Abstract: An electroluminescent display device comprising a plurality of pixels for generating light emission disposed over a substrate arranged in a matrix with rows and columns wherein each pixel includes first and second electrodes, an electroluminescent media disposed between the first and second electrodes, and at least one transistor electrically connected to the first electrode to regulate an electrical current flow to the organic electroluminescent media; a plurality of power lines arranged in either the row or column direction for supplying electrical current to the transistor of each pixel; at least one power bypass line electrically connected to two or more of the plurality of power lines; and the power lines formed from a patterned first conductor layer and the first electrodes and the power bypass lines formed from a patterned second conductor layer and wherein the first and second conductor layers are spaced apart from each other.

Abstract: The present invention is intended to stabilize a luminance and prevent a degradation during use in a display device of an active matrix driving system that arranges TFTs in matrix, by completely repairing a defective portion through application of a reverse voltage and repairing a short-circuit or leak area of a light emitting device. A light emitting device with a pixel structure of an active matrix driving system having TFTs arranged at each pixel has a feature that a reverse voltage is applied to the light emitting element without passing through the TFT is disclosed. The present invention provides a pixel structure capable of attaining the feature and a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device including a transparent substrate, a securing layer, a light scattering layer, an electroluminescent unit including a transparent electrode layer, a light emitting element including at least one light emitting layer, and a reflecting electrode layer in that order, wherein the light scattering layer includes one monolayer of inorganic particles having an index of refraction larger than that of the light emitting layer and wherein the securing layer holds the inorganic particles in the light scattering layer.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a substrate; a plurality of pixels arranged above the substrate, each including a plurality of sub-pixels emitting light of different colors; a circularly polarizing member disposed above the pixels, the transmittance of light of a selected color through the circularly polarizing member being higher than that of light of the other colors therethrough; and a light-absorbing member disposed only above the sub-pixels, emitting light of the non-selected colors. The light-absorbing member absorbs light of the selected color.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode includes a package, a light-emitting diode chip and a lens. The light-emitting diode chip is mounted on the package. The lens is mounted on the package and envelops the light-emitting diode chip, wherein the lens has a plane region surrounding the package and a bumpy region with a plurality of bumps fully arranged thereon adjacent to the plane region.

Abstract: A dual-emission organic electroluminescent device. The dual-emission organic electroluminescent device comprises a first imaging element and a second imaging element parallel the first imaging element, and a desiccant layer disposed between the first and second imaging elements within the inner space. The first and second imaging elements are encapsulated by an sealant, and an inner space is surrounded by the sealant. Specifically, the first imaging element has an emission direction opposite that of the second imaging element. Each of the first and second imaging elements comprises a substrate, an organic electroluminescent element formed on the substrate, and a buffer layer covering the organic electroluminescent element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display device preventing external light reflected in a region connected with plane parts disposed on a cap from transmitting to the outside, and an embodiment of the present invention may be achieved in a whole or in part by a display device comprising: a substrate; an active area disposed on the substrate; a line electrically connected to the active area, and disposed on the substrate; a cap attached to the substrate to cover the active area; and a patterned layer disposed on a transmission area disposed between the active area and a cap-attaching area to which the cap is attached.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel (PDP) capable of reducing an address discharge voltage between address electrodes and Y electrodes, suppressing an address discharge delay, and improving brightness includes: a first substrate, a second substrate spaced apart from the first substrate and facing the first substrate, barrier ribs arranged between the first and second substrates and defining discharge cells where a discharge occurs, discharge electrode pairs including X electrodes and Y electrodes extending across the discharge cells, floating electrodes arranged closer to the Y electrodes than to the X electrodes, address electrodes extending across the discharge cells and intersecting the discharge electrode pairs within the discharge cells, and phosphor layers arranged within the discharge cells.

Abstract: Provided is a plasma display panel in which the capacitances of all discharge cells are substantially the same and the same firing voltage is applied to the discharge cells, thereby preventing an overdischarge from occurring therein and reducing the firing voltage. The plasma display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate located to face the first substrate at a predetermined distance from the first substrate, a barrier rib structure located between the first and second substrates to define discharge cells in which a gas discharge occurs, pairs of discharge electrodes each including an X electrode and an Y electrode which extend across the discharge cells, address electrodes extending across the discharge cells to intersect the discharge electrodes in the discharge cells, and phosphor layers each being applied onto one of the discharge cells and formed of one of red, green, and blue emitting phosphors.

