Abstract: Disclosed is a tower for a wind power station comprising a machine pod disposed on the tower and a rotor mounted on the machine pod so as to be rotatable about an essentially horizontal axis. Said rotor is provided with at least one blade. The tower is composed of a tubular upper section that is connected to a lower section which is embodied as a lattice tower in a transition zone. The lattice tower encompasses at least three corner posts. The upper tower section forms at least one sixth of the entire tower. The cross section of the lower tower section below the transition zone is greater than the cross section of the upper tower section while the transition zone is configured such that the cross section of the lower tower section is adjusted to the cross section of the upper tower section so as to optimize power flux.

Abstract: Wind turbine assembly, and related method, is provided that exploits an aerodynamically enhanced wind region of a building in proximity to a parapet of the building. A wind turbine assembly includes a support assembly configured to couple to a building in proximity to a parapet of the building and a rotor assembly coupled to the support assembly such that its rotor is oriented relative to the enhanced wind region to optimize electrical generation.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a wind power plant with a central rotor unit (1); a ring carrier element (2), which surrounds the central rotor unit (1) in a concentric configuration; and with several rotor vanes (3) which are fixed with a bearing to the rotor unit (1) and to the ring carrier element (2). The rotor vanes (3) are additionally pivoted on the bearing sections of the rotor unit (1) and on the ring carrier element (2) to enable rotations around their longitudinal axes, and to adjust them by control devices in the region of these bearing sections.

Abstract: A submarine power feeding branching device comprises a constant current-constant current converter which isolates an input side for a trunk submarine cable from an output side for a branch submarine cable. The converter receives a first constant current and produces a second constant current by using the first constant current. The second constant current is supplied to the output side while the first constant current is returned to the input side. Because the input side and the output side are isolated, it is easy to add/remove the device to/from a submarine power feeding system. Intensity of the second constant current can be controlled by controlling duty ratios of switches included in the converter. Thus, it is possible that the intensity of the second constant current is equal to that of the first constant current. Therefore, a submarine repeater can be provided along either the trunk cable or the branch cable.

Abstract: A method and a device for non-contact energy transmission from one or more medium-frequency current sources, whose medium frequencies may have deviations around fM, to one or more moving consumers via one or more transmission lines and from or via transformer heads, allocated to the moving consumers, having one or more downstream matching controllers for adjusting the power received from the transmission lines. The currents fed into a matching controller are brought together with the aid of a single switch, depending upon the power demand of the consumers connected to the matching controller. The switching frequency of the switch is selected as a fixed value from a 10%-wide tolerance band around 1/fM. The output voltages of a plurality of matching controllers are able to be parallel-connected via diodes for supplying a consumer.

Abstract: A power system provides for redundant input power sources. The power system includes a plurality of inputs that are connectable to a plurality of input sources and an OR circuit coupled to the source inputs. The OR circuit ORs the input sources to provide a source voltage. The power control circuit that is responsive to sufficient source voltage and other commands provides a working voltage to mid- and low-rail converters to provide supply voltages for use by a load.

Abstract: A device for hardening an Ethernet switch is disclosed. The device provides cooling for the switch, and, suppresses electrical transients and electromagnetic interference, which could affect the power supply, and data transmission of the Ethernet switch. Using this device, the Ethernet switch can be used in harsh industrial environments, such as those present in power utility substations. The Ethernet switch may comprise a dual stage isolated power supply. The dual stage isolated power supply has a first DC to DC converter for converting received power from the received voltage to an intermediate voltage. The intermediate voltage is then further converted to a voltage which can be used by the Ethernet switch. Each of the DC to DC converters also provide galvanic isolation and also transient suppression and electromagnetic interference filtering to decrease adverse electrical effects which may be inherent in the power received from an external source.

Abstract: A method of managing power resources for an electrical system of a vehicle may include identifying enabled power sources from among a plurality of power sources in electrical communication with the electrical system and calculating a threshold power value for the enabled power sources. A total power load placed on the electrical system by one or more power consumers may be measured. If the total power load exceeds the threshold power value, then a determination may be made as to whether one or more additional power sources is available from among the plurality of power sources. At least one of the one or more additional power sources may be enabled, if available.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-frequency matching network comprised of a primary switching circuit (1) provided with any type of capacitor (7) and with a variable capacitor (8), and of a high-frequency air-core coil (9). The high frequency matching network is also comprised of a secondary switching circuit (2) provided with any type of capacitor (5, 17), of a high-frequency air-core coil (6) and of at least one excitation electrode (3), whereby the switching circuits (1, 2) are interconnected via the inductive flux of the high-frequency air-core coils (6, 9), and the primary circuit (1) and secondary circuit (2) are additionally coupled in a capacitive manner.

