Abstract: In an investment casting process, a composite core is formed as a combination of ceramic casting core element and a non-ceramic casting core element. The core is heated in an oxidative atmosphere and then heated in a non-oxidative atmosphere.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed in which ultrasonic vibration is used to assist the degassing of molten metals or metal alloys thereby reducing gas content in the molten metals or alloys. High-intensity ultrasonic vibration is applied to a radiator that creates cavitation bubbles, induces acoustic streaming in the melt, and breaks up purge gas (e.g., argon or nitrogen) which is intentionally introduced in a small amount into the melt in order to collect the cavitation bubbles and to make the cavitation bubbles survive in the melt. The molten metal or alloy in one version of the invention is an aluminum alloy. The ultrasonic vibrations create cavitation bubbles and break up the large purge gas bubbles into small bubbles and disperse the bubbles in the molten metal or alloy more uniformly, resulting in a fast and clean degassing.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a part includes the steps of forming a core in a ceramic material, inserting the core into in a wax mould, placing an element on the core thereby forming a spacer between the core and an internal wall of the wax mould, forming a wax model of the part with the core by injecting wax into the mould, forming a shell mould in ceramic material from the wax model, removing the wax, and pouring casting metal into the shell mould, wherein the element is of elongated form and placed on the core in a laying position.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an improved refrigerant based heat exchange system useful in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. The refrigerant based heat exchange system detects the presence of a passive heat pipe phenomenon in the refrigeration circuit and responds by either temporarily shutting off the flow of refrigerant in the circuit, or by temporarily removing the evaporator coil of the air conditioning portion of the system from the path of a forced air flow.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiator attachable to another radiator. The radiator includes a fin, a plurality of bent edges, a plurality of slots, a plurality of buckles and a plurality of lugs. The bent edges extend from the fin. The slots are defined in the fin, and each of them is located near a related one of the bent edges. Each of the buckles is formed within a related one of the slots, and includes a first section that can be pivoted without suffering damages and a second section extending from the first section at an angle. Each of the lugs includes a first section extending from a related one of the bent edges and a second section extending from the first section and defining an aperture for receiving the second section of a related one of the buckles of the other radiator.

Abstract: A shell tube and heat exchanger (10) includes a plurality of tubes surrounded by a shell (16). Each tube (12) includes a plurality of indentations. A mold is placed in a desired positions and orientation in a die. A tube is placed in a first position within a die, and the mold crimps the tube to form the desired indentation in the tube. The mold is then released, and the tube is moved relative to the mold to a second position. The mold again crimps the tube to form an additional indentation. Alternately, the mold includes a roller that forms a groove on the tube. The tube is translated or both translated and rotated relative to the mold to form the groove.

Abstract: An evaporator has tubes, and evaporates working fluid therein by heat of exhaust gas. A condenser emits heat of the working fluid toward coolant so as to condense the working fluid, and returns the condensed working fluid to the evaporator. A fin for increasing an area for transmitting heat is disposed between the tubes, and is connected to the tubes. The fin has an operation force reducing part for reducing an operation force applied to the fin in accordance with a thermal expansion difference between the tubes. The operation force reducing part is disposed at a midpoint of the fin between the tubes.

Abstract: A heat pipe (10) includes a hollow metal casing (110). The casing has an evaporating section (120) and a condensing section (160) at opposing ends thereof, and an adiabatic section (140) located between the evaporating section and the condensing section. A capillary wick structure (130) is arranged at an inner surface of the hollow metal casing. A vapor channel (150) is defined along an axial direction of the heat pipe and surrounded by the capillary wick structure. The vapor channel includes a nozzle (154) defined at a boundary between the evaporating section and the adiabatic section, wherein the nozzle has a cross section which gradually reduces towards the condensing section.

Abstract: Handle arrangements having an integrated heat pipe for use with a portable electronic device are presented including: a heat pipe, the heat pipe configured with a heat receiving portion, a heat conducting portion, and a heat dissipating portion; a handle disposed along an edge of the portable electronic device, the handle including a handle surface configured to enclose at least the heat dissipating portion, wherein the handle surface is vented to allow air flow across at least the heat dissipating portion; an attachment housing for attaching the handle with the portable electronic device, the attachment housing configured to enclose the heat conducting portion; and a processing unit having a contact surface, the contact surface in thermal communication with the heat receiving portion wherein the portable electronic device is configured to enclose the heat receiving portion.

