Abstract: The data for being processed are transmitted by utilizing a daisy chain constitution using a plurality of semiconductor integrated circuit devices each having an input terminal for receiving an input signal containing any one of an instruction, a data, a position where the data exists or a timing signal, and an output terminal for producing a signal formed in an internal circuit in response to the input signal or fed through the input terminal, wherein among the plurality of semiconductor integrated circuit devices, the output terminal of the semiconductor integrated circuit device in the preceding stage and the corresponding input terminal of the semiconductor integrated circuit device of the next stage are connected together.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing a dry mix masonry component and a liquid component to produce a masonry composition is disclosed along with associated methods of using the apparatus. A method may include providing a flexible container having an opening for receiving the dry mix component and the liquid component and for removing the mixed masonry composition.

Abstract: Method for the homogenisation of nanoscale powders, in which mixtures of nanoscale powders having the same or different chemical composition and/or structure and in solid form are introduced in the presence of a regulable gas stream into a vessel, the gas stream being adjusted so that the nanoscale powders remain in suspension and are thoroughly mixed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dosing arrangement which is used to mix a dispersion paint. Said dosing arrangement comprises a mixing vessel and one container for the aqueous paint components. Each container is connected to a dosing valve, which is arranged in the supply area of the mixing vessel, by means of a supply line. The containers for the aqueous paint components are formed by waterproof bags.

Abstract: A manifold comprises a conduit for conveying a fluid stream, a plurality of nozzles, and a plurality of valves. Each nozzle is connected to a corresponding port in the conduit, and each valve is connected to a corresponding nozzle. The ports can be disposed at discrete locations on two or more transverse planes of the conduit and such that no longitudinal, diametrical plane of the conduit passing through the center point of any one of the ports is coplanar with a longitudinal, diametrical plane of the conduit passing through the center point of a longitudinally adjacent port. Alternatively, the ports can be disposed at discrete locations on the conduit such that no longitudinal, diametrical plane of the conduit passing through the center point of any one of the ports is coplanar with a longitudinal, diametrical plane of the conduit passing through the center point of any other port.

Abstract: Apparatus and an associated method is disclosed for mixing material in a container in response to an applied rotational force at one end of a shaft protruding through an aperture in a skirted lid placed over the open end of the container imparting a rotating motion to an agitator-mixing head at the opposite end of the shaft. The skirted lid provides a snug-fit or seal between the container and the skirted lid.

Abstract: A blending apparatus includes an articulable housing operatively coupled to one or more switches to actuate a blending motor. Upon mounting a mixing jar and associated lid on top of the housing, downward pressure is placed on the lid/jar assembly which places, in turn, downward pressure on the housing. Such downward pressure on the housing causes the housing to articulate and actuate the switch, which in turn provides power to the motor to rotate the blade mounted within the mixing container at a first rotational speed. In one embodiment, the switch is interposed between the housing and a stationary base. A second switch may also be utilized to rotate the blade at a second, increased rotational speed upon additional articulation of the housing.

Abstract: A shaker device for shaking liquids in a clinical chemistry analyzer comprises an eccentric pin on a rotatable disk, a motor for rotating the disk and a movable piece having a joint for receiving the eccentric pin. The movable piece is mounted on a first movable part of a first linear motion guide having a first rail on which the first movable part can slide in a first direction (Y-direction). The first rail of the first linear motion guide is mounted on an intermediate plate which is mounted on a second movable part of a second linear motion guide having a second rail on which the second movable part can slide in a second direction (X-direction) which is normal to the first direction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a temperature difference between two regions within a cavitation chamber is provided. The cavitation chamber is partially filled with cavitation fluid, thereby forming a cavitation fluid free surface which divides the chamber into a first region located above the cavitation fluid free surface and a second region located below the cavitation fluid free surface. The region above the cavitation fluid free surface is heated in order to form the desired temperature difference, heat being provided by a resistive heater or other means. In addition to heating the region above the cavitation fluid free surface, the region below the cavitation fluid free surface can be cooled, for example utilizing a refrigerated container, refrigeration coils, a thermoelectric cooler, or other means. A temperature monitor can be thermally coupled to the first region, the second region, or both.