Abstract: There is provided an output voltage control apparatus for a vehicular AC generator in which a generator output voltage including a ripple component can be made to more approach a reference voltage. The control apparatus includes a comparison circuit to compare a detection voltage including a ripple component with a reference voltage and to output an effective comparison output in each of low output sections in which the detection voltage is lower than the reference voltage by the ripple component, an on period counter to count up, in a count enable period set in each of the control periods, a count value while adding the count value in each of the low output sections based on the effective comparison output, and a memory circuit to store a final count value in the count enable period in each of the control periods.

Abstract: Energy-saving drive apparatus for DC loads including a blocking oscillator, an amplifier, an AC-DC-converter, a voltage comparator, a current comparator, and a signal feedback circuit. The DC power produced by all kinds of batteries pass through the blocking oscillator and the amplifier to obtain an amplified signal voltage that is then converted into DC voltage and current. Meanwhile, the voltage comparator and the current comparator are connected at an output terminal of the AC-DC-converter. The signal feedback circuit obtains a load signal voltage from the load. After a feedback operation, a comparison voltage and a comparison current are transmitted to the input terminal of the voltage comparator and the current comparator.

Abstract: A method for generating power including an energetic charge is activated to produce a shockwave, which is imparted at an effective velocity and temperature on a gas to ionize the gas for creating plasma and to drive the plasma. The plasma is impacted on an electrically conducting cable for conducting an electrical charge therethrough.

Abstract: A movable assembly used in a cylinder type linear motor is provided which can be manufactured at low cost without requiring a cutting process while preventing its magnetic characteristics from deteriorating. The movable core is constructed of a laminated yoke which is formed of a plurality of electromagnetic steel plates laminated in an axial direction of the first and second direct drive shafts. A plurality of permanent magnets 31 fixed to the laminated yoke 29 are arranged in such a manner that the polarity appearing on the outer surface of the two permanent magnet 31 opposing each other through the laminated yoke 29. The first and second direct drive shafts each have a yoke mounting portion and paired supported portions at both axial ends of the yoke mounting portion. The first and second direct drive shafts are so shaped that the cross section of the yoke mounting portion orthogonal to the axial direction is smaller than that of the supported portions.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a moving magnet type linear slider capable of minimizing the effect of microvibration at the time of driving a linear motor, easily increasing the servo gain and suppressing the speed ripple is provided. The moving magnet type linear slider includes a linear motor for reciprocating a table, and a detector for detecting the relative position of the table and a fixed base. The linear motor includes an armature in which polyphase armature winding is wound around the armature core secured to a fixed base and a field permanent magnet secured to the lower surface of the table in the vertical direction and arranged between the inner side surface of the linear guide and the outside surface of the armature via gaps therebetween. The detector includes a linear scale secured to the lower surface side of the table and a sensor head secured to the upper surface side of the armature, and the central axis of the detector is substantially aligned with the thrust central axis G-G of the armature.

Abstract: A power engine includes magnetic piston, electromagnetic winding, crankshaft, flywheel and voltage divider; the magnetic piston being adapted to a holder; a magnet being fixed to the piston; the winding being fixed to the holder; positive and negative currents being produced through the divider for the winding to attract and reject with that from the piston for the piston to engage in reciprocal motion for the crankshaft to output kinetics from the flywheel.

Abstract: An active vibration damping device having a solenoid actuator designed with a movable element positioned inserted into a guide hole of a stator having a yoke member is attached about a coil to form a stator-side magnetic path with the guide hole lying on its center axis, so that current passed through the coil creates actuating force in the axial direction between the stator and the movable element. A magnetic acting force stabilizing portion having a shape that gradually varies in association with axial displacement of the movable element an level of magnetic acting force between a movable element-side magnetic pole forming portion and a stator-side magnetic pole forming portion is disposed on the movable element-side magnetic pole forming portion where a magnetic pole is produced in the movable element and/or the stator-side magnetic pole forming portion where a magnetic pole is produced in the stator.