Abstract: A cooling system is used to cool heat generating devices within a personal computer. The cooling system has a first fluid loop and an expandable array of one or more second fluid loops. For each of the second fluid loops, heat generating devices transfer heat to fluid flowing through corresponding heat exchanging devices in the loop. Heat is transferred from the fluid in each second fluid loop to a thermal bus of the first fluid loop via a thermal interface. The second fluid loop can be a pumped fluid loop or can include a heat pipe. Within the first fluid loop, a fluid is continuously pumped from the thermal bus to a fluid-to-air heat exchanging system and back to the thermal bus. Heat transferred to the thermal bus from the first fluid loop is transferred to the fluid in the second fluid loop passing through the thermal bus. The heated fluid is pumped through the fluid-to-air heat exchanging system where the heat is transferred from the fluid to the ambient.

Abstract: An air flow diversion device for dissipating heat from electronic components, including: an air flow diversion member of predetermined height, wherein two or more left and right airway holes are defined in left and right side walls of the flow diversion member respectively, and a rear side of the flow diversion member is an open space, a connecting portion having a connecting hole is configured on the air flow diversion member, and the connecting portion can be fixedly bolted to a circuit board. An airflow is caused to follow a specific direction and diverted through the left and right airway holes into the open space, thereby enabling a relatively large amount of airflow having relatively high velocity to blow against circumferential surfaces of specific electronic components, thus achieving an efficient reduction in the working temperature of the specific electronic components.

Abstract: A military electronic apparatus is used to prevent detection of a thermal detection signal The military electronic apparatus comprises an electronic device, a heat insulation element and an anti-detection element. Heat energy is generated by the electronic device while operating. The heat insulation element is disposed on a surface of the electronic device for insulating the heat energy generated by the electronic device. The anti-detection element is disposed on a surface of the heat insulation element for absorbing the thermal detection signal.

Abstract: The subject invention pertains to a method and apparatus for heating exchanging. In various embodiments, the application of coating, plating, soldering, and brazing technologies can be used to create high performance heat exchangers. Specific embodiments of the subject heat exchanger can be lightweight and resistant or impervious to oxidation and/or corrosion. Specific embodiments of the subject heat exchanger can be highly manufacturable. Embodiments of the subject invention are directed to a heat exchanger that includes primarily, but not necessarily entirely, components or assemblies that are made from aluminum and/or aluminum alloys, and are coated or plated with a more oxidation and/or corrosion resistant metal. The coated or plated aluminum components or assemblies can be specifically resistant to corrosion or oxidation in the presence of water or water based solutions and mixtures.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating highly corrosive agents comprises a tube bundle (14) heat exchanger (10), structured to carry out a heat exchange between two fluids one of which is highly corrosive and flowing inside of said tube bundle (14).

Abstract: A heat transferring member has a base wall including a base portion and angled portions. The angled portions extend from opposite sides of the base portion with respect to a flow direction of a fluid. The angled portions are provided by portions that are cut out from the base wall on opposite sides of the base portion and bent relative to the base wall.

Abstract: An evaporator for use in a refrigeration system, the evaporator having a shell defining an interior volume enclosing a tube bundle comprising a plurality of elongate tubes, a water inlet in fluid communication with a first end of the of the tube bundle for directing water to the first end of the tube bundle and a water outlet in fluid communication with a second end of the tube bundle for passing water received from the second end of the tube bundle out from the interior volume, includes a plurality of fluid deflectors in fluid communication with a refrigerant inlet for promoting mixing of incoming refrigerant in various states and distributing such mixed refrigerant generally evenly throughout the interior volume. A method of forming an evaporator is further included.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided. The heat exchanger includes a stack assembly with a plurality of plates and a plurality of frames arranged in an alternating stacked relationship with the plates along a predetermined direction. Each of the plates has a plurality of first openings and each of the frames has a plurality of second openings. A plurality of first and second fluid channels extends through the stack assembly along the predetermined direction and through the plurality of first and second openings. A first fluid flow path includes a first inlet channel in fluid communication with the plurality of first fluid channels, and a first outlet channel in fluid communication with the plurality of second fluid channels. A second fluid flow path is in thermal contact with the first fluid flow path and fluidically isolated from the first fluid flow path.