Abstract: A novel agitator for the feed industry is provided herein. In the middle of the agitating vessel disposed is a vertical agitating shaft (z-axis), which is installed inside the shaft liner of the vessel cover. The agitating shaft moveably fitting the shaft liner can move up and down. A handwheel shaft liner on the upper half of the vertical agitating shaft is concave-convexly moveable relative to the holes of the shaft liner. The single-side skewed teeth are mounted on the bottom face of the handwheel shaft liner and on the top face of corresponding shaft liner as well. A transmitting wheel is mounted on the lower half of the shaft liner. A driving wheel takes the torque from the electromotor by means of a belt and makes the shaft liner turn. In turn meshing the shaft liner of vessel cover, the handwheel shaft liner transmits the torque to the vertical agitating shaft to turn it. The engagement uses single-side skewed teeth which do not work when turning reversely.

Abstract: A disposable unit (1) for processing products (2) has a thin-walled container (3) of a soft material for holding the products and a processing unit (6) inside the container to make the products move. The container is in its lower portion (4) reinforced with a support (5) of a dimensionally stable material, which support has a smooth surface (9) and supports the container over its lower portion so as to counteract the occurrence of folds and other irregularities in the lower portion and the impairment of an even process effect. The inside (10) of the support is substantially cup-shaped without corners to give the lower portion of the container an optimal geometry and, consequently, an optimal process effect.

Abstract: A container having flexible walls, in the interior of which container there is arranged a mixer which has a mixing element arranged at a first end of a mixer shaft, it being possible for the mixer shaft with the mixing element to be set moving longitudinally by a drive arranged outside the interior of the container, wherein the mixer shaft can be placed on the inside of a container wall with its second end facing away from the mixing element and can be fixed magnetically on the outside of the container wall, facing away from the inside, by means of a coupling piece, and wherein the coupling piece is operatively connected to a force introducing device belonging to the drive.

Abstract: A network distributed seismic data acquisition system comprises seismic receivers connected to remote acquisition modules, receiver lines, line tap units, base lines, a central recording system and a seismic source event generation unit synchronized to a master clock. One or more high precision clocks is added to the network to correct for timing uncertainty associated with propagation of commands through the network. Seismic receivers and seismic sources are thereby synchronized with greater accuracy than otherwise possible. Timing errors that interfere with the processing of the seismic recordings are greatly reduced, thus enabling an improvement in subsurface geologic imaging.

Abstract: A modular wristwatch includes a watch case assembly and a removable watch movement assembly. The watch case assembly includes an articulating bezel having a first bezel portion pivotally connected to a second bezel portion that enables the first bezel portion to move between open and closed configurations, allowing the watch movement assembly to be moved into and out from the watch case assembly.

Abstract: A first component defines a threaded bore. A second component is kept in contact with the first component. A clamping screw penetrates through the second component and is screwed in the threaded bore. A lubricating agent film is interposed between the threaded bore and the clamping screw. The lubricating agent film is made of a macromolecular compound having a polar end group. The lubricating agent film serves to reduce the friction between the threaded bore and the clamping screw. Generation of dust is prevented when the clamping screw is being screwed into the threaded bore. In addition, the clamping screw exhibits a larger axial force at a certain amount of a fastening torque as compared with a conventional clamping screw. A larger axial force can thus be applied to hold the second component onto the first component.

Abstract: An information reproducing apparatus reproducing information of an information recording medium is disclosed. In the information recording medium, a record area is divided into a plurality of data areas. Also, data are recorded for each of the divided data areas. In addition, management information relating to the data recording is recorded in a predetermined management information area. Further, the management information is updated and recorded in a new management information area every time a predetermined data recording is completed. A receiving part receives, from an external device, an obtaining request for the management information. The obtaining request includes designation of a specific management information area. A management information obtaining part obtains the management information relating to the data recording from the specific management information area designated in the received obtaining request.