Abstract: Provided is a plasma display panel which is capable of achieving high-efficiency. The plasma display panel includes: a front substrate; a rear substrate opposite to the front substrate; a plurality of barrier ribs defining a plurality of discharge cells in a space between the front substrate and the rear substrate; a plurality of sustain electrodes extended along the front substrate and arranged in pairs, wherein each sustain electrode pair consists of a pair of an X electrode and a Y electrode that are opposite to each other and generate a discharge; a plurality of address electrodes extended along the rear substrate, and intersecting the sustain electrodes at parts corresponding to the discharge cells; and a light-emitting material formed in the discharge cells and emitting red, green and blue visible light, wherein a ratio of an electrode gap with respect to a cell pitch is between 0.2 and 0.

Abstract: A plasma display panel design with improved discharge efficiency. The plasma display panel includes a front substrate, a rear substrate that faces the front substrate, a plurality of barrier ribs adapted to partition a space between the front substrate and the rear substrate and define a plurality of discharge cells, a plurality of display electrodes arranged to correspond to the plurality of discharge cells, a dielectric layer that covers the plurality of discharge electrodes and a plurality of address electrodes extending in a direction that crosses the plurality of display electrodes and the plurality of discharge cells, wherein a recess portion is arranged on side surfaces of ones of the plurality of barrier ribs. Empirically, it is shown that the luminescence efficiency is improved with a recess portion formed on the barrier rib.

Abstract: A plasma display panel may include first and second substrates facing each other and spaced apart from each other, barrier ribs between the first and second substrates, the barrier ribs defining discharge cells to define discharge and non-discharge regions, address electrodes extending in a first direction in respect to the discharge cells, and first and second electrodes formed on the second substrate and extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction, where at least one of the first and second electrodes includes black projections extending from the discharge region to the non-discharge region.

Abstract: A gas discharge tube 100 including a sealed container 1 in which a gas is sealed, an anode disposed within the sealed container, a cathode 7 which is spaced from the anode 4 in the sealed container 1 and generates discharge between the cathode 7 and the anode 4, a conductive part 6 restricting a discharge path, the conductive part 6 being disposed between the anode 4 and the cathode 7 and narrowing the discharge path, wherein by providing a cathode cover 8 which is made of ceramics, encloses the cathode 7, and has an opening 8d at least on an electron emission side, the cathode cover 8 increases the heat retaining effect of the cathode 7, makes it easy to keep the temperature of the cathode 7, and reduces power consumption.

Abstract: We describe an ultra-small resonant structure that produces electromagnetic radiation (e.g., visible light) at selected frequencies that can also be used or formed in conjunction with passive optical structures. The resonant structure can be produced from any conducting material (e.g., metal such as silver or gold). The passive optical structures can be formed from glass, polymer, dielectrics, or any other material sufficiently transparent using conventional patterning, etching and deposition techniques. The passive optical structures can be formed directly on the ultra-small resonant structures, or alternatively on an intermediate structure, or the passive optical structures can be formed in combination with other passive optical structures.

Abstract: A nano-resonating structure constructed and adapted to couple energy from a beam of charged particles into said nano-resonating structure and to transmit coupled energy outside the nano-resonating structure. A plurality of the nano-resonant substructures may be formed adjacent one another in a stacked array, and each may have various shapes, including segmented portions of shaped structures, circular, semi-circular, oval, square, rectangular, semi-rectangular, C-shaped, U-shaped and other shapes as well as designs having a segmented outer surface or area, and arranged in a vertically stacked array comprised of one or more ultra-small resonant structures. The vertically stacked arrays may be symmetric or asymmetric, tilted, and/or staggered.

Abstract: A nano-resonating structure constructed and adapted to include additional ultra-small structures that can be formed with reflective surfaces. By positioning such ultra-small structures adjacent ultra-small resonant structures the light or other EMR being produced by the ultra-small resonant structures when excited can be reflected in multiple directions. This permits the light or EMR out put to be viewed and used in multiple directions.

Abstract: A device for coupling energy in a plasmon wave to an electron beam includes a metal transmission line having a pointed end; a generator mechanism constructed and adapted to generate a beam of charged particles; and a detector microcircuit disposed adjacent to the generator mechanism. The generator mechanism and the detector microcircuit are disposed adjacent the pointed end of the metal transmission line and wherein a beam of charged particles from the generator mechanism to the detector microcircuit electrically couples the plasmon wave traveling along the metal transmission line to the microcircuit.