Abstract: A header plate (20) is provided for receiving the flattened tubes (14) of a heat exchanger. The header plate (20) includes a plurality of tube receiving openings (26), with each of the openings being surrounded by a flange or collar (28) that extends from a base wall (24) of the header plate (20) towards the heat exchanger core (12) to surround the exterior cross section of the associated tube (14). Each of the flanges (28) is shaped to conform to the exterior of the associated tube (14), and a blend radius R is provided at the interface between the base wall (24) and the flange (28). The blend radius R has a size that increases from a radius R1 central to the length of a long side wall (30) of the flange (28) to a radius R2 central to the length of a short side wall (32) of the flange (28).

Abstract: A heat exchanger, bent flat tube and method for bending of flat tubes for heat exchangers. The flat tube is initially formed as a straight flat tube and is bent in its central portion about a side end by an angle of about 180°. In bending the flat tube, the overall cross-sectional area and height of the flat tube is maintained in the bent central portion. Additionally, the top and bottoms side walls of the flat tube are maintained planar and parallel with one another. When provided in a heat exchanger with other bent flat tubes, fins are located between adjacent flat tubes and are provided in the curved central portion. The bent flat tubes also connect to a header located on one side of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A heat conducting medium protection device is provided. At least one cutout is formed in a sheet, and the sheet is bent to closely engage the cutouts so as to transform the sheet into a three-dimensional shape and form an accommodating space. When the heat conducting medium protection device is covered on a heat sink coated with a heat conducting medium, the accommodating space accommodates the heat conducting medium for holding the heat conducting medium, thereby making it easy to transmit the heat sink coated with a heat conducting medium.

Abstract: A heat transfer device including a sealed container, a base layer, formed on the bottom face of the container, and a wick is provided. The wick has a plurality of projections protruding upward from the base layer. A fluid is encapsulated in the container. The heat transfer device further includes a guide unit arranged on an inner face of the container, which guides the liquid to the wick.

Abstract: An energy efficient heating and cooling system is defined by a closed loop coil system of conduit in which the tubing through which fluid flows is located to the interior of the structure, preferably above the winter-heated space and below an insulated roof or in a multi-level building floor, so that heat rising to the ceiling may be recovered in a geothermal heat pump. The structure source loop may be combined with an optional ground source loop. A furnace controls the flow of heated air into the structure and supplies supplemental heat and the system is under the control of a microprocessor.

Abstract: A cooling device includes a base having cells. A pipe is coupled to the base for each of the cells. The pipes include passages that carry fluid toward the cell and away from the cell. A magnetohydrodynamic pump system coupled to the pipe circulates an electrically conductive cooling fluid within the passages and the cell. An orifice may emits jets of fluid into the cells. A controller coupled to the cooling device may independently control flow rates in two or more cells of the cooling device. The controller may receive information from the temperature sensors on the base of the cooling device for use in controlling the flow rates in the cells.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for estimating a fluid driven fracture volume during hydraulic fracturing treatment of a ground formation. A series of tiltmeters are positioned at spaced apart tiltmeter stations at which tilt changes due to the hydraulic fracturing treatment are measurable by those tiltmeters. Tilt measurements obtained from the tiltmeters at progressive times during the fracture treatment are analysed to produce estimates of the fluid driven fracture volume at each of those times as the treatment is in progress. The analysis may be performed sufficiently rapidly to provide real time estimates of the fluid driven fracture volume and may also produce estimates of fracture orientation. The estimates of fracture volume may be compared with the volume of fluid injected to derive an indication of treatment efficiency.

Abstract: A cup tool for use with a high-pressure mandrel of a wellhead isolation tool has a three-part packoff assembly that slides over a cup tool tube from an unset position to a set position. The three-part pack off assembly includes an elastomeric cup, a rigid alignment ring located above the elastomeric cup and an elastomeric packoff element located above the rigid alignment ring. The rigid alignment ring helps ensure that the elastomeric cup remains correctly aligned in a casing or tubing that is not straight, is out of round or is washed, and helps ensure that the elastomeric packoff achieves a high-pressure seal in the set position, even under adverse downhole conditions.