Abstract: The invention relates to the identification of the direction of the relative movement between a scanning beam of an optical scanner and the tracks of optical storage media. Use is made of the fact that the amplitude of the component TW of a track error signal TE, said component being brought about by wobble of the tracks, is maximal in the track center and minimal in the region between the tracks. A signal TW is thus present which does not assume its maxima and minima across the scanning location x at the same places as the track error signal TE. The invention describes devices and methods for determining the movement direction DIR of the scanning beam from the phase shift between the two signals.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information storage medium in which layer 0 and layer 1 are arranged from a read surface, a system lead-in area, data lead-in area, data area, and middle area are arranged from an inner circumference of the layer 0, and a system lead-out area, data lead-out area, data area, and middle area are arranged from an inner circumference of the layer 1. A guard track zone is arranged on a side of the data area in the data lead-out area, and a reference code zone, R physical format information zone, recording management zone, and drive test zone are arranged in the data lead-in area of the layer 0 and padding of the guard track zone of the data lead-out area is performed after padding of the drive test zone of data lead-in area and recording of the recording management zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for controlling a LBR (Laser Beam Recorder) (56) suitable for mastering a record carrier (60) by writing data in the record carrier in circular or spiral tracks and comprising: means (58) for rotating a record carrier; means (62) for moving a laser (61) over the record carrier (60) in a radial direction with reference to the rotation of the record carrier (60); means (65) for controlling the laser output power; and means (66) for synchronizing the rotation of the record carrier (60), the movement of the laser (61) and the laser output power. In accordance with the invention synchronizing the rotation of the record carrier 60; the movement of the laser 61 and the laser output power is performed such that at least a part of the data is written in at least one track comprising a different arrangement than circular or spiral. The present invention also relates to a Laser Beam Recorder.

Abstract: An optical pickup unit is disclosed which comprises: an objective lens that focuses laser light on an optical disc; a lens holder that holds the objective lens; a coil that is fitted on the lens holder and capable of driving the lens holder; and a heat transfer improving member that is fitted on the holder to cause heat to be radiated, wherein the heat is generated in the coil when the coil is energized.

Abstract: An optical pickup includes a lens holder holding an objective lens for converging a light beam on a signal recording layer of an optical disk; elastic support members supporting the lens holder such that the lens holder can freely move in three driving directions, i.e., a tracking direction, a focusing direction, and a tilting direction; a pair of coil units attached to two sides of the lens holder, the two sides being spaced in a tangential direction orthogonal to the focusing direction and tracking direction; and a pair of magnets arranged to face the corresponding coil units. Each coil unit includes a tracking coil, a focusing coil, and a tilting coil for driving the lens holder in the three driving directions. The focusing coil and the tilting coil are formed by winding a focusing conductor of the focusing coil and a tilting conductor of the tilting coil together in parallel.

Abstract: An optical disk recording/reproducing apparatus for accurately determining optimum recording power of a laser beam even if medium deviations occurs, stabilizing recording quality, and realizing recording which hardly causes read inability error. In test recording, a laser drive (5) irradiates a laser beam to an optical disk (1) to record information while varying the recording power stepwise and reproduce the information stepwise recorded on the optical disk. A recorded state index value calculating unit (9) determines the value representing the index of the recorded state from the signal level of the reproduced information at each step. A smoothing calculating unit (11) performs smoothing calculation of the recorded state index value at each step.

Abstract: When an optical disc apparatus of the present invention writes to an optical disc, it detects the level of the drive voltage for its laser drive circuit and, based on the detected level, adjusts the drive voltage for its laser diode so as to adjust the drive voltage for the laser drive circuit to a level within an appropriate range. Further, the write speed is also adjusted in accordance with the above adjustment of the drive voltages for the laser drive circuit and the laser diode.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, there is provided an optical storage media recording/reproducing apparatus for calibrating an amount of light energy output by the recording/reproducing apparatus during a recording operation, the recording/reproducing apparatus comprising: a reproducing unit to read unique property information from a writable optical disc inserted into the apparatus, which was pre-recorded on the disc during its manufacture; a controller to access stored data concerning optimum test writing parameters relevant to the recording/reproducing apparatus using the unique property information; and a recording unit to write test data on the disc in accordance with the accessed stored data concerning the optimum test writing parameters.

Abstract: In a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, because the type of each information layer is not recorded in the other information layers, in read and write operations by a compatible optical disc device conforming to a plurality of optical disc standards, every time the information layer being accessed changes, it has been necessary to read the type of the information layer and select a method of generating a tracking error signal adapted to the type of information layer, so access has taken time. In order to solve the above problem, in the optical multilayer disc according to the present invention, having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, in an area in one of the information layers, information about the other information layers is recorded. The time required to access the other information layers can be reduced by using this information to select a tracking error signal generating method.