Abstract: Devices including a magnetostrictive transducer, an oscillating system and a tool for ultrasonic impact treatment of constructions, construction units and components of machines and mechanisms are disclosed. The invention provides high reliability of magnetostrictive transducers, oscillating systems and their components, tools and their parts affected by simultaneous action of static, dynamic and impact load on a work surface, high stability of characteristics and interchangeability thereof under conditions of small-scale, full-scale and mass production. The invention also includes design solutions with the use of new methods of the realization and manufacturing technique of the above.

Abstract: A stator is press fitted into a recess of a casing. The recess has a chamfered portion. The chamfered portion is arranged between an inlet opening end of the recess and a bottom of the recess in such a manner that a width of the recess is progressively increased along the chamfered portion from a bottom side toward an inlet opening end side of the recess. The chamfered portion has a plurality of slant surfaces, which are arranged one after another in the press fitting direction of the stator. Angles of the plurality of slant surfaces with respect to the press fitting direction of the stator decrease from the inlet opening end side of the recess toward the bottom side of the recess.

Abstract: A simple construction causes a spindle motor rotor to be eccentric in a pickup moving direction and improves axial run-out caused by clearance between a rotating shaft and a bearing. A magnetic cap is attached to an end of a bearing of a spindle motor so as to cover an end face. A ceiling of the magnetic cap is an annular magnetic material in which a lid and opposing face protruding therefrom are continuous, and the opposing face works with an annular magnet attached to the rotor to generate an attraction force that causes the rotor to be eccentric. The opposing face is formed so as to be linearly symmetrical with respect to the axis line, which is the pickup movement line.

Abstract: A motorized reduction gear intended for functional equipment of a vehicle includes a rotor having with a rotor shaft bearing a commutator, a reduction gearbox containing a gearwheel engaged with a worm belonging to the shaft, and a magnetic ring attached to the commutator and mounted on the shaft to count the number of shaft rotations. The ring can be attached to the commutator in various ways, for example by overmolding the ring on the body such that the ring lies over virtually the entire length of the body. Hooks that retain the electrical connection of the rotor are attached to the magnetic ring. The attachment of the ring directly on the commutator, of which the ring forms an integral part, makes it possible to ensure reliable and lasting retention of the ring.

Abstract: A magnetic bearing system for a rotating machine is disclosed. The magnetic bearing system provides a non-contacting radial rigid support for the rotating machine by employing two magnetic assemblies each being formed by stacked annular magnets. The magnetic assemblies are mounted separately on a shaft of the rotating machine and a shaft hole provided on the stator seat of the rotating machine for containing the shaft.

Abstract: A frame unit provided in a compressor and a method of manufacturing the frame unit with improved productivity. The frame unit is secured between a cylinder block and a stator of the compressor and is adapted to rotatably support a rotary shaft press fitted in a rotor located inside the stator.

Abstract: A motor (1) has a stator (2) and a rotor (10) mounted for rotation in the stator. A commutating salient pole (11) of the stator as a winding (7), and a field-producing salient pole (12) has a winding (8). The rotor has at least two salient poles (10a, b). An outer back-iron (13) magnetically joins bases of said stator poles. An inner back-iron (14) extends from the field pole around the rotor to such an extent that a substantial amount of the magnetic field in the rotor between its poles is short-circuited by the inner back-iron, at least for a part of its rotation. An electrical circuit powers the windings to drivingly rotate the rotor.

Abstract: An electric motor having a plurality of rotor and stator poles, the poles of one element being alternately polarized and neutralized due to the use of direct current and alternating current windings on each pole. The poles of like current are connected in series, and the direct current poles are energized in synchronization with the alternating current poles.

Abstract: There is provided a permanent magnet rotary motor in which manufacture of a stator core is facilitated. The permanent magnet rotary motor includes P rotor magnetic pole sections and N slots. In this permanent magnet rotary motor, a least common multiple LCM (P, N) is set to be different from a least common multiple LCM (P/2, N), and an exciting winding is wound on each of N stator magnetic pole sections arranged in a peripheral direction so that a 120° current phase difference is obtained. N/2 divided cores 13A, 13C, 13E, 13G, 13I, and 13K of a first divided core group and N/2 divided cores 13B, 13D, 13F, 13H, 13J, and 13L of a second divided core group constitute a stator core 2.

