Abstract: A device includes first and second chips, each chip containing at least one electronic circuit. The second chip has one or more receivers. A deflection mechanism operationally connected to an electronic circuit of the first chip directs a charged particle beam to different ones of the receivers, based, at least in part, on a data signal provided by the electronic circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a charged particle beam device (1) for inspecting or structuring a specimen (3) comprising a charged particle beam source (5) to generate a charged particle beam (7), a focussing lens (9) to focus the charged particle beam (7) onto the specimen (3), and an aperture system (13) for defining an aperture (6) for the charged particle beam (7). The aperture system (13) includes a first member (20) to block a first portion (7a) of the charged particle beam (7) between the charged particle beam source (5) and the focussing lens (9), a second member (30) to block a second portion (7b) of the charged particle beam (7) between the charged particle beam source (5) and the focussing lens (9), first means (24) for moving the first member (20) to adjust the size of the blocked first portion (7a) of the charged particle beam (7), and second means (34) for moving the second member (30) independently from the first portion (7b).

Abstract: An electronic transmitter or receiver employing electromagnetic radiation as a coded signal carrier is described. In the transmitter, the electromagnetic radiation is emitted from ultra-small resonant structures when an electron beam passes proximate the structures. In the receiver, the electron beam passes near ultra-small resonant structures and is altered in path or velocity by the effect of the electromagnetic radiation on structures. The electron beam is accelerated to an appropriate current density without the use of a high power supply. Instead, a sequence of low power levels is supplied to a sequence of anodes in the electron beam path. The electron beam is thereby accelerated to a desired current density appropriate for the transmitter or receiver application without the need for a high-level power source.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of correcting thermally-induced field deformations of a lithographically exposed substrate, is presented herein. In one embodiment, the method includes exposing a pattern onto a plurality of fields of a substrate in accordance with pre-specified exposure information and measuring attributes of the fields to assess deformation of the fields induced by thermal effects of the exposing process. The method further includes determining corrective information based on the measured attributes, and adjusting the pre-specified exposure information, based on the corrective information, to compensate for the thermally-induced field deformations. Other embodiments include the use of predictive models to predict thermally-induced effects on the fields and thermographic imaging to determine temperature variations across a substrate.

Abstract: A method for identifying a drifted dose integrator in an implantation system and an implantation system are provided. The implantation system includes a first dose integrator and a second dose integrator. The first dose integrator includes a first input configured to receive a first current generated from charges carried by implanted ions in a wafer, and a first output configured to output a first accumulated dosage value. The second dose integrator includes a second dose integrator including a second input configured to receive a second current generated from the charges carried by the implanted ions in the wafer, and a second output configured to output a second accumulated dosage value. The implantation system further includes a processing unit comparing the first accumulated dosage value and the second accumulated dosage value to detect a drift in one of the first and the second dose integrators.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for implanting ions in a substrate and a method for manufacturing an integrated circuit. The method for implanting ions in a substrate, among other steps, including placing a substrate (410) on an implant platen (405) such that a predominant axes (430) of the substrate (410) is rotated about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees or about 120 degrees to about 150 degrees offset from a radial with respect to the implant platen (405), and further wherein the substrate (410) is not tilted. The method further includes implanting ions into the substrate (410), the rotated position of the predominant axes (430) reducing shadowing.

Abstract: An array of vertically aligned electron emitting nanotips such as multiwall carbon nanotubes are formed for use as a lithographic stamp. Crosswire addressing is used to generate electron emission from particular nanotips within the array. The nanotip array may be used to cure a resist, produce localized electrochemical reactions, establish localized electrostatic charge distributions, or perform other desirable coating or etching process steps so as to create nanoelectronic circuitry or to facilitate molecular or nanoscale processing.

Abstract: A logistic station comprises a plurality of objects having a first status and a second status and a detection device used for detecting the status of the objects. The detection device comprises a pallet having a plurality of first supporting portions and a first sensor. The objects are detachably disposed on the first supporting portions of the pallet. A first reference position and a first predetermined position are configured in the pallet with respect to the first supporting portions thereof. The first sensor transmits a first signal to the first predetermined position to detect whether objects having the second status.

