Abstract: A method for obtaining an oil fraction and a protein fraction from a vegetable starting substance comprises the steps of: extracting the starting substance which has been reduced in size with alcohol, and separating an alcohol liquid phase from the extracted starting substance; processing the alcohol liquid phase to obtain the oil fraction; avoiding drying of the alcohol wet extracted starting substance directly after the alcohol-extraction; transferring the still alcohol wet extracted starting substance into an aqueous suspension to reduce the alcohol content of the extracted starting substance below 5%; and processing the aqueous suspension to obtain the protein fraction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel class of supermolecular carboplatin derivatives represented by general formula (I), wherein B is a polycarboxylic acid represented by general formula (II), wherein R1, R2 and n are defined as in the description. The present invention also relates to a process for preparing the same, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same as active ingredient and the use of the derivatives in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions which are useful in treating various cellular cancers including hepatoma, stomach cancer, lung cancer and the like. The derivatives have stable cage-like chemical structures and constitutions in solid and in aqueous solution.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I: where R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and signify hydrogens, halogens, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkyloxy, hydroxy, nitro, amino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylamino or dialkylamino group; R4 signifies hydrogen, alkyl or alkylaryl group; X is CH2, O or S, and n is 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that if X is CH2, n is not 1, and a method for their preparation. The compounds have potentially valuable pharmaceutical properties for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and chronic heart failure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a ?-[2-(polyalkyleneoxy)ethylthio]alkylalkoxysilane derivative and a preparation method thereof, more particularly to a ?-[2-(polyalkyleneoxy)ethylthio]alkylalkoxysilane derivative prepared by transforming a (?-mercaptoalkyl)alkylalkoxysilane compound into a ?-(alkoxysilyl)alkylthiolate metal salt by treating it with a metallic base and performing dehalometallation at low reaction temperature using a poly(alkyleneoxy)alkyl ether halide or a poly(alkyleneoxy)bis(haloalkyl) ether to form a carbon-sulfur bond and a preparation method thereof. The novel compound of the present invention has not only a Si—OR bond but also contains a sulfur atom in the molecule, so that it can be used as monomer for synthesizing hydrophilic functional silicon polymers, source material of silicon-based surfactants and surface modifier of organic/inorganic materials.

Abstract: The invention provides anti-apoptotic compositions containing lysophosphatidic acids and methods for making and using the compositions. Such compositions may also contain LPA potentiating agents, including proteins, lipid membrane structures and polymers such as polyethylene glycols. The compositions can additionally contain other pharmaceutically effective agents such as drugs, antibiotics, wound healing agents and antioxidants.

Abstract: An aliphatic nitrile is prepared by a process of reacting an aliphatic carboxylic acid, an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid or an alkyl ester thereof, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms, with ammonia in the presence of a catalyst of titanium oxide supported on solid silica.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing a compound of the formula wherein R1 is an alkyl group having at least one ethylenic unsaturation, an arylalkyl group having at least one ethylenic unsaturation, or an alkylaryl group having at least one ethylenic unsaturation, R2 and R3 each, independently of the others, are alkylene groups, arylene groups, arylalkylene groups, or alkylarylene groups, and n is an integer representing the number of repeat amide units and is at least 1, said process comprising: (a) reacting a diacid of the formula HOOC—R2—COOH with a diamine of the formula in the absence of a solvent while removing water from the reaction mixture to form an acid-terminated oligoamide intermediate; and (b) reacting the acid-terminated oligoamide intermediate with a monoalcohol of the formula R1—OH in the presence of a coupling agent and a catalyst to form the product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compounds, termed serpentemycins, of the formula (I) in which Y, R, R2, R3, R4, X, X2, X3, n, m and o are as defined in the specification, which are formed by the microorganism Actinomycetales sp. DSM 14865 during its fermentation, to chemical derivatives of the serpentemycins, to a process for preparing them, and to their use as pharmaceuticals, in particular for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious bacterial diseases.

Abstract: A process for making a compound of formula (I) in which process the compound HC?C—(CH2)n—NH2 is reacted with the compound R1—SO2Cl to produce an intermediate compound, which intermediate compound is then reacted with the compound of formula to produce the compound of formula (I), and compounds produced by the process of this invention. The terms R1, R2, R3, R4 and n have the definitions set forth in the specification.