Abstract: In a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, because the type of each information layer is not recorded in the other information layers, in read and write operations by a compatible optical disc device conforming to a plurality of optical disc standards, every time the information layer being accessed changes, it has been necessary to read the type of the information layer and select a method of generating a tracking error signal adapted to the type of information layer, so access has taken time. In order to solve the above problem, in the optical multilayer disc according to the present invention, having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, in an area in one of the information layers, information about the other information layers is recorded. The time required to access the other information layers can be reduced by using this information to select a tracking error signal generating method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the restitution of an audio-visual work. According to the invention, the work is divided into sequences which are connected by nodes, whereby at least one of said nodes, known as the selection node, associates an order n sequence with at least two possible subsequent sequences of order n+1. The inventive method comprises a step involving the pseudo-random selection, for each restitution of the work and at each of the selection nodes, of one of the aforementioned possible subsequent sequences from a sub-set of authorised sequences, a subsequent sequence being authorised or denied as a function of at least one earlier selection of a sequence of order 0 to n. In this way, the work is played according to a variable, unpredictable chain of sequences, without the intervention of a spectator.

Abstract: An electrically angle-adjustable speaker includes a seat unit, a rotation unit and a speaker unit. A hole is provided at the central portion of the seat unit and a horizontal-rotation driving mechanism is provided by the hole. An arcuate toothed track is provided on the rotation unit, and a limiting track is provided below the track. A hole is provided at the central portion of the rotation unit. A vertical-rotation driving mechanism and a first limiting device are provided in the front portion of the hole. Two pivot bearings are provided in the rear portion of the hole. A toothed track and a positioning track are provided on the arcuate upper surface of the speaker unit. After the aforesaid components are put together, the electrically angle-adjustable speaker of the present invention is formed.

Abstract: An optical disk apparatus according to the present invention is capable of reading data from an optical disk 102 which has a plurality of information recording layers, including a first information recording layer whose distance from a disk surface is relatively small and a second information recording layer whose distance from the disk surface is relatively large. This optical disk apparatus includes: a focus control section 117 for causing a converging point of the light beam to be positioned on an arbitrary information recording layer of the optical disk 102; a tracking control section 118 for causing the converging point of the light beam to be positioned on a predetermined track of the information recording layer; and a gain switching section 108 capable of changing gain characteristics of at least one of the focus control section 117 and the tracking control section 118.

Abstract: An information recording medium such as an optical disk in which each individual recording portion includes laminated multiple recording layers, and usability information relating to usability of the multiple recording layers of each individual recording portion is stored in a BCA (Burst Cutting Area), a DMA (Disc Management Area) and the like as predetermined locations.

Abstract: Recording of data into a multilayer optical disk and reliable reproduction of the data are enabled. When user data are recorded on a multilayer optical disk having a first layer L0 and a second layer L1, the second layer L1 is formatted beforehand, to thus record dummy data. Subsequently, the user data are recorded into the first layer L0. Even after completion of recording of the user data at some point in the first layer L0, an area of the second layer L1 located immediately above or below a recorded area of the first layer L0 remains in a recorded state at all times. Compatibility with a play-only disk is maintained, and the play-only drive can reproduce the user data immediately after recording of the data.

Abstract: A device comprises a means (3) for generating a modulated signal (4) and a feedback control loop. The feedback control loop comprises a sensor (5) for providing a sensor signal (6) dependent on the generated signal (4), a sampler (7) for sampling the sensor signal (6), a measurer (61) for measuring the lapsed time (tlapse) that has lapsed since a previous sampling, and a comparator (62) for comparing said lapsed time (tlapse) to a reference time period (52). The feedback loop filter is made inoperative, if said lapsed time exceeds the reference time period, until such time as a next sampling is performed.

Abstract: An optical disc apparatus records information onto plural disc shaped mediums of different standards or reproduces information from the plural disc shaped mediums. The optical disc apparatus includes an optical pickup equipped with a spherical aberration correcting unit using a movable lens, and a disc insertion unit for inserting and ejecting the disc shaped mediums. The spherical aberration correcting unit starts the movement of the movable lens to an initial position while the disc insertion unit inserts or ejects the disc shaped medium. As such, the present invention discloses the optical disc apparatus with a reduced disc recognition time for improving user convenience and a driving method thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a coupling lens provided for achieving compatibility between a high-density optical disc and a CD which are in the relationship that the wavelength ratio between the working light fluxes substantially 1:2, and provide for emitting the two light fluxes with different angles by using a phase structure. The present invention further provides an optical pickup apparatus including the coupling lens. The coupling lens according to the present invention is provided with a first lens portion including a material whose Abbe number ?d1 for d line satisfies 0<?d1?40; and a first phase structure arranged in the first lens portion.