Abstract: An electromagnetic retarder system is disclosed. In one embodiment, the retarder system comprises: a shaft; a coil statically disposed on the shaft and having a hollow cylindrical shape; a yoke statically disposed on the shaft, the yoke having a first cylindrical surface and a second cylindrical surface, the second cylindrical surface disposed coaxial with said coil; at least one claw pole rotor mounted on the shaft, the at least one claw pole rotor formed of magnetic half wheels that taper into claws; and an induction drum disposed coaxial with the shaft and mounted so as to encompass the coil, the yoke and the at least one rotor.

Abstract: An oscillator is oscillatable in a predetermined direction. First and second driving electrodes are secured to the base and apply an electrostatic force to the oscillator to make drive oscillation of the oscillator in the predetermined direction. At the time of the drive oscillation of the oscillator, a predetermined electric charge is accumulated in the oscillator, and electric charges of opposite polarities are alternately and periodically accumulated in the first and second driving electrodes, respectively, to exert an attractive force between the oscillator and a corresponding one of the first and second driving electrodes and also to exert a repulsive force between the oscillator and the other one of the first and second driving electrodes, and vice versa.

Abstract: A piezoelectric thin-film resonator includes a first excitation electrode and a second excitation electrode, the first excitation electrode being disposed opposite the second excitation electrode; a piezoelectric thin film disposed between the first excitation electrode and the second excitation electrode; and a substrate supporting the first excitation electrode, the substrate being composed of a LiTaO3 single crystal or a LiNbO3 single crystal, the first excitation electrode including an acoustic reflecting layer, the acoustic reflecting layer containing (a) at least one epitaxially grown first sublayer being composed of a conducting material and having a relatively high acoustic impedance; and (b) at least one epitaxially grown second sublayer being composed of another conducting material and having a relatively low acoustic impedance.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator has a multilayered structure of piezoelectric layers with inner electrodes interspersed between them and a contacting of the inner electrodes on alternating sides by means of outer electrodes that can supply an electrical voltage. The respective outer electrodes are attached in a net-like, mesh-like, or screen-like fashion and contacts the respective inner electrodes at least at points in the corner region of the piezoelectric actuator, wherein the outer electrode is guided around the respective corner in a predetermined region extends in the direction of the multilayered structure of piezoelectric layers, and is provided with a terminal there.

Abstract: A piezoelectric transducer for an ultrasonic scan is provided. The transducer includes a plurality of piezoelectric members arrayed. The plurality of piezoelectric members have different compositions parts in a slice direction so that an ultrasonic beam is focused in the slice direction.

Abstract: A combination transducer and water-blocking film for acoustic signaling through ambient water. The water-blocking film has an etched fluoropolymer film and adjacent bonding film interposed between the transducer and the water. Potting material extends adjacent to and is bonded to both sides of the water-blocking film. The film and potting material create an acoustic window. The etched fluoropolymer film is approximately one to two thousandths inch thick and the bonding film is approximately one thousandths inch thick, and the potting material is a polyurethane matrix.

Abstract: The structure provided with a plurality of substrates of the present invention is provided with a plurality of substrates each provided with chip-shaped circuit devices connected by poles also used as electrical wiring. At least one pole connecting the plurality of substrates is also used as one of the circuit devices. Simultaneously, the circuit devices also used as poles are mounted on each substrate in a standing posture.

Abstract: A multilayer ceramic device includes an external electrode disposed on a piezoelectric ceramic body including internal electrodes. The external electrode is a sintered body in which an Ag grid is integrally embedded in a coating film primarily composed of Ag. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a multilayer ceramic device having outstanding properties, such as durability and moisture resistance, without leading to poor electrical continuity and a decrease in conductivity even when a continuous operation is performed for a prolonged period of time.