Abstract: It is presently accepted that the mechanism of action for all anti-tumor tubulin ligands involves the perturbation of microtubule dynamics during the G2/M phase of cell division and subsequent entry into apoptosis (1). In this invention, we report a novel tubulin ligands which have a unique mechanism of action. These compounds, halogenated derivatives of acetamido benzoyl ethyl ester (HAABE), arrest cancer cells in S-phase and cause cell death by a combination of apoptosis (DNA ladder) and necrosis (DNA degradation) type mechanisms. Normal cells are not affected at the same concentrations of compound. The ligands bind covalently to tubulin in vitro and in vivo and shows potent cancericidal activity in tissue culture assays and in animal tumor models. These compounds target early S-phase at the G1/S transition rather than the G2/M phase and mitotic arrest.

Abstract: Process for the hydroformylation of olefins by linkage of the input parameters prevailing in the hydroformylation reaction to the target parameters of a hydroformylation reaction, wherein the linkage is achieved by means of at least one synthetic neuronal network.

Abstract: A process for producing an alkenyl alcohol from a diol is disclosed. The process comprises dehydrating a diol in the presence of a catalyst comprising cerium oxide supported on a carrier. The carrier has a surface area in the range of 0.1 to 50 m2/g. The catalyst is more active than unsupported cerium oxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel compounds 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene and (E)- and (Z)-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butenes. Furthermore, the present invention provides the following novel first and second processes for producing 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene and (E)- and (Z)-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butenes. The first process is a process for producing 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-butene by heating 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane at from about 200° C. to about 700° C. The second process is a process for producing (E)- and (Z)-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butenes by bringing 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane with a base. By the first and second processes, it is possible to obtain respective target fluorobutenes with high selectivity.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for the production of ethylbenzene from a dilute ethylene stream wherein an ethylene-containing stream derived from a cracking process is directed to an ethylene fractionator for separation of ethylene and ethane. The improvement includes providing the dilute ethylene stream by liquefying and separating out a portion of the ethylene-containing stream prior to directing the remainder of the ethylene-containing stream to the ethylene fractionator and/or by drawing off a side stream from the ethylene fractionator; and, directing the dilute ethylene stream as a feed to an alkylator for alkylation with benzene to produce ethylbenzene.

Abstract: A process for the regeneration of a deactivated zeolite beta catalyst such as rare earth promoted zeolite beta catalyst deactivated in the course of an aromatic alkylation reaction. A zeolite beta conversion catalyst deactivated with the deposition of coke is heated to a temperature in excess of 300° C. in an oxygen-free environment. An oxidative regeneration gas is supplied to the catalyst bed with oxidation of a portion of a relatively porous coke component to produce an exotherm moving through the catalyst bed. At least one of the temperature and oxygen content of the gas is progressively increased to oxidize a porous component of the coke. Regeneration gas is supplied having at least one of an increased oxygen content or increased temperature to oxidize a less porous refractory component of the coke. The regeneration process is completed by passing an inert gas through the catalyst bed at a reduced temperature.

Abstract: A process for preparing very high viscosity polyalphaolefins using an acidic ionic liquid oligomerization catalyst in the absence of an organic diluent and the products formed thereby. A method of continuously manufacturing a high viscosity polyalphaolefin product by introducing a monomer and an ionic liquid catalyst together into a reaction zone while simultaneously withdrawing from the reaction zone a reaction zone effluent that contains the high viscosity polyalphaolefin. The reaction zone is operated under reaction conditions suitable for producing the high viscosity polyalphaolefin product. The preferred high viscosity polyalphaolefin has a kinematic viscosity exceeding 8 cSt and is the reaction product of the trimerization, oligomerization, or polymerization of an alpha olefin or a mixture of one or more product thereof. The high viscosity polyalphaolefins are useful as lubricants or lubricant additives.

Abstract: An oligomerization catalyst for olefins having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms is produced by treating aluminum oxide with a nickel compound and a sulfur compound, either simultaneously or firstly with the nickel compound an then with the sulfur compound, and subsequently drying and calcining the resulting catalyst, wherein a molar ratio of sulfur to nickel in the finished catalyst of from 0.25:1 to 0.38:1 is set in this way. The catalyst and its use are also described.

Abstract: An attrition resistant precipitated bulk iron catalyst is prepared from iron oxide precursor and a binder by spray drying. The catalysts are preferably used in carbon monoxide hydrogenation processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. These catalysts are suitable for use in fluidized-bed reactors, transport reactors and, especially, slurry bubble column reactors.