Abstract: A novel design for the connection of lengths of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) casing. Each length of casing has a male end and a female end. The female end has a narrowing interior diameter with its wider interior diameter at its outermost end sufficient to receive the male end of similar length of casing for connection. The diameter of the female end narrows to a diameter which is less than the outer diameter of the male end. The male end has a lip at its leading edge and is slotted and compressible when forced through the narrowed diameter of the female end. A groove in the interior surface of the female end is sufficient to receive the lip at the leading edge of the male end. When the lip at the leading edge of the male end reaches the groove, it allows the compressed male end to expand with the groove receiving the lip therein. The connected lengths of casing are locked together in this manner.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for sensing a characteristic of a borehole. An exemplary apparatus includes a conductive pipe; an inlet, connected to the conductive pipe, for applying pulse to the conductive pipe; a resonant network device connected with the conductive pipe; and a transducer which is in operative communication with the resonant network device to measure a borehole characteristic, the transducer being configured to sense a modulated vibration frequency induced in the resonant network device when a pulse is applied to the inlet.

Abstract: A gravel pack service tool is lowered into a well. At least one sensor proximate a well region to be gravel packed measures at least one characteristic of the well, where the measuring is performed during a gravel pack operation by the gravel pack service tool. The gravel pack service tool is removed from the well after the gravel pack operation.

Abstract: A pressure communication assembly external to casing with various forms of connectivity to a pressure source. A well system includes a casing string positioned in the well, with a bore extending longitudinally through the casing string; a chamber attached to the casing string and positioned external to the casing string bore; and a device which provides fluid communication between an interior of the chamber and a pressure source external to the casing. A method of monitoring pressure in a well includes the steps of: installing a casing string in the well with a chamber positioned external to a through bore of the casing string, and the chamber being isolated from the well external to the casing string; and then actuating a device to thereby provide fluid communication between the chamber and the well external to the casing string.

Abstract: Methods and systems for enhancing oil recovery are disclosed. A method for enhancing oil recovery in a formation includes placing a catalyst in a wellbore; and introducing an oxidizing agent into the wellbore to contact the catalyst such that a hydrocarbon in the formation is oxidized to produce heat and at least one gas. A system for enhancing oil recovery in a reservoir formation includes a catalyst arranged within a well adjacent the reservoir formation; and an oxidizing agent for engaging the catalyst, the oxidizing agent adapted to generate heat and at least one gas when engaging the catalyst and oxidizing a hydrocarbon. The oxidizing agent may be air or oxygen. The catalyst may be one selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, lead, manganese, nickel and metal oxides thereof. Further, the catalyst may be in the form of nanoparticles.

Abstract: A water-based drilling fluid containing Mn3O4 has been found to be effective in providing petroleum reservoirs with the ability to flow naturally and achieve a return permeability of 90% or greater without the need for acidizing treatments.

Abstract: Disclosed are acid fracturing methods for subterranean siliceous formations employing a viscous dissolving fluid to create a permeable conduit that bypasses the near wellbore damage. The viscous dissolving fluids used according to the invention are acid-fracturing treatment fluids containing a dissolving agent viscosified with a material such as a viscoelastic surfactant, and the fluid is injected into a sandstone formation at a pressure sufficient to create a hydraulic fracture. Also, the viscous dissolving fluid leaks off into the faces of the fracture thus “stimulating” the formation. Hence when the hydraulic fracture has closed there is a part of the formation that has been effectively stimulated, creating a pathway for fluids to preferentially flow to the wellbore. The formation may then be flowed back to produce a substantial volume of the treatment fluid.

Abstract: In one embodiment, provided is a method of fracturing a portion of a subterranean formation that comprises providing a viscosified treatment fluid comprising a single salt aqueous fluid having a density of greater than 9 pounds per gallon and a crosslinked viscosifying agent, and contacting the portion of the subterranean formation with a viscosified treatment fluid so as to create or enhance one or more fractures therein, wherein the viscosified treatment fluid is introduced into a well bore that penetrates the portion of the subterranean formation to be fractured at a surface pressure of less than about 25,000 pounds per square inch. In other embodiments, provided are methods of frac packing a subterranean formation and methods of reducing a surface pressure needed to create one or more fractures in a portion of a subterranean formation.