Abstract: To provide an electron-emitting device, an electron source, an image-forming apparatus, and a method for manufacturing the electron-emitting device whereby it is possible to reduce a device capacity and a driving voltage, to improve the efficiency of emitting electrons, and to obtain high-resolution beam. The extracting electrode and the cathode electrode are provided on an insulating substrate, a layer having growth selectivity of fibrous carbon is formed on the cathode electrode, and the fibrous carbon is grown via catalyst particles formed on the layer.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to enhance a converging property of an electron beam in an electron-emitting device in which a cathode electrode, an insulating layer, and a gate electrode are laminated and a through hole is formed by partially removing the gate electrode so as to obtain an exposed portion of the cathode electrode. In such an,electron-emitting device in which the cathode electrode, the insulating layer, and the gate electrode are laminated and the through hole is formed by partially removing the gate electrode so as to obtain the exposed portion of the cathode electrode, only a central region of the electron-emitting layer on the cathode electrode is connected to the cathode electrode. With this structure, it becomes possible to generate an electron beam only from the central region of the electron-emitting layer connected to the cathode electrode and to realize an electron-emitting device having a small beam diameter and a high-definition image-forming apparatus.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for improving the field emission of an electron field emitter comprised of an acicular emitting substance such as acicular carbon, an acicular semiconductor, an acicular metal or a mixture thereof, comprising applying a force to the surface of the electron field emitter wherein the force results in the removal of a portion of the electron field emitter thereby forming a new surface of the electron field emitter.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron emitting device comprising: a pair of conductors opposed to each other on a substrate; and a pair of deposition films having carbon as a main component which are respectively connected to the pair of conductors and disposed with a gap therebetween. The deposition film contains sulfur in a range of not less than 1 mol % and not more than 5 mol % as a ratio to carbon.

Abstract: An energy converter according to the present invention includes a filament 11 for converting given energy into electromagnetic waves and radiating the waves, and a radiation suppressing portion for suppressing some of the electromagnetic waves (e.g., infrared rays), which have been radiated from the filament 11 and of which the wavelengths exceed a predetermined value. The radiation suppressing portion has a bundle 12 of fine wires 12a, of which the axial direction is aligned with a direction in which the electromagnetic waves propagate with their radiations suppressed.

Abstract: A cathode in an indirectly heated cathode ion source is supported by at least one rod or pin. The cathode is preferably in the form of a disk, and the support rod is smaller in diameter than the disk to limit thermal conduction and radiation. In one embodiment, the cathode is supported by a single rod at or near its center. The support rod may be held by a spring-action clamp for simple and reliable clamping and unclamping. The disk shaped cathode and the support rod may be fabricated as a single piece. A filament that emits electrons thermionically may be disposed around the rod in close proximity to the cathode.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) pillaged display device, comprising: a) a substrate having a substrate thickness; b) an array of pixels comprising one or more OLED light-emitting elements, each light emitting element having a first electrode formed over the substrate, one or more layers of organic light-emitting material formed over the first electrode, and a second electrode formed over the layer(s) of organic light-emitting material to define a light-emitting area; the array of pixels having a characteristic spacing between neighboring pixels in the array, wherein the characteristic spacing is the maximum distance between corresponding points in neighboring pixels in an array dimension; c) a cover located over the substrate having a cover thickness; and d) a scattering layer located between the substrate and the cover; wherein light from the OLED light-emitting elements is emitted either through at least one of the substrate or the cover, and wherein the thickness of either the substrate or the cover

Abstract: The present invention is in the field of plasma display panel filters, and more specifically the present invention is in the field of multiple layer plasma display panel filters having a PVB layer. Also included are methods of filtering plasma display panel radiation and plasma display panel devices utilizing plasma display panel filters of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasma display panel, and more particularly, to a plasma display panel and fabricating method thereof, by which brightness thereof is enhanced. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a plasma display panel includes a front substrate, a rear substrate confronting the front substrate, a pair of sustain electrodes formed parallel to each other on a confronting surface of the front substrate, a dielectric layer covering the confronting surface of the front substrate and a pair of the sustain electrodes, and a protective layer coated on the dielectric layer, wherein if the dielectric layer and the protective layer configure a functional layer, at least one or more trenches are formed in the functional layer. By the present invention, a discharge space having a high electric field concentrated thereon on discharge expands to increase ultraviolet ray density intensity, whereby more phosphor can be excited to raise brightness.

Abstract: A discharge light having a light emitting tube (1) encapsulates a discharging medium, an inner electrode (2) disposed in the light emitting tube, and an outer electrode unit (4) fixed to the outside of the light emitting tube. The outer electrode unit has at least a plurality of outer electrodes (4b) arranged intermittently in the axial direction of the tube and having a part abutting on the outer wall face of the light emitting tube, and a part (4c) engaging with the light emitting tube while coupling the outer electrodes thereof integrally, wherein the engaging part clamps the light emitting tube at a part thereof thus holding the outer electrode unit around the light emitting tube. The light emitting tube is lighted by applying a voltage between the inner electrode and the outer electrode. The outer electrode can be fixed readily to the light emitting tube and the plurality of outer electrodes can be held against the light emitting tube with high accuracy.