Abstract: The invention is directed to methods of starting up reaction systems. The reaction systems are those that use catalysts that comprise molecular sieves, particularly metalloaluminophosphate molecular sieves, especially metalloaluminophosphate molecular sieves which are susceptible to loss of catalytic activity due to contact with water molecules. The methods provide appropriate mechanisms of heating and loading the activated molecular sieves to protect against loss of catalytic activity that can occur due to contact with water molecules.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of high purity hydrogen for recycling to a hydroprocessing or similar unit located in an integrated refinery facility includes sampling and providing analytical information on the make-up of the hydrogen-containing feedstream entering the bottom of a stripping column and the composition of the hydrogen recycle stream at, and/or approaching the top of the stripping column to a computer-directed control system in real time for the purpose of controlling the selection and the volumetric flow rate of one or more “refinery solvents” into the column to maximize the removal of non-hydrogen gases from the feedstream and to thereby maximize the percentage of hydrogen in the recycle gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention features viable MCH1R deficient mice. MCH1R deficient mice contain an alteration in one or both MCH1R alleles that substantially reduces expression of a functional MCH1R from the altered allele. Preferably, MCH1R deficient mice are MCH1R ?/? knockout mice.

Abstract: Production and utilization of model mouse, in which human hematopoietic tumor cells can be grown, expressing symptom of human hematopoietic tumor, and can be used in the screening of anticancer drugs for human hematopoietic tumor. The invention provides a new method to produce model mouse for human hematopoietic tumor, including engraftment of human hematopoietic tumor cells into NOG (NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2R? KO) mice.

Abstract: A method of enucleating an egg by exposing the egg to gamma irradiation. The dose of gamma irradiation used is sufficiently high to halt development of the egg or embryo derived therefrom directed by the nucleus of the irradiated egg, but sufficiently low to enable development of the egg or embryo directed by a nucleus transferred into the enucleated egg.

Abstract: A method for producing transgenic gramineae plants having tolerance to iron deficiency by transforming the plants with a barley gene encoding nicotianamine aminotransferase (NAAT) and transgenic gramineae plants are provided. The present invention also provides transgenic gramineae plants having resistance to iron deficiency which can grow in iron deficiency and calcareous alkaline soils.

Abstract: Constructs and methods are provided for expressing peptides derived from eukaryotic organisms in plant plastids. Constructs have a promoter functional in a plant plastid, a DNA sequence encoding a peptide derived from an eukaryotic organism and a transcription termination region. Other elements include a selectable marker for selection of plant cells comprising a plastid expressing the marker and DNA regions of homology to the genome of the plastid and optionally a ribosome binding site joined to the promoter. By methods using such constructs high levels of eukaryotic peptides, such as mammalian proteins, are produced in a plant cell by growing plant cells under conditions whereby the DNA encoding sequences are expressed to produce eukaryotic peptide in said plastid.

Abstract: A transgenic plant transformed by a GTP Binding Stress-Related Protein (GBSRP) coding nucleic acid, wherein expression of the nucleic acid sequence in the plant results in increased tolerance to environmental stress as compared to a wild type variety of the plant. Also provided are agricultural products, including seeds, produced by the transgenic plants. Also provided are isolated GBSRPs, and isolated nucleic acid coding GBSRPs, and vectors and host cells containing the latter.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) polyketide synthase (PKS) systems isolated from or derived from non-bacterial organisms, to homologues thereof, to isolated nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules encoding biologically active domains of such a PUFA PKS system, to genetically modified organisms comprising PUFA PKS systems, to methods of making and using such systems for the production of bioactive molecules of interest, and to novel methods for identifying new bacterial and non-bacterial microorganisms having such a PUFA PKS system.

Abstract: The present invention provides nucleotide sequences and corresponding amino acid sequences for plant cytokinin oxidase proteins. Also provided are vectors, host cells, and transgenic plants comprising such sequences as well as methods for stimulating root growth and/or enhancing the formation of lateral or adventitious roots and/or altering root geotropism using such sequences. Also provided by the present invention are methods for altering various plant phenotypes including increasing seed size and/or weight, embryo size and/or weight, and cotyledon size and/or weight using cytokinin oxidase proteins and/or nucleic acid molecules encoding cytokinin oxidase.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an environmental stress-tolerant plant. The invention discloses a transgenic plant containing a gene in which a DNA encodes a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 with the deletion of amino acids from positions 136-165 thereof, the DNA being operably linked downstream of a stress responsive promoter.

Abstract: A soybean cultivar designated 5549483 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 5549483, to the plants of soybean 5549483, to plant parts of soybean cultivar 5549483 and to methods for producing a soybean plant produced by crossing soybean cultivar 5549483 with itself or with another soybean variety. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars and plant parts derived from soybean variety 5549483, to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 5549483 and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants and plant parts produced by crossing the cultivar 5549483 with another soybean cultivar.