Abstract: A current source generates, with high efficiency, a current that is substantially constant over a wide range of output voltages. This current is injected into the first end of a series-connected string (hereinafter referred to as string) of LEDs, with the second end of the string connected through a resistor to ground. The voltage developed across this resistor, which is a measure of current flow in the series string, is fed back to the current source, wherein feedback maintains nearly constant current output over a wide range of output voltages. A switch, such as a field effect transistor (FET) is placed in parallel with each LED in the string. A level shift gate driver couples a pulse width modulated control signal to the gate of each FET. When the FET across a particular LED is on, substantially all the current flows through the FET rather than the LED, and little or no light is emitted.

Abstract: A sine wave light-adjusting apparatus adjusts the input sine wave voltage and output a desired output sine wave voltage to a lamp according to the desired brightness of the lamp to achieve the light-adjusting effect by adjusting the switching period of a switch and utilizing a flywheel effect. The apparatus includes an energy-storing unit, a positive semi-period switching unit controlled by the microprocessor to execute the switching operation during the positive semi-period of the sine wave voltage, a negative semi-period switching unit controlled by the microprocessor to execute the switching operation during the negative semi-period of the sine wave voltage, a positive semi-period flywheel unit controlled by the microprocessor to conduct during the positive semi-period of the sine wave voltage, and a negative semi-period flywheel unit controlled by the microprocessor to conduct during the negative semi-period of the sine wave voltage.

Abstract: A power controller for controlling power delivery to a light, the power controller having a control unit in a weather proof casing responsive not only to remote power control signals, but also to be responsive to a remote stimulus with which the mode of operation of the power controller may be controlled. The power controller may include the casing, the control unit disposed within the casing, and a heat sink means disposed within the casing in a space between the control unit and parts of the casing, the heat sink means including a group of vane members each positioned in an array of vane members collectively surrounding at least a part of the control unit in which vane members are arranged to partially overlap other vane members (e.g. neighbouring vane of the array) in separated opposition thereto to define fluid ventilation ducts (e.g. for fluid inlet and/or outlet).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling high speed operation of a motor for controlling high speed operation of a motor by estimating the position and the speed of the rotor of a synchronous motor without a PI regulator to eliminate the users' inconvenience and to secure the reliability of the control of a rotor's position and speed of a synchronous motor, which includes: a reference frame transformer that receives triangular coordinate voltages and currents and converts them to static coordinate voltages and currents, a flux observer that receives the converted static coordinate voltages and currents and observes and outputs the flux of the stator, a position estimator that receives the converted static coordinate currents and the observed flux of the stator and estimates and outputs the position of the rotor, and a speed estimator that receives the estimated position of the rotor and estimates and outputs the speed of the rotor.

Abstract: A system for controlling and/or regulating an electric machine, particularly a crankshaft starter generator, of a motor vehicle is provided. The system has prioritization devices by which different priorities can be assigned to demands on the electric machine. Coordinating devices are provided for coordinating the prioritized demands. When several demands occur isochronously, the demand with the higher priority is, in each case, treated in a higher-ranking manner.

Abstract: A method and system for proving a solenoid drive circuit. An exemplary solenoid drive circuit comprises a solenoid drive circuit input coupled to a primary switch. The primary switch comprises a first set of contacts residing in a first stable position. A remote control switch is coupled to an output of the primary switch and the remote control switch comprises a solenoid drive circuit having a predetermined delay. The predetermined delay energizes a solenoid after the primary switch contact transitions from a first stable position to a second stable position.

Abstract: A method and a system are disclosed for preventing stepper motor control signals from being applied to a stepper motor drive circuit in order to stop a stepper motor when an interlock situation is present. A sequence of one or more control signals is generated by a motion control system and passed to one or more interlock logic gates connected in series. The interlock logic gates have an enable signal input which allows the control signals to pass through to the stepper motor drive circuit if the enable input signal is set to a logic level of “1”. On the other hand, the interlock logic gates will prevent the control signals from reaching the stepper motor drive circuit if the enable input signal is set to a logic level of “0”. The logic level of the enable input signal may be connected to a switch, relay, or an integrated circuit responsive to an interlock situation such as the opening of an access door.