Abstract: Conventionally, a particle/defect inspection apparatus outputs a total number of detected particles/defects as the result of detection. For taking countermeasures to failures in manufacturing processes, the particles/defects detected by the inspection apparatus are analyzed. Since the inspection apparatus outputs a large number of detected particles/defects, an immense time is required for analyzing the detected particles/defects, resulting in a delay in taking countermeasures to a failure in the manufacturing processes. In the present invention, an apparatus for optically inspecting particles or defects relates a particle or defect size to a cause of failure in an inspection result. A data processing circuit points out a cause of failure from the statistics on the inspection result, and displays information on the inspection result.

Abstract: The flow cytometry system of the present invention includes a flow channel including an interrogation zone. A light source and a light detector are connected to the interrogation zone, such that a sample flowing through the interrogation zone can be optically analyzed through methods known in the art of flow cytometry. A bubble detector is connected to the flow channel. A controller is connected to the bubble detector and is adapted to perform a predetermined output in response to the detection of a bubble in the flow channel. The predetermined output may include alerting a user as to the presence of a bubble, flagging potentially corrupted data, and ceasing data collection until the interrogation zone is clear of bubbles.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for investigating a sample particularly a pharmaceutical tablet. An emitter and/or the sample are initially positioned so that the emitter is at a predetermined distance and normal angle to a first point on a surface of the sample. The emitter then irradiates the sample with radiation having a plurality of frequencies in the range from 25 GHz to 100 THz at a plurality of points on the surface of the sample. Relative motion is possible between the emitter and the sample so that the surface of the sample can be tracked to maintain the predetermined distance and normal angle at each of the plurality of points, and allow radiation transmitted and/or reflected from the sample at the plurality of points to be detected. This has particular application to imaging the structure or composition of a coating on a pharmaceutical tablet.

Abstract: An image recording medium includes: a support which is transparent to radiation for use in recording, and resistant to shock; a wavelength conversion layer which contains an organic binder and a fluorescent material which converts the radiation into visible light; a first electrode layer which is transparent to the visible light; a recording-side photoconductive layer which exhibits photoconductivity when the recording-side photoconductive layer is exposed to the visible light; a charge storage region which stores electric charges which are generated in the recording-side photoconductive layer in response to exposure to the visible light; a reading-side photoconductive layer which exhibits photoconductivity when the reading-side photoconductive layer is exposed to reading light; and a second electrode layer which is transparent to the reading light.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a seal, particularly in a line which is connected to a sanitary appliance such as a shower drain and the sewer It has a passageway with a passage (4) of which a sheet like boundary (2) is easily deformable such that said passageway has a first position wherein the passage is gas tight and a second position wherein the passage allows passage of liquid. Said passage boundary biases said passage in the first position by a force. The passageway (2) is substantially sheath or hose like and the passage (4) is at the outer side thereof and the passage (4) is ring gap like and extends in flow direction (arrow A) over some distance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a control device actuator, particularly a turbocharger control actuator, comprising at least two diaphragms to increase the surface area of the actuator that is responsive to a pressure differential thus increasing the amount of force that can be applied to a control device through the actuator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vacuum valve drive (1) for linear displacement of a valve closure (2) along an adjustment axis (3) between an opened position (A) of the vacuum valve (4) and a position (B) in which it is closed gas-tight, and to a vacuum valve (4) comprising the vacuum valve drive (1). The vacuum valve drive (1) comprises a drive housing (5) which contains a gas-tight working space (6), a piston (7) inside the working space (6), which divides the working space (6) into a first and a second pressure space (6a, 6b), and at least one connecting rod (8; 9) which is led from the working space (6) in a gas-tight manner to the valve closure (2). According to the invention, a static guide rod (11) which extends centrally and parallel to the adjustment axis (3) inside the working space (6) and is led through the piston (7), and a precision linear bearing (12) between the piston (7) and the guide rod (11), are provided.

Abstract: When a request to start driving a drive valve has been made, the ECU performs a program including a step in which time-measurement using a timer is started; a step in which an electric current I (0) is supplied to an open/close coil; a step in which a supply of an electric current is stopped when a period of T/4 has elapsed; a step in which the electric current I (0) is supplied to the open/close coil when another period of T/4 has elapsed; and a step in which a holding current I (h) is supplied to the open/close coil when the drive valve comes close to the valve opening position.