Abstract: A lamp—suitable for use within a projector or other high-light output application—includes an ultra high pressure bulb. An extension from the bulb defines a start-up bubble. A conductor is carried by the extension of the ultra high pressure bulb, generally enclosing the start-up bubble, thereby exciting gas contained within the start-up bubble. A header defines a socket within which the extension and the conductor are carried.

Abstract: Low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp has an at least partly substantially cylindrical discharge vessel (10) with a length Ldv and with an internal diameter Din. The discharge vessel (10) encloses, in a gastight manner, a discharge space (13) provided with a inert gas mixture and with mercury. The discharge vessel (10) comprises discharge means (electrodes 20a; 20b) for maintaining a discharge in the discharge space (13). According to the invention, the ratio of the weight of mercury mHg in the discharge vessel (10) to the product of the internal diameterDin and the length of the discharge vessel Ldv is given by the relation: wherein C (0.01 (g/mm2. Preferably, 0.0005 (C(0.005(g/mm2. Preferably, the discharge vessel (10) contains less than 0.1 mg mercury. The discharge lamp according to the invention operates under unsaturated mercury conditions.

Abstract: A decorative lighting system for a vehicle comprises a microprocessor controller; an integrated circuit having the microcontroller connected therein and connectable to a power source; a plurality of light-emitting diodes connected in the circuit; a housing hermetically enclosing the microcontroller, integrated circuit, and plurality of light-emitting diodes, the housing including one or more layers of resin material containing a fluorescent compound responsive to light selected from ultraviolet, near ultraviolet and combinations thereof; and an adhesive connector positioned on an exterior surface of the decorative light. The plurality of light-emitting diodes is capable of generating light containing one or more visible wavelengths, ultraviolet light, near ultraviolet light and combinations thereof responsive to a control signal from the microcontroller.

Abstract: The embodiment disclosed herein relates to a lighting system that includes an auxiliary lighting circuit for use with an electronic HID ballast. The lighting system comprises a power supply configured to provide power to a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp via an electronic ballast and a ballast power sensing component configured to determine the amount of power drawn by the electronic ballast and to convert this power drawn by the electronic ballast to a scaled voltage that is representative of the power drawn by an HID ballast. A lamp driver component is configured to provide power to an auxiliary lamp via the same power supply when the scaled voltage reaches a triggering threshold. A voltage regulation component is configured to regulate the power delivered to the auxiliary lamp such that the auxiliary lamp power stays within a predefined range.

Abstract: The reliability of an EL element is enhanced while the increase of the electric power consumption is suppressed. It becomes possible that in a SES drive, the reverse bias is applied to the EL element driven at a constant electric current. Moreover, the application of the reverse bias is performed by varying only the counter electrode, and thus withstand voltage of TFT and the increase of the electric power consumption due to the increase of voltage of the gate signal line drive circuit, which becomes a problem when changing greatly the electric current supplying line, can be suppressed. Furthermore, the reduction of the electric power consumption can also be achieved while the enhancement of the reliability is secured by making the reverse bias smaller than the forward bias.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for an amplifier for use with a nonlinear load. In one embodiment, a method is provided for driving a flash lamp. The method comprises providing an amplifier having a resonant reset topology, coupling an output of the amplifier to the flash lamp to provide a pulsed power output to the flash lamp, and driving the amplifier with a controller to provide a pulse width modulation output to the flash lamp. The pulsed output from the amplifier has a period selected to prevent a streamer of said flash lamp from extinguishing during an active use.

Abstract: An improved decorative light string circuit comprises full bridge rectification located in or downstream of the front plug, wherein the rectification circuit contains one or more voltage reducing and/or filtering elements in order to reduce or limit LED drive current and reduce (filter) DC ripple and 1 or 2 LED series sets. Additional rectification circuits and LED series sets can be added in parallel to the first in “stacked mode”, with each rectification circuit and LED series set electrically independent of prior and subsequent circuits. This eliminates the rectifying diode current summation load restrictions imposed by prior art and associated safety hazard due to diode overheating.