Abstract: A method and a system are disclosed for adaptively controlling a stepper motor to produce a required torque output based on selection information provided by a sensor or a user/user interface which, in combination with a selector, selects a torque-related value. The selection information provided to the selector for selecting the stepper motor torque-related value may be, for example, the size or thickness of material being handled or the number of accumulated sheets for processing. The torque-related value is predetermined through experimentation and loaded into a lookup table stored in the memory of a motion control system board. The selected torque-related value is provided to a stepper motor driver which supplies the appropriate drive signal(s) to the stepper motor.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electromotive power steering for a motor vehicle, in which a special type of reluctance motor or series wound motor is used while such an electric motor is electronically commutated. In order to recognize an error condition in the electronic control device and the electric motor, adequate mechanisms are provided in the circuit arrangement (15), the electric motor being cut from the power source by means of a relay (16) or by short-circuiting the power source downstream of a safety device (17) with the aid of a thyristor (18).

Abstract: Current consumption during the starting process of a single-phase a.c. asynchronous motor is reduced by an apparatus including a thermistor which can be mounted in series with the main winding of the motor. A starting capacitor can be mounted in series with an auxiliary winding, and current and voltage peaks of the starting capacitor can be reduced by a posistor. The thermistor is mounted in series with the main winding at the beginning of the starting process, and can be bridged by a switch once the starting process is completed.

Abstract: An apparatus for driving a motor includes a rectifier which rectifies input alternating current (AC) power, a power converter which converts the rectified AC power into direct current (DC) power, an inverter which converts the DC power into AC power of a predetermined frequency that drives the motor, a position detector which detects a position of a rotor of the motor with respect to a stator of the motor by detecting a magnetic flux emanating from the rotor, and a controller which controls the inverter to control the driving of the motor according to the detected position of the rotor.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to devices, systems, and methods having energy harvesting capabilities for self-powering portable electronic devices. The energy harvesting system preferably includes piezoelectric ceramic fibers that harvest mechanical energy to provide electrical energy or power to operate one or more features of the portable electronic device. The piezoelectric ceramic fibers may be in and/or on a structure of a portable electronic device and/or auxiliary devices/structures associated with a portable electronic device. The piezoelectric ceramic fibers allow generation of charge from mechanical inputs seen in everyday use of the portable electronic device and provide for the collection of generated energy. The energy harvesting capabilities also provide for conversion and storage of the harvested energy as electrical energy that may be used for powering one or more features of the portable electronic device.

Abstract: A method for charging a rechargeable battery, and a protection circuit for the rechargeable battery. The protection circuit perceives whether the battery is charged or not by sensing the voltage of the bare cell, changes the direct voltage applied between a gate electrode and a source electrode of a charging field effect transistor, which is connected in series between one terminal of the bare cell and one terminal of a charger, and controls the amount of the current flowing from the source electrode of the charging field effect transistor to a drain electrode at a low level, thereby maintaining a low charging rate of the battery.

Abstract: A holster that may be donned in a first configuration for charging a pectorally implanted medical device on the patient's right side, a second configuration for charging a pectorally implanted medical device on the patient's left side, or a third configuration for use as a waist belt for charging a pectorally implanted medical device on either side of the patient.

Abstract: An assembly of components for modifying a battery compartment to allow the use of batteries of a size other than originally designed. The assembly includes a hollow, electrically conductive, cylindrical adaptor, a first end of which is internally threaded for attachment to the existing battery compartment and a second end of which is externally threaded for acceptance of the existing battery compartment cap. The assembly further includes a hollow, electrically insulative, cylindrical insert. The adaptor and insert each include conductive electrical elements to connect a new configuration battery positioned within the insert to the existing battery compartment and compartment cap contacts. The adaptor and insert are coaxially aligned and loosely attached together in a manner that allows free rotational movement between them about a common central axis while retaining the adaptor and insert in close association.

Abstract: A battery pack attachment arrangement comprising a tool having a housing defining a hollow area and an opening into the hollow area. A first support track is defined within the housing hollow area. The first support track has a ramped surface extending between a first portion adjacent a first axial keyway and having a thickness t1 and a second portion spaced from the axial keyway and having a thickness t2 which is thicker than the thickness t1. A battery pack includes a main body and a stem portion extending from the main body. A first key extends radially from the battery pack stem portion. The first key is configured to be received axially through the first keyway and thereafter rotated along the first support track from the first portion to the second portion such that the first key supports the battery pack relative to the housing.