Abstract: A normally-closed electromagnetic valve has a body member having a receiving space, a fixed core, a valve seat, a moving core, a resilient member urging the moving core toward the valve seat, a valve element and a coil exciting the fixed core to produce an attracting force between the fixed core and the moving core, wherein the moving core has a through hole, the valve element is inserted into the through hole from the valve seat-side, at least a part of the resilient member is inserted into the through hole from the fixed core-side and the resilient member is compressed between a moving core-side end of the fixed core and a fixed core-side end of the valve seat.

Abstract: A valve assembly comprising a body; a fluid flow passage extending there through; a lift fork pivotally attached to the body at a first end; and a poppet attached on its fluid flow passage side to a second end of the lift fork wherein the lift fork is configured to displace the center of the poppet to about the perimeter of the fluid flow passage.

Abstract: A drain valve used on an at least partially dielectric container has a valve housing made of electrically nonconductive plastic, fixed to the container, and forming a passage opening into the container so that fluent contents of the container can flow out of the container through the passage. A valve body formed at least partially of an electrically conductive material is movable in the passage between a closed position blocking flow through the passage and an open position permitting flow through the passage. An actuating element outside the housing is connected to the body for shifting same between its positions.

Abstract: A variable radial flow rate control valve including a body forming a bore along the longitudinal axis thereof for transporting a fluid through the body, a fixed choke member fixedly positioned about the bore, the fixed choke member forming a fixed aperture, a rotational choke member rotationally positioned about the bore, the rotational choke member forming a rotational aperture radially corresponding to the fixed aperture, wherein a fluid passage is formed radially between the bore and the exterior of the body when the corresponding apertures overlap. The rotational choke member is rotatably, but not axially, moveable in relation to the fixed choke member between variable radial flow rate positions.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of preparing non-flammable thermal insulation foam, comprising the steps of (a) providing a mixture comprising (1) at least one water soluble alkali metal silicate, (2) optionally, at least one filler, and (3) at least one inorganic material which releases non-flammable gases when exposed to heat; (b) applying the mixture to a support or mold; and (c) heating the mixture to form the non-flammable thermal insulation foam.

Abstract: The present invention provides a building to be constructed without any troublesome work. The building is a building comprising a construction material 12, which has a plane heat insulation material 14 in which a madreporic core material is enclosed in a vacuum and a plate structural face material 12a, and whose heat insulation material 14 and structural face material 12a are combined in a way that a plane surface of the heat insulation material 14 faces to one side of a plane surface of the structural face material 12a, and further comprising a wooden base 9b assembled on the construction material 12 and an external wall finishing material 3 fixed on the wooden base 9b.

Abstract: A piezoelectric ceramics having ceramic particles, wherein said ceramic particles comprises bismuth layer compound containing at least Sr, Ln (note that Ln is a lanthanoid element), Bi, Ti and O and including MIIBi4Ti4O15 type crystal (MII is an element composed of Sr and Ln) as a main component, and an oxide of Mn as a subcomponent; and an average particle diameter by the code length measuring method is 0.8 to 4.7 ?m: by which it is possible to provide piezoelectric ceramics having a large Qmax in a third harmonic mode of thickness vertical vibration in a relatively high frequency band (for example, 16 to 65 MHz), a resonator an other piezoelectric element comprising the piezoelectric ceramics as a piezoelectric substance thereof.

Abstract: The refrigerating machine oil composition of the present invention contains a polyol ester as a base oil, a phosphorothionate, a phosphorus-based additive other than said phosphorothionate, and a glycidyl ester epoxy compound. With the refrigerating machine oil composition of the present invention, a high level can be attained for both lubricity and stability in a refrigerating/air conditioning apparatus in which an HFC refrigerant or the like is used, and the refrigerating or air-conditioning apparatus can be stably operated over an extended period.

Abstract: The present invention relates to mesogenic, cross-linkable mixtures comprising (i) a cross-linkable liquid crystalline host compound comprising at least one cross-linkable liquid crystalline compound, and (ii) at least one chiral or achiral rod shaped additive component, wherein said additive component has a rigid core and comprises at least two fused or linked, optionally substituted, non-aromatic, aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups, and also comprises at least one optionally substituted alkyl residue, and at least one polymerizable group and wherein the additive component has a transition temperature to the isotropic state of 40° C. or lower.

