Abstract: A sequential color system with reduced or eliminated global temporal notching losses may be implemented with a buffered display panel. Fast global blanking and/or inter-field images may be used to reduce or eliminate the global temporal notching losses. When consecutive states of a pixel are “on,” an inter-field image may be displayed by maintaining the pixel in an “on” state instead of turning the pixel “off” and then turning the pixel “on.” This improves the color brightness and saturation. The display may be implemented with a color wheel or with a color switch.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for performing thermal history control in a thermal printer in which a single thermal print head prints sequentially on multiple color-forming layers in a single pass. Each pixel-printing interval may be divided into subintervals, which may be of unequal duration. Each sub-interval may be used to print a different color. The manner in which the input energy to be provided to each print head element is selected may be varied for each of the subintervals. For example, although a single thermal model may be used to predict the temperature of the print head elements in each of the subintervals, different parameters may be used in the different subintervals. Similarly, different energy computation functions may be used to compute the energy to be provided to the print head in each of the subintervals based on the predicted print head temperature.

Abstract: A multi-function peripheral includes a first scan module for scanning a front side of a to-be-scanned document, a print module for printing data on a to-be-printed sheet, and a sheet-feeding mechanism for feeding the to-be-scanned document and the to-be-printed sheet and for moving the to-be-scanned document and the to-be-printed sheet along a sheet feeding path and across the first scan module and the print module.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for drawing a visible image on an optical disk incorporate an optical pickup, which irradiates an optical beam onto the optical disk through its objective lens. The optical disk, which has a target layer on which the drawing is to be performed, is rotated while applying an oscillation signal to a focus actuator of the optical pickup to thereby vibrate the objective lens in an optical-axis direction thereof so that the focus point of the optical beam recurrently passes through the target layer of the optical disk. The power of the optical beam is controlled to form a recording spot on the target layer each time the focus point of the optical beam passes through the target layer so that a visible light property of the target layer is changed to thereby perform the drawing on the target layer.

Abstract: A laser beam source that emits a laser beam includes a reflecting unit that has a plurality of reflecting members and reflects the laser beam emitted from the laser beam source, a deflecting and scanning unit that deflects and scans with the laser beam reflected by the reflecting means, and an adjusting unit that moves at least part of the reflecting members, and adjusts the size of the laser beam entering the deflecting and scanning unit.

Abstract: A laser printer for Braille that obviates the need for embossing mechanisms and specialized paper. A laser printer for Braille according to the present teachings increases an amount of a toner that adheres to an area of a paper that corresponds to the Braille element. The increased amount of toner yields a printed Braille element that may be read by touch.

Abstract: An omni-directional camera array that is very small and unobtrusive and allows for higher pixel resolution for the face of meeting participants sitting or standing around a conference room table, as would be typical in a video conferencing situation. The camera system of the invention uses N cameras and an N sided mirror to capture images of the surrounding scene. The cameras are arranged to have a small distance between their virtual centers of projection. The images from the N cameras are stitched together to create a 360-degree panorama using a calibration surface. To stitch the images together in real-time, a static image stitcher is used, which stitches images together perfectly for objects on a calibration surface. The calibration surface is typically defined by the boundary of the table the camera is sitting on.

Abstract: A stereo-observation system includes a stereo imaging unit which has at least two entrance pupils and an imaging means forming a first image for the left eye and a second image for the right eye which have parallax and a stereo display unit which has two image display means displaying two images formed by the stereo imaging unit. In this case, the stereo display unit is constructed so that an angle of vergence ?2 is made by the line of sight of the left eye of the observer viewing the center of the first image displayed by the image display means with the line of sight of the right eye of the observer viewing the center of the second image displayed by the image display means, and the angle of vergence ?2 satisfies the following condition: (?1?2 tan?1(d/2L))×(w2/w1)×0.83??2?{2 sin?(G/2D)?(2 tan?1(d/2S)??1)×(w2/w1)}×1.

Abstract: A feature amount of an inter-mobile unit relative movement are detected as an observation amount by an observation amount detecting section 26, time series of the observation amounts are stored as an observation series into a storage section 27 to calculate a similarity of the observation series to a predetermined collision observation series by a classification section 28. A determination section 29 determines to be a collision accident if, in a case where the similarity is larger than a predetermined value, a mobile unit associated with the similarity is at rest in a stoppage prohibition area set in a storage section 30 and another mobile unit is moving, and to be a mobile unit failure if collision determination conditions except for the similarity are met.

Abstract: An angular position sensor is provided which is designed to an angular position of a rotary shaft. The angular position sensor has a magnet affixed to the rotary shaft. The magnet has an N-pole and an S-pole and is so geometrically shaped as to produce magnetic flux which is substantially uniform in amount within a range extending around each of centers of the N-pole and the S-pole. This improves the linearity of a change in sensor output upon rotation of the rotary shaft.

Abstract: A monitoring system for an RF transmission system, such as a multi-channel television broadcasting antenna feed system, gathers data about the physical and electrical condition of the RF transmission system in real time. The system can detect and localize deterioration and other time-dependent faults in the transmission system by the tendency of faults to produce reflections back to the transmitter that were not part of the original characterization of the installation. Some kinds of faults, identified early enough, can be corrected without replacing components, and especially without shutting down the transmission system during prime viewing hours in the case of television broadcasters, or during a critical period of use of the system in the case of other user types. Other faults can be detected in time to order replacement parts before the underlying problem becomes severe, and to allow servicing during periods of low demand.

Abstract: The present invention provides a video transmission system that comprises a camera and a base unit. The camera includes a sensor memory adapted to store video data until each line of the video data is sequentially transmitted, a data buffer adapted to receive and store the sequentially transmitted video data until it is completely received at a base unit memory without errors, a data port adapted to receive from the data buffer and transmit to a camera physical transceiver the data buffered video data, a controller adapted to control data flow between the camera and the base unit, and the camera physical transceiver adapted to transfer the data buffered video data to a physical transceiver of the base unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique capable of changing the image capturing direction of a camera at high speed while suppressing noise generated by resonance. At the time of changing the angle of the image capturing direction of a surveillance camera from a base angle to a first angle, if driving of both of a motor for panning and a motor for tilting is simply started simultaneously and completed simultaneously, there is a case such that the motor for panning generates resonance with the body of the surveillance camera or the like and noise becomes too loud. In such a case, the