Abstract: A device suitable for charging a battery includes at least a first and a second transistor. The transistors are connected to an input voltage and have output terminals; the output terminal of the first transistor is connected to the battery. The device comprises a circuit for driving the transistors and the drive circuit comprises a regulator suitable for regulating the current in the battery during the charging phase of the battery. The regulator is suitable for keeping the voltage on the output terminals of the transistors the same during the charging phase of the battery.

Abstract: A battery monitor circuit. The circuit includes a control module, a resistive load having a resistive value between a first and a second terminals and a part of that resistive value between the first and an intermediate terminals, a switch configured to couple the full load between circuit input and a common potential in response a pulse signal, a first comparator having inputs separately coupled to a voltage reference and the intermediate terminal, a second comparator having inputs separately coupled to the voltage reference and an input potential, a latch, a detection module having input coupled to second comparator output, and an alarm module. The latch is configured to latch a value at output of first comparator to another input of the detection module in response to the pulse signal; if input potential is less than a preselected magnitude, detection module output is configured to activate the alarm module.

Abstract: A voltage control apparatus checks a battery voltage when an automotive generator gradually increases its output to be within a predetermined range after temporarily stopping the generator. Then, the battery voltage is picked up to calculate the charge rate. Further, a first charge rate and a first residual capacity of the battery is memorized when the engine is stopped. Periodically, a pseudo-open circuit voltage is checked when a charge/discharge current fits within a predetermined small range while the engine is not running, and a second charge rate calculated based on the checked pseudo-open circuit voltage. A second residual capacity is calculated using the first charge rate, the first residual capacity and the second charge rate.

Abstract: A monitoring circuit for monitoring a plurality of battery cells of a battery pack includes a plurality of temperature sensors, an analog to digital converter (ADC) and a processor. The plurality of temperature sensors is used for sensing temperatures of the plurality of battery cells and outputting a plurality of analog temperature voltage signals representative of the temperature of the plurality of battery cells. The analog to digital converter (ADC) is adapted to receive the plurality of analog temperature voltage signals and to convert each of the plurality of analog temperature voltage signals to a plurality of individual digital signals. The processor is adapted to generate an alert signal when an individual digital signal is not within a predetermined range.

Abstract: A switching voltage regulator has a first switch, a second switch, and an inductor, which are coupled together to a switch node. A switch control system applies a drive signal for controlling the first and the second switches. A duty cycle detecting circuit detects a duty cycle of the drive signal. When the duty cycle is larger than a predetermined threshold, the duty cycle detecting circuit generates an over-threshold signal. When the duty cycle is smaller than the predetermined threshold, the duty cycle detecting circuit generates an under-threshold signal. In response to the over-threshold signal and the under-threshold signal, an oscillating signal adjusting circuit generates an adjusting current. An oscillating signal generating circuit generates and applies an oscillating signal to the switch control system. The oscillating signal has a period adjusted by the adjusting current.

Abstract: A voltage regulator may include a resistor-based voltage divider circuit generating a desired output voltage from a supply voltage, an output NMOS device whose source terminal may be configured as the output of the voltage regulator and whose drain terminal may be configured to receive the supply voltage, and a control circuit configured to control the output NMOS device to maintain the desired output voltage at the output of the voltage regulator. The control circuit may be configured to receive the desired output voltage from the voltage divider circuit as a first input, and to receive the output of the voltage regulator fed back as a second input to form a feedback loop.

Abstract: In a power supply apparatus in which a voltage at a terminal on a load circuit is fed back to a control circuit so as to control a step-up operation by use of a booster circuit, a protection function is provided for a voltage fed back to the control circuit. A power supply apparatus includes a booster circuit, a protection circuit, a PWM control circuit and a current control circuit, and the step-up operation is controlled by feeding back a cathode voltage of an LED. The protection circuit is provided between an LED terminal and the PWM control circuit, and the protection circuit includes a protection constant-current source, a clamping transistor and a protection resistor. Even in the case when the voltage at the LED terminal is high, a voltage at a source terminal of the clamping transistor inputted to the WM control circuit is clamped to a clamp voltage (Vbat-Vt) or below.