Abstract: The present invention aims at providing a blue-aimed phosphor powder which is more excellent in emission characteristic than the conventional rare-earth activated sialon phosphors and which is more excellent in durability than the conventional oxide phosphors. The solving means resides in: firing a starting material mixture in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature range between 1,500° C. inclusive and 2,200° C. inclusive, wherein the starting material mixture is a mixture of metallic compounds, and is capable of constituting a composition comprising M, A, Si, Al, O, and N (M is one kind or two or more kinds of element(s) selected from Mn, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb; and A is one kind or two or more kinds of element(s) selected from C, Si, Ge, Sn, B, Ga, In, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La, Gd, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, and W) by firing; to obtain a phosphor which emits fluorescence having a peak at a wavelength within a range of 400 nm to 700 nm, by irradiation of an excitation source.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light-emitting body in which fine phosphor particles are dispersed in an oxide matrix, with the fine phosphor particles containing at least one selected from oxides and oxysulfides as a parent material. When this light-emitting body is dispersed in a resin, a resin composition having excellent transparency can be obtained. This light-emitting body can be produced by: preparing a gel through a sol-gel process in which a raw material solution containing a compound that supplies metal atoms composing the fine phosphor particles is used; and heating the gel at 400° C. or higher, for example. Preferably, the light-emitting body has a shape of a flake or fiber.

Abstract: The solvent composition of the present invention comprises diphenylmethane derivative (a) represented in general formula (I) below, and polyether (b) represented by general formula (II) below, and has high safety, low odor-emission, excellent dissolving power for various organic materials, and high affinity for various substrates. (In the formula, n represents 1 or 2, each of x and y independently represents 0, 1, 2, or 3, each of R1 and R2 independently represents a C1-10 alkyl group, and when a plurality of R1 or R2 exist, they may be different.) (In the formula, m represents 1 to 10, p is 0, 1, 2, or 3, Prop represents a 1,2-propylene group, each of R3 and R4 independently represents a C1-10 alkyl group, and when m is 2 or more, methyl groups in 1,2-propylene groups represented by Prop may be randomly located.

Abstract: Organic materials which possess outstanding stability to oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation comprise as stabilizers at least one compound of the formula (I) wherein the general symbols are as defined in claim 1. The compounds of formula I are especially useful as stabilizers for protecting polymers and lubricants against oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation and as scavengers for oxidized developer in color photographic material.

Abstract: A conductive coating composition and a method for producing coating layer using the same are disclosed. The conductive coating composition is capable of forming an antistatic coating layer on the protective film surface of display device. The conductive coating composition includes: 1 to 30 wt % of polyethylene dioxythiophene aqueous-dispersed solution; 5 to 15 wt % of water-soluble binder resin; 0.2 to 10 wt % of melamine resin; 6 to 40 wt % of alcohol solvent; 5 to 30 wt % of organic solvent selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide, propyleneglycol methylether, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate, propyleneglycol monomethyletheracetate, butylcarbitol and the mixtures thereof; and 10 to 50 wt % of water. The method for producing the conductive coating layer includes the steps of coating the conductive coating composition on a substrate; and drying the coating composition.

Abstract: A liquid borne emulsion of varying formulations comprising a powdered metal in a base liquid incorporating a thickening agent component is adapted to a specific metal and type of electrical connection in a specific environment to enhance the electrical conductivity at the electrical connection, reducing the effect of the environment over time of the metals within the electrical connection, increasing the surface area of the electrical connection, reducing the effect of vibration upon the electrical connection to prevent separation and loss of contact to the electrical connection and reducing the signal noise generated by metal to metal movement resulting from an imperfect contact in an electrical connection.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to mercaptofunctional high ?? EO chromophores and EO polymers, and particularly to mercaptofunctional high ?? EO chromophores and EO polymers useful for making electro-optical devices and systems. Mercaptofunctional high ?? EO chromophores are covalently bonded to poly(imido sulfide) polymers producing high Tg, low optical loss, covalently bonded, high ?? EO chromophore containing polymers. Methods of synthesizing these EO materials using mild polymerization conditions are also described.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparing a photochromic polymeric article including: (a) providing a fluid polymerizable composition of: at least one monomer; a first initiator for inducing polymerization of the monomer at a first temperature; and a second initiator for inducing further polymerization at a second temperature higher than the first temperature; (b) heating the polymerizable composition to at least the first temperature whereby the first initiator induces polymerization of the monomer at the first temperature to produce a polymerizate; (c) heating the polymerizate of (b) to at least the second temperature to further polymerize the polymerizate; and (d) contacting the polymerizate with an organic photochromic substance to incorporate the organic photochromic substance into the polymerizate. Photochromic articles prepared by the method are also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a biodegradable resin composition containing at least one biodegradable polysaccharide, a flame retardant additive containing a hydroxide, and a hydrolysis suppressing agent suppressing the hydrolysis of the at least one biodegradable polysaccharide. The hydroxide contains at least a metal hydroxide, which metal hydroxide is at least one of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The flame retardant additive preferably further contains a nitrogen compound.