Abstract: To provide an optical pick-up apparatus and an optical disc apparatus preventing a polarization hologram from being deteriorated by incidence of laser light having a wavelength for a blue laser into the polarization hologram for a CD or a DVD, an optical pick-up apparatus includes a first objective lens 10 converging first laser light having a long wavelength and irradiating it onto a first optical disc, a second objective lens 13 disposed adjacent to the first objective lens 10, which converges second laser light having a shorter wavelength than the first laser light and irradiates it onto a second optical disc, a standing mirror 9 allowing the first laser light to be irradiated onto the first objective lens 10 and transmitting the second laser light, and a filter film 11g provided between the first objective lens 10 and the standing mirror 9, which transmits the laser light and screens the second laser light.

Abstract: In an optical storage interface apparatus, a spot-forming lens projects a light spot on an optical information carrier in response to a light beam from a light source. There is an air gap (AG) between the spot-forming lens and the optical information carrier. A gap detector (PHD2) provides a gap indication signal (GIS) that varies with the air gap (AG) in accordance with a gap indication transfer function (F). A lens-positioning arrangement (CTRL, ACT) positions the spot-forming lens with respect to the optical information carrier on the basis of the gap indication signal (GIS). The lens-positioning arrangement (CTRL, ACT) comprises a compensator (CMP) for compensating nonlinearity in the gap indication transfer function (F). A suitable compensation transfer function (G) can be established on the basis of servo control loop measurements. Accordingly, compensation can be provided without any prior knowledge of the gap indication transfer function (F).

Abstract: The laser drive circuit of the present invention includes a first drive circuit 105 receiving an input of a current from a variable current source 103 and a first pulse control signal 101 and outputting a first drive current in synchronism with the first pulse control signal 101; a pulse output circuit 107 outputting a pulse signal in response to a falling edge of the first pulse control signal 101; and a second drive circuit 106 receiving an input of a current from a variable current source 104 and a second pulse control signal 102, generating a second drive current in synchronism with the second pulse control signal 102, and outputting a decreased current value of the second drive current at least in synchronism with the pulse signal. According to this configuration, the falling time of the pulse can be shortened regardless of the relationship between the voltage of a laser connecting terminal and the power source voltage of a drive circuit or a ground voltage.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a storage media having a surface coated with a lubricant, and a plurality of probes having tips contacting the lubricant, wherein the probes are coated with one of a fluorocarbon, perfluoropolyether, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyethylene, or a hydrocarbon polymer.

Abstract: A position detecting means fixed to a first circuit board has a resin table integrally forming a current-carrying pin, a second circuit board mounted on an upper surface of the resin table, and a position detecting element mounted on the second circuit board, protrudes the current-carrying pin to an upper surface and a side surface of the resin table by forming the current current-carrying pin in an approximately L shape, and electrically conducts the first circuit board and the second circuit board.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and systems for controlling access to information stored on memory or data storage devices are disclosed. In various embodiments, methods of retrieving information from a data storage device previously deactivated by modification or degradation of at least a portion of the data storage device are disclosed.

Abstract: A mark is formed on a resist disk according to set values of indexes representing magnitudes of causes that affect deterioration in a quality of a playback signal at the time of signal playback. A ROM media is manufactured using the resist disk.

Abstract: An optical recording medium includes a substrate having phase pits, a reflective layer that reflects a light beam emitted to the substrate and the phase pits, and a reflectivity reducing layer that reduces the reflectivity of the reflective layer on a light-incident side of the reflective layer. A dielectric layer is formed as the reflectivity reducing layer so that a refractive index varies. In another variation, a metal layer is used as the reflectivity reducing layer, which is formed of a metal film with a higher refractive index than that of the reflective layer.