Abstract: A settable and unsettable seal arrangement includes a metal-to-metal seal element; a setting/releasing sleeve in operable communication with the seal element; a retraction ring fixedly attached to the setting/releasing sleeve; a load preservation and unsetting sleeve fixedly attached to the seal element; and a resilient member operably disposed between the setting/releasing sleeve and the load preservation and unsetting sleeve and method for setting and unsetting.

Abstract: A cement retarder system for use in underground wells included a borate compound, an organophosphonate salt, and a copolymer formed from AMPS and a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, acrylamide and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method of cooling a downhole tool. A first step involves providing a cooling chamber in the downhole tool. The cooling chamber is positioned in proximity to components to be cooled. A second step involves ports through defining walls of the downhole tool. The ports must be adapted to allow liquids from a well bore, in which the downhole tool is positioned, to communicate with the cooling chamber. A third step involves providing means to circulate liquids from the well bore in through the ports into the cooling chamber and out through the ports back into the well bore, such that the liquids in the cooling chamber are continually being replaced. A heat exchange takes place between the liquids in the cooling chamber and the components to be cooled. The liquids are continually being replaced dissipating heat into the well bore.

Abstract: A well packer assembly with an annular fluid bypass and a check valve. The well packer assembly has an upper packer apparatus and a lower packer apparatus with a stimulation port therebetween. An annular fluid bypass in the upper packer apparatus communicates the well annulus from above packer elements on the upper packer apparatus to below the packer elements. The well fluid circulated through the fluid bypass is discharged into the well annulus below the packer elements on the upper packer apparatus to circulate stimulation fluid through the stimulation port and upwardly through the upper packer apparatus and the tubing used to lower the upper packer apparatus into the well.

Abstract: A subsea production system on a sea floor has a pump flowline jumper with a straight intermediate portion and two end portions. Each end portion has a connector for ROV assisted connection between production units. A submersible pump assembly is mounted in the straight portion of the flowline jumper and is lowered along with the flowline jumper into engagement with the production receptacles. The pump assembly boosts pressure of fluid flowing from one of the receptacles to the other. A gas separator may be mounted in the same flowline jumper or in a separate flowline jumper.

Abstract: A progressing cavity pump is located within a well and has a gas separator for separating gas before reaching the pump. The pump has a rotor that is driven by a string of rods extending to the surface. A drive shaft for the gas separator is coupled to the rotor during pumping operation both for axial as well as rotational movement. The rotor assembly, when lowered through the tubing, stabs into engagement with the drive shaft of the gas separator in one version. In another version, the gas separator drive shaft is lowered through the tubing with the rotor and stabs into a hub sleeve in the gas separator.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to producing fluid from an oil or gas well by means of a combination intermittently filled down hole chamber accumulation device and a connected upper continuous gas lift flow system, separated by an inline one-way reverse flow check valve. A two-way purge and vent valve controls the distribution of high pressure gas. The two-way valve first injects high pressure gas into the chamber accumulation device to displace the fluid from the chamber into the continuous flow conduit. The two-way valve then vents the residual high pressure gas from the chamber into a separate low pressure conduit to the surface. The valve also provides high pressure gas to the continuous flow conduit to assist in the production of the fluid.

Abstract: A mechanism and method for connecting ends of coiled tubing for insertion and use in a well bore of a gas or oil well. The mechanism and method requires only a sleeve for insertion into the ends of the coiled tubing to be connected and a roll forming operation to produce mating circumferential grooves in the sleeve and coiled tubing surface to achieve the desired connection.

Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for remotely actuating a downhole tool. In one aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for activating a downhole tool in a wellbore, the downhole tool having an actuated and unactuated positions. The apparatus includes an actuator for operating the downhole tool between the actuated and unactuated positions; a controller for activating the actuator; and a sensor for detecting a condition in the wellbore, wherein the detected condition is transmitted to the controller, thereby causing the actuator to operate the downhole tool. In one embodiment, conditions in the wellbore are generated at the surface, which is later detected downhole. These conditions include changes in pressure, temperature, vibration, or flow rate. In another embodiment, a fiber optic signal may be transmitted downhole to the sensor. In another embodiment still, a radio frequency tag is dropped into the wellbore for detection by the sensor.