Abstract: Thermoplastic molding compositions, comprising A) from 10 to 98% by weight of at least one thermoplastic polymer, B) from 0.01 to 50% by weight of B1) at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polycarbonate with an OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate (to DIN 53240, part 2), or B2) at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polyester of AxBy type, where x is at least 1.1 and y is at least 2.1, or a mixture of these, C) from 1 to 30% by weight of a flame retardant combination composed of, based on 100% by weight of C), C1) from 20 to 99% by weight of a halogen-containing flame retardant, C2) from 1 to 80% by weight of an antimony oxide, D) from 0 to 60% by weight of other additives, where the total of the percentages by weight of components A) to D) is 100%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a styrenic polymer composition comprising a flame-retardant effective amount of a compound of formula (I): (C6H(5-n)Yn)CH2X, wherein X is Cl or Br; Y is Cl or Br; and n is an integer between 1 and 5; or a mixture of two or more of said compounds of formula (I) or their homologues and derivatives or other Br-FRs.

Abstract: A compact carpet stretching apparatus may include a frame member, floor engagement members, and a head unit configured for use without extension poles. In one illustrative embodiment, the stretcher apparatus includes a head unit to engage a portion of a web of carpet, frame side members spaced laterally of the head unit that extend from the rear of the head unit past the front end of the head unit, and floor engaging anchors coupled to the frame side members proximal to the front portion.

Abstract: A variable leverage cranking assembly for trailer jacks. The assembly having a housing, an extender assembly, and an attachment assembly. The extender assembly telescopically disposed within the housing such that a distance between a first rotatable handle disposed on the housing and a second rotatable handle disposed on the extender assembly can be telescopically varied so as to change the leverage transmitted to a trailer jack via the attachment assembly connected to the housing. Furthermore, the telescopic adjustment between the housing and extender assembly can be locked into position via a spring loaded latching assembly disposed on the housing and holes disposed in the extender assembly.

Abstract: Border protector fence system, being of special utility for the assembly thereof in the protection of border zones, which comprises a first fence (2) consisting of some profiles (3) secured in an inclined position, among which are arranged some steel stays (4) and a metal net; a second fence (6), parallel with the first, consisting of profiles (7) with steel stays and a metal net being arranged among them; Intermediate profiles (8), of less height than the profiles (3) and (7) of the first and second fence, with a diversity of intersecting steel stays (9) being provided between the intermediate profiles (8) and the first and second fence; means of alarm (17,18) mounted in relation to the second fence (6); and ducts (23) for a fluid mounted in relation to the second fence (6) provided with outlet mouths under pressure towards the zone of the intersecting stays (9).

Abstract: Provided herein is a composite metal pipe fitting comprising a substantially cylindrical metal body and a metal disk securely fitted in a cross-sectional position inside the body. Also provided herein is a method comprising fashioning a cylindrical metal body to comprise a first inside diameter and second inside diameter; fixing a metal disk having a hole against the first inside diameter in a cross-sectional position of the cylindrical metal body; and from the body and disk, forming a pipe fitting having an intersecting pipe receiving configuration at a proximal end and a coaxial pipe receiving configuration at a distal end of the body.