Abstract: A current-supply circuit includes a regulation transistor. The regulation transistor is formed to regulate, based on a first supply voltage present on a first supply-voltage feed line, a second supply voltage present on a second supply-voltage feed line. The regulation transistor provides a supply current to the second supply-voltage feed line. The voltage-supply circuit further includes an operating-point determiner, which is formed to determine, based on information that is a measure for the supply current, whether the regulation transistor is at a low operating point at which the supply current is below a determined current. The voltage-supply circuit further includes a preventer that is formed to prevent, starting from the low operating point, a rise of the supply current by at least a predetermined current amount from occurring within a predetermined period.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus for supplying an output voltage to a load is provided, which comprises a power output unit, a feedback unit and a control unit. The power output unit adjusts and supplies the output voltage to the load in accordance with at least one driving signal. The feedback unit dynamically detects output condition of the power output unit and outputs the corresponding detection result. The control unit determines a skipping ratio for an internal clock in accordance with the detection result output from the feedback unit, and outputs the internal clock with a part of the pulses being skipped to act as the driving signal.

Abstract: A load terminal for use in a remote controlled load management system includes a control unit for starting to count a delay time and sending to a central controller monitoring data indicating that an illumination load has been turned off while controlling a power supply ON/OFF unit to keep the power supply to the illumination load when a transmission signal including a control data instructing to turn off the illumination load is received by a transmission signal transceiver unit. The control unit restarts the count of the delay time when the transmission signal transceiver unit receives a transmission signal including a control data instructing to turn on the illumination load during the count of the delay time from the central controller.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus to regulate voltage supply have been disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a power converter block to generate an output voltage from an input voltage and a voltage regulator controller coupled to the power converter block to input at least one time-modulated signal to the power converter block, the at least one time-modulated signal having a duty cycle, the voltage regulator controller including a counter having an increment value substantially proportional to the input voltage, wherein the counter is used to adjust the duty cycle of the at least one time-modulated signal. Other embodiments have been claimed and described.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multi-phase power regulator that accurately senses current at a load in a lossless manner and adjusts the power supplied to the load based on the sensed current. Also disclosed is a method of calibrating a multiphase voltage regulator by applying a known calibration current at the load and determining actual current values by the difference in measured values between when the known calibration current is applied and when it is not applied. The accurate current is determined at a known temperature and accurate temperature compensation is provided by a non-linear digital technique. Each phase of the multi-phase power regulator is individually calibrated so that balanced channels provide accurate power to the load. Also disclosed is a calibration method with minimal noise generation.

Abstract: A reverse current comparator for use in switching regulators includes a differential stage configured to encode the difference in voltage between an N and a P input. The differential stage feeds one or more gain stages. At least one of the gain stages includes one or more hysteresis devices. When the voltage of the N input exceeds the voltage of the P input by a predetermined margin, the hysteresis device causes the regulator to enter a triggered state in which it outputs a non-zero output voltage. Subsequent changes to the N and P inputs do not change the regulator output until a RESET input is asserted and which point the regulator enters a reset state and is ready to be triggered.

Abstract: An electric device includes a booster circuit. When a switch control circuit detects abnormal lowering of a second voltage provided from the booster circuit while the booster circuit is boosting a first voltage, the switch control circuit changes a switch from an on state to an off state. This cuts off electrical connection between an anode of a diode and a power supply node. For example, when a second node is grounded, the second voltage lowers. At this time, the switch control circuit changes the switch from the on state to the off state. This can prevent flow of an excessive current through the diode when the second node is grounded. Therefore, the booster circuit with a protection function as well as the electric device with this booster circuit can be provided.

Abstract: A switching power circuit having a counter which periodically counts a value between a first value and a second value, a determining unit which continuously determines a third value between the first value and the second value, based on a voltage difference between an output voltage and a reference voltage, a driving unit which alternately switches a first switching element and a second switching element, base on a small and large relation between a counting value of the counter and the third value, and a control unit which resets the counting value of the counter to the first value, based on the voltage difference or a current value at the second switching element.

Abstract: In one aspect, there is disclosed a power management device that includes a housing, at least one input port, and at least one output port. Also included is a CPU and a user interface. Electrical circuitry connects the ports, CPU and user interface. The CPU includes a real-time operating system and programs actively controlling a power usage.

Abstract: A sub-bandgap reference voltage generator, generates a pair of variable voltages one having a positive temperature coefficient and one having a negative voltage coefficient. The pair of voltages are added to generate an output voltage whose value and temperature may be varied. To achieve this, a first voltage having a positive temperature coefficient is multiplied by a first ratio defined by first and second resistive values to generate a second voltage. A third voltage having a negative temperature coefficient is multiplied by a second ratio defined by third and fourth resistive values to generate a fourth voltage. The second and fourth voltages are added together to generate the output voltage of the sub-bandgap voltage generator.