Abstract: A soybean cultivar designated 5628386 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 5628386, to the plants of soybean 5628386, to plant parts of soybean cultivar 5628386 and to methods for producing a soybean plant produced by crossing soybean cultivar 5628386 with itself or with another soybean variety. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars and plant parts derived from soybean variety 5628386, to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 5628386 and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants and plant parts produced by crossing the cultivar 5628386 with another soybean cultivar.

Abstract: An inbred corn line, designated 6XN442, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of inbred corn line 6XN442, to the plants of inbred corn line 6XN442 and to methods for producing a corn plant, either inbred or hybrid, by crossing the inbred line 6XN442 with itself or another corn line. The invention further relates to methods for producing a corn plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic plants produced by that method and to methods for producing other inbred corn lines derived from the inbred 6XN442.

Abstract: An inbred maize line, designated PH77V, the plants and seeds of inbred maize line PH77V, methods for producing a maize plant, either inbred or hybrid, produced by crossing the inbred maize line PH77V with itself or with another maize plant, and hybrid maize seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PH77V with another maize line or plant and to methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic maize plants produced by that method. This invention also relates to inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PH77V, to methods for producing other inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PH77V and to the inbred maize lines derived by the use of those methods.

Abstract: An inbred maize line, designated PH51H, the plants and seeds of inbred maize line PH51H, methods for producing a maize plant, either inbred or hybrid, produced by crossing the inbred maize line PH51H with itself or with another maize plant, and hybrid maize seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PH51H with another maize line or plant and to methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic maize plants produced by that method. This invention also relates to inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PH51H, to methods for producing other inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PH51H and to the inbred maize lines derived by the use of those methods.

Abstract: According to the invention, there is provided seed and plants of the hybrid corn variety designated CH093858. The invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of the variety CH093858, and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing a corn plant of variety CH093858 with itself or with another corn plant, such as a plant of another variety. The invention further relates to genetic complements of plants of variety CH093858.

Abstract: A novel hybrid maize variety designated 38R50 and seed, plants and plant parts thereof, produced by crossing Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. proprietary inbred maize lines. Methods for producing a maize plant that comprises crossing hybrid maize variety 38R50 with another maize plant. Methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more traits introgressed into 38R50 through backcross conversion and/or transformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part produced thereby. This invention relates to the hybrid seed 38R50, the hybrid plant produced from the seed, and variants, mutants, and trivial modifications of hybrid 38R50. This invention further relates to methods for producing maize lines derived from hybrid maize variety 38R50 and to the maize lines derived by the use of those methods.

Abstract: A novel hybrid maize variety designated 38K46 and seed, plants and plant parts thereof, produced by crossing Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. proprietary inbred maize lines. Methods for producing a maize plant that comprises crossing hybrid maize variety 38K46 with another maize plant. Methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more traits introgressed into 38K46 through backcross conversion and/or transformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant part produced thereby. This invention relates to the hybrid seed 38K46, the hybrid plant produced from the seed, and variants, mutants, and trivial modifications of hybrid 38K46. This invention further relates to methods for producing maize lines derived from hybrid maize variety 38K46 and to the maize lines derived by the use of those methods.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a Triticum aestivium plant having genetically-controlled naturally-occurring glyphosate herbicide resistance and methods of using.

Abstract: A novel Zantedeschia cultivar, designated 7033-01, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of Zantedeschia cultivar 7033-01, to the plants of Zantedeschia cultivar 7033-01 and to methods for producing a Zantedeschia plant produced by crossing the cultivar 7033-01 with itself or another Zantedeschia variety. The invention further relates to hybrid Zantedeschia seeds and plants produced by crossing the cultivar 7033-01 with another Zantedeschia cultivar.

Abstract: A resonator assembly includes a resonator, a collector-amplifier, as well as a timbre tray, one or more timbre pieces, and a detector holder. The resonator assembly, designed to be attachable to a conventional acoustic guitar, improves the quality and volume of the conventional guitar. A wood or metal timbre piece or a varying combination thereof may be used according the user's sound preference. The resonator, the collector-amplifier, the timbre holder tray and the detector holder are preferably made from thin brass.

Abstract: A simple “hands-free” electric guitar tremolo and tremolo actuator is provided. An actuator is pivotably attached to the guitar body within a rear cavity of the solid body of the instrument. A portion of the actuator bears against an external surface of the instrument's movable “floating” guitar bridge to produce the desired effect. The actuator is controlled by the user during play by moving an elongated lever that is connected to the actuator and protrudes from the guitar body cavity. The lever is preferably curved and oriented to fit against a user's hip or waist when the guitar is held adjacent to the user in the typical mode of operation of an electric guitar. In play, tremolo effect is produced by drawing the guitar toward the user's body such that the lever is forced toward the guitar body. In this manner, the user is allowed unhindered use of both hands for normal play of the guitar.

