode pixel arrays, and a plurality of top-emission organic light emitting diode pixel arrays. The bottom-emission and top-emission organic light emitting diode pixel arrays are disposed coplanarly on the display region of the substrate arranged alternately.

Abstract: A fluorescent conversion medium including: fluorescent particles including semiconductor nanocrystals, the particles absorbing visible light to emit fluorescence of a different wavelength, and a transparent medium holding the fluorescent particles dispersed therein, and satisfying 0.4<C·d/r3<5.0 wherein r is the average diameter (unit: nm) of the fluorescent particles, d is the film thickness (unit: ?m) of the fluorescent conversion medium, and C is the volume ratio (unit: vol %) of the fluorescent particles to the fluorescent conversion medium.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display (1) including: an organic electroluminescent device (10), and a color converting member (20) including a shielding layer (23) and a shielding layer aperture region (24) including a color converting layer (22), edges (23-1) of the aperture region (24) being closer to the center of the aperture region (24) than edges (41-1) of an emission region (41) of the organic electroluminescent device (10).

Abstract: The essential thought of this patent is that organic emission layer is utilized instead of inorganic phosphor thin film in field emission display (FED). The field emission organic light emitting diode (FEOLED) in this invention is configured with an electron multiplier (dynode) between the cathode of FED and the organic emission layer, wherein secondary electron material is coated in the holes of the dynode. The design for the organic emission layer, which includes a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL) and an emission layer (EL), is able to attain higher luminance and lower power consumption for the innovative FEOLED than conventional OLED.

Abstract: A method for making an OLED device, comprising: providing a plurality of subpixels of different colors, including at least three gamut-defining subpixels, each subpixel requiring an operating voltage which is based on the maximum current density required by that subpixel; selecting the display operating voltage to be equal to or greater than the maximum required subpixel operating voltage; and selecting the area of the subpixels to reduce the maximum required subpixel operating voltage, thereby reducing the display operating voltage so as to reduce power consumption in the device.

Abstract: A double-sided organic electro-luminescent device. The device comprises a substrate having a first pixel region and a second pixel region adjacent thereto. First and second organic light-emitting diodes are disposed in the first and second pixel regions, respectively, in which the light-emitting direction of the first organic light-emitting diode is opposite that of the second organic light-emitting diode. First and second thin film transistors are disposed in the second pixel region, in which the first thin film transistor is electrically connected to the first organic light-emitting diode and the second thin film transistor is electrically connected to the second organic light-emitting diode.

Abstract: One embodiment of an organic electroluminescent element of present invention includes a substrate, a first electrode on the substrate, an organic luminescent medium layer including an organic luminescent layer on the first electrode, a second electrode on the organic luminescent medium layer and barrier film formed on the second electrode. The organic luminescent medium layer is sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode. Film density of the barrier film changes in thickness direction.

Abstract: A display device includes a thin film transistor formed on an insulating substrate; a first electrode electrically connected to the thin film transistor; a conductive polymer layer formed on the first electrode; a low molecular weight organic layer formed on the conductive polymer layer; a polymer light emitting layer formed on the low molecular weight organic layer; and a second electrode formed on the light emitting layer. With this configuration, a display device, which is capable of reducing pixel defects, can be provided.

Abstract: An active matrix organic electro-luminescent (EL) display is disclosed. The organic electro-luminescent display includes an organic electro-luminescent device, a driving transistor, and a switching transistor, which are provided at each one of a plurality of pixel regions, a data line for applying a data signal to the switching transistor, a scan line for applying a scan signal to the switching transistor, and a common power supply line electrically connected to the driving transistors of neighboring ones of the pixel regions for applying a voltage to the driving transistors.

Abstract: This invention is about anthracene, at least one having silyl substituted group on ring 9 and 10, the anthracene can be a organic light emitting diodes (OLED) material and used for organic electroluminescent device. wherein X is an triarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an trialkylsilyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. R1 and R2 is independently a hydrogen, halogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. R3 to R5 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A pixel structure and an organic light emitting device including the pixel structure has at least one electronic material layer arranged between a lower electrode and an upper electrode. The pixel structure includes the lower electrode arranged in a desired pattern on a substrate and a bank covering the substrate on which the lower electrode is arranged, and defining an opening portion to expose at least a portion of the lower electrode. The area of the opening portion is greater than that of the exposed portion of the lower electrode. The pixel structure further includes an electronic material layer arranged in the opening portion and covering an upper surface of the lower electrode, and the upper electrode arranged on the electronic material layer.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for manufacturing a light-emitting device having high internal quantum efficiency, consuming less power, having high luminance, and having high reliability. The techniques include forming a conductive light-transmitting oxide layer comprising a conductive light-transmitting oxide material and silicon oxide, forming a barrier layer in which density of the silicon oxide is higher than that in the conductive light-transmitting oxide layer over the conductive light-transmitting oxide layer, forming an anode having the conductive light-transmitting oxide layer and the barrier layer, heating the anode under a vacuum atmosphere, forming an electroluminescent layer over the heated anode, and forming a cathode over the electroluminescent layer. According to the techniques, the barrier layer is formed between the electroluminescent layer and the conductive light-transmitting oxide layer.

Abstract: A frame-shaped groove is formed on a panel adhering part of a sealing board (10), a paste including low melting point glass powder is buried in the groove, and a frame-shaped glass paste layer is formed. A solvent included in the glass paste layer is volatilized for solidification, and a low melting point glass frame (22) is provided. Then, the low melting point glass frame (22) protruded on the surface of the sealing board (10) is removed, and the surface of a plane including the surface of the adhering part of the sealing board (10) is flattened. A low heat resistant layer (24) is formed on the flattened adhering plane of the sealing board (10). The sealing board (10) is arranged to face an element board (26) at a prescribed interval, laser beams are applied on the low melting point glass frame (22) through the element board (26), and the area is heated. Thus, the low melting point glass rises, and the sealing board (10) is welded with the element board.

Abstract: A display device having an electroluminescent display element disposed on a surface of a substrate and a scratch resistant layer disposed over or surrounding the display element. The scratch resistant layer has a hardness level of at least 2.5 on Moh's hardness scale. Additionally, a moisture and oxygen barrier is disposed between the display element and the scratch resistant layer. An adhesive material can be used to secure the scratch-resistant layer to the display device and to provide a hermetic seal to the display element. Preferably, the thickness of the scratch-resistant layer is equal to or greater than 10 ?m.