Abstract: The method according to the invention is directed to manufacturing an electric device (100) according to the invention, having a body (102) with a resistor comprising a phase change material being changeable between a first phase and a second phase, the resistor having a first electrical resistance when the phase change material is in the first phase, and a second electrical resistance different from the first electrical resistance when the phase change material is in the second phase. The resistor is a nanowire (NW) electrically connecting a first conductor (172, 120) and a second conductor (108, 121). The method comprises the step of providing a body (102) having the first conductor (172, 120), providing the first conductor (172, 120) with the nanowire (NW) thereby electrically connecting the nanowire (NW) and the first conductor (172, 120), and providing the nanowire (NW) with the second conductor (108, 121) thereby electrically connecting the nanowire (NW) and the second conductor (108, 121).

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an information reproducing method. The method includes, from an information storage medium storing stream data having a plurality of advanced packs each including a resource file and an advanced ID to identify the resource file, acquiring respective advanced IDs, identifying respective resource files based on the respective advanced IDs, and reproducing the identified respective resource files.

Abstract: An object is to provide a photoelectric conversion device capable of detecting a wider range of illuminance without expansion of a range of an output voltage or output current. The photoelectric conversion device has a photoelectric conversion device including a photoelectric conversion element and an amplifier circuit electrically connected to the photoelectric conversion element, and a bias switching unit for reversing a bias to be applied to the photoelectric conversion device. The bias to be applied to the photoelectric conversion device is reversed with use of the bias switching unit, whereby the photoelectric conversion device can detect a wider range of illuminance without expansion of a range of an output voltage or output current.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure and method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, and more particularly, an NFET device. The devices includes a stress receiving layer provided over a stress inducing layer with a material at an interface there between which reduces the occurrence and propagation of misfit dislocations in the structure. The stress receiving layer is silicon (Si), the stress inducing layer is silicon-germanium (SiGe) and the material is carbon which is provided by doping the layers during formation of the device. The carbon can be doped throughout the whole of the SiGe layer also.

Abstract: The invention discloses an organic electroluminescent device comprising a pixel element. The pixel element comprises a substrate comprising a control area and a sensitive area, a switch device and a driving device overlying the control area, a photo diode serving as a photo sensor overlying the sensitive area, an OLED element disposed in the sensitive area and illuminating to the photo sensor, and a capacitor coupled to the photo sensor and the driving device. Specifically, a photo current corresponding to a brightness of the OLED element is generated by the photo diode responsive to the OLED element illuminating the photo diode such that a voltage of the capacitor is adjusted by the photo current to control the current passing through the driving device, thus changing the illumination of the OLED element. A method for fabricating the OLED is also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a substrate and an organic semiconductor matrix being located over the substrate. The organic semiconductor matrix includes one of a polymer co-polymer or a stabilized pentacene. The polymer includes monomers of pentacene or a substituted pentacene. The stabilized pentacene is a substituted pentacene having a lower oxidation rate than pentacene.

Abstract: This invention provides a circuit structure with a double-gate organic thin film transistor device and application thereof. A protection layer covered on an organic thin film transistor structure having a bottom gate is used as another gate insulating layer. A metal layer is formed on this gate insulating layer to serve as another gate. A double-gate structure is hence accomplished. The double-gate structure can be used in a circuit. By the double-gate structure the threshold voltage of the organic thin film transistor can be adjusted, and advantageously changing the characteristic of the organic thin film transistor to improve the accuracy of signal transmission.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display device and a method of fabricating the same are provided. A trench is formed in a planarization layer, and then a first electrode is formed to have opposite ends in the trench, thereby reducing a height difference between the planarization layer and the first electrode. That is, the thickness of a pixel defining layer formed on the first electrode may be reduced by reducing or minimizing protrusion of the first electrode with respect to the planarization layer. Thus, transfer efficiency can be increased when an organic layer is formed by a laser induced thermal imaging method, and reliability of a device can be improved by reducing or preventing thermal damage of the organic layer and open defects.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display device, includes a substrate, a thin film transistor on the substrate, a passivation layer on the thin film transistor, an organic light-emitting diode on the passivation layer and electrically connected to the thin film transistor, a photo sensor between the substrate and the organic light-emitting diode, and a light blocking layer on the passivation layer.

Abstract: A method of forming a CIGSS absorber layer includes the steps of providing a metal precursor, and selenizing the metal precursor using diethyl selenium to form a selenized metal precursor layer (CIGSS absorber layer). A high efficiency solar cell includes a CIGSS absorber layer formed by a process including selenizing a metal precursor using diethyl selenium to form the CIGSS absorber layer.