Abstract: The invention relates to a wall holder for at least one musical instrument having a neck or a similar taper, in particular a guitar or bass guitar, including a mounting which is fastened or can be fastened to the wall and at least two support elements which are arranged on the mounting can be inserted between those of the neck of the musical instrument, the neck and/or the head of the musical instrument abutting against the support elements, and is characterized in that the mounting has at least one guide bar bracket for the support elements via which the support elements can be moved relative to one another.

Abstract: A mobile communication terminal provided with a tuning function, which saves a player the trouble of carrying around a tuning meter or the like and facilitates the tuning of instruments. A user designates a reference pitch stored in a memory, and inputs the sound of an instrument or a voice into a microphone. A synthesizer generates a sound that most approximates the sound input through the microphone according to the reference pitch designated by the user. The sound generated by the synthesizer is compared with the sound input through the microphone, and the result of the comparison is displayed on a display.

Abstract: A device for lifting a page of a stack of pages with a binding or stitching, in particular of a book of music, has a drive for at least one lifting element and a supporting surface for the page. The at least one lifting element is driven in a rotational movement about a drive shaft by the drive via the drive shaft. The drive is mounted such that it can be pivoted about at least one axis of rotation that encloses an acute angle ? with respect to the plane of the supporting surface.

Abstract: An electronic piano is controllable with a remote controller; since the remote controller is physically separated from the electronic piano, users are liable to mislay the remote controller somewhere around the electronic piano; in this situation, the user instructs the electronic piano to transmit a radio wave representative of inquiry, and the missing remote controller responds to the inquiry by transmitting a radio wave representative of annunciation; the electronic piano is equipped with antennas separated from each other on the piano cabinet, and the received power at the antennas is varied depending upon the location of the missing remote controller; the electronic piano analyzes the received power so as to notify the user of the possible location of the missing remote controller.

Abstract: In a waveform data processing apparatus, a transfer section reads out waveform data of multiple tracks stored in a first storage device in data units, and transfers the read waveform data to a second storage device having an access speed higher than an access speed of the first storage device. A reproduction section reads out the waveform data of the tracks from the second storage device for every sampling period, and which reproduces an audio signal according to the read waveform data. A control section replaces old waveform data which has been read from the second storage device by new waveform data which is read from the first storage device, whereby the audio signals of the tracks are continuously reproduced.

Abstract: Performance event data designating rendition style modules are supplied in order of time. When a given performance event data at a given time is to be processed in accordance with the supplied performance event data, another performance event data related to one or more events, following the given performance event data, is obtained in advance of a predetermined original time position of the other performance event daata. Control data corresponding to a rendition style module designated by at least one of the given performance event data and the other performance event data obtained in advance is generated on the basis of the given and the other performance event data, and a waveform corresponding to the designated rendition style module is synthesized on the basis of the control data.

Abstract: An effect system stored a specified segment of an audio signal and repeats the segment during a specified interval. The segment length may be defined in advance as a musical time interval and the interval in which it is repeated may be defined in advance as a musical time interval or as a number of repetitions. The beginning of the segment may be defined in advance as a location in musical time within the audio signal, or may be indicated manually during performance.

Abstract: This invention relates to a pickup and base structure of a drum head, in particular, a pickup applied to a mesh head or a hard drum head having the base thereof in a hollow L-shape, thereby allowing a vertical space to position a terminal base of a signal line and a horizontal portion in a L shape to form a recess inwards. A shock isolator is integrally formed with the pickup in one piece by clamping said pickup from both above and below, in addition, another shock isolator is fastened on the vertical side on the exterior of the base. The structure is fixed on the underside of the drum head and the shock isolator that is fastened on the vertical side on the exterior of the base is against on a position corresponding to the drum body, so as to form the pickup and base structure of a drum head that is easily to be installed.

Abstract: This invention is related to a magnetic pickup device for stringed musical instrument with one or more metal strings made by magnetic permeable material. The magnetic pickup device presented comprises of at least one signal picking coil for sensing of the mechanical vibrations of the strings and at least one large free shape low impedance coil for noise cancellation. The signal picking coil and the large noise picking coils are permanently connected in series in a way that the noise signals created by the two coils have opposite phase orientations and they effectively cancel each other.