Abstract: A solution for signal detection in a radio receiver receiving multicarrier signals is disclosed. According to the provided solution, the radio receiver receives a radio signal and converts the received radio signal into digital samples. Since a desired signal being detected occupies only a portion of subcarriers of a signal the radio receiver is configured to receive, the received signal is heavily oversampled. A detection procedure may be simplified by utilizing this oversampling. A relation between the known total bandwidth of the desired signal and the total bandwidth of the received radio signal may be calculated, and utilized in the actual signal detection. The signal detection is based on sliding correlation in which the samples of the received signal are correlated with a reference signal with different phase shifts between the two signals. As the result of the correlation, the received signal is determined to be either the desired signal or noise.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for efficiently transmitting/receiving a control channel in a mobile communication system simultaneously supporting a synchronous High-Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system and an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. Power of a control channel to be transmitted is measured. The measured power is compared with marginal maximum power set by a higher layer. According to the comparison result, information indicating whether a previous reverse packet has been successfully received and power control information for controlling power of a reverse link is inserted and transmitted in at least one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) channel and an OFDM symbol.

Abstract: An OFDM transmitter includes, a data signal generator which generates a data signal by modulating a bit string obtained by channel coding, a pilot signal generator which generates a pilot signal, an allocation unit which allocates the pilot signal and data signal to a pilot subcarrier and a data subcarrier, a multiplier which multiples the first pilot signal and the first data signal by complex numbers for subcarrier group formed of specific pilot subcarrier of the pilot subcarriers and specific data subcarrier of the data subcarriers, a modulator which performs OFDM modulation on the second pilot signal and the second data signal to generate an OFDM signal, and a transmitting unit which transmits the OFDM signal.

Abstract: Systems for multiple use subchannels are provided. In one embodiment, a bidirectional communication system comprises: a first remote for communicating with a host using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the host communicatively coupled to a plurality of remotes in a multipoint-to-point configuration; wherein the first remote is configured to transmit up to a plurality of tones modulated with upstream information using OFDM; the first remote including a modulator for modulating the up to a plurality of tones with upstream information using OFDM, wherein the modulator is configured to adjust a carrier frequency of the plurality of tones such that when any tones are transmitted from the first remote and at least one other remote of the plurality of remotes, the orthogonality of the tones when received at the host is improved; and wherein both control data and payload data are transmitted on a first tone of the plurality of tones.

Abstract: Systems and methods for bidirectional communication are provided. In one embodiment, a multipoint-to-point, orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) communication system comprises: a plurality of remote units, a host unit; wherein the host sends an adjustment signal to a remote instructing the remote to adjust the timing of transmissions from the remote to improve orthogonality of the OFDM waveform received at the host, wherein the host sends an adjustment signal to a remote instructing the remote to adjust the frequency of transmissions from the remote to improve orthogonality of the OFDM waveform received at the host, wherein payload data is transmitted between a remote and the host over a first orthogonal tone within the OFDM communication system during a first time interval, and wherein control data is transmitted between a remote and the host over the first orthogonal tone within the OFDM communication system during a second time interval.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for reducing the number of pilot symbols within a MIMO-OFDM communication system, and for improving channel estimation within such a system. For each transmitting antenna in an OFDM transmitter, pilot symbols are encoded so as to be unique to the transmitting antenna. The encoded pilot symbols are then inserted into an OFDM frame to form a diamond lattice, the diamond lattices for the different transmitting antennae using the same frequencies but being offset from each other by a single symbol in the time domain. At the OFDM receiver, a channel response is estimated for a symbol central to each diamond of the diamond lattice using a two-dimensional interpolation. The estimated channel responses are smoothed in the frequency domain. The channel responses of remaining symbols are then estimated by interpolation in the frequency domain.

Abstract: A network system comprises at least one input TNE (10) and one output TNE (11) interconnected by circuits in the network (20). Each TNE in the protection step comprises a traffic selector (22, 23) switchable between listening to the traffic input from a work circuit (13, 14) and listening to the traffic input from a reset circuit (18, 19) and a Split module (21, 24) allowing sending of a same traffic output either to a work circuit or to a reset circuit. Each TNE comprises in addition an agent (25, 26) termed ASTN agent commanding activation and deactivation of the reset circuit and switching of the traffic selector between work circuit and reset circuit.

Abstract: A system and method for multi-nodal APS (MN-APS) protection switching for a virtual private LAN service (VPLS) using a redundant pair of PE (provider edge) nodes is provided. In the event of an APS switchover, the previously active node of the redundant pair sends explicit requests to the other provider edge nodes to flush their MAC address entries that they had previously learned through the previously active node, facilitating quicker re-convergence and reduction of black-holing.