Abstract: A fire extinguishing assembly includes an ignition unit and an aerosol generating unit. The ignition unit in one embodiment comprises a spring loaded piston that is held under spring tension by a formed eutectic, which deforms at a predetermined temperature. When such temperature is reached, the piston is released, and strikes a primer to ignite a desired pyrotechnic in the aerosol generating unit. In one embodiment, the piston strikes a primer, which ignites an ignition mix, which further ignites the pyrotechnic. The ignition mix may be formed of the same material as the pyrotechnic. The ignition unit may be releasably engaged with the aerosol generating unit that contains the pyrotechnic. In one embodiment, it is formed with threads for mating with threads on the canister.

Abstract: A linkage positioning system for a machine is disclosed. The linkage positioning system has a lock pin, a linkage member having a plurality of holes configured to receive the lock pin, an actuator configured to selectively extend and retract the lock pin, and a control module in communication with the actuator. The control module is configured to receive a request for lock pin engagement with the linkage member, and retract the lock pin from a first of the plurality of holes in the linkage member. The control module is also configured to move the linkage member to align a second of the plurality of holes with the lock pin, and extend the lock pin into the second of the plurality of holes.

Abstract: A road grader comprising an elongated grader blade adapted to be pushed by a vehicle such as a bulldozer and having mutually parallel side members attached to the lateral ends of the blade perpendicularly to the blade's longitudinal axis, each of said side members comprising a pair of spaced apart walls that house a slidable mounting plate on the lower end of which is attached a ground contacting skid. Each slidable mounting plate is separately actuated to move upwardly or downwardly with respect to the side member in which it is housed. Relative upward or downward movement of the side member, with respect to the ground contacting skid, results in lowering or elevating the respective ends of the grader blade with respect to the level of the respective ground contacting skid. Separately adjusting the height of the lateral ends of the grader blade and driving the blade by a pushing vehicle permits the precision depth application of a layer of road material at any desired angle or tilt.

Abstract: A tool bar mounting structure for a self-propelled field sprayer vehicle includes a chassis mount beam for mounting on the chassis of the field sprayer vehicle and two main mount beams pivotably mounted on the chassis mount beam and extending to a position underneath the chassis. A main mount beam lifting mechanism is connected to and extends between the main mount beam and the chassis of the field sprayer vehicle for raising and lowering of the main mount beam. A shock absorber device is mounted on the main mount beam with the upper end thereof connectable to the field sprayer vehicle for generally controlling and limiting vertical movement of the tool bar connection end of the main mount beam. The tool bar connection end is positioned such that when a tool bar is mounted thereon, it is positioned between the front and rear wheels of the field sprayer vehicle.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an electrical box repair cover have been described. A cover may be secured to an electrical box by various techniques including straps, clamps, etc. Additionally the cover may secure electrical devices to the electrical box.

Abstract: The instant invention discloses a receptacle where the surface of the face along its width is flat in one plane and along its length has a constant radius. The shape of the face of the receptacle allows for the proper seating of an inserted plug. The receptacle is adapter to be located in a wall plate having a vertical axis of positive first differential and zero second differential, comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane and zero second differential when the rate of height increase of individual splines is constant. The receptacle can be placed next to a switch, the front face of which follows the shape of the wall plate.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a weatherproof electrical outlet box assembly for shielding and protecting electrical components from moisture comprising a faceplate for attaching to an outlet box, the faceplate being substantially planar, and perimetrically bounded by a substantially rectangular side edge, the faceplate having at least one aperture for receiving an electrical component and; the faceplate including a first hinge socket and a second hinge socket extending respectively from the side edge in substantially orthogonal orientation.

Abstract: A Pb-free Sn-based material part of a wiring conductor is provided at least at a part of its surface, and the Sn-based material part includes a base metal doped with an oxidation control element. The oxidation control element is at least one element selected from a group consisted of P, Ge, K, Zn, Cr, Mn, Na, V, Si, Ti, Al, Li, Mg and Ca. The wiring conductor is reflow processed, such that at least one of the Sn and the oxidation control element is diffused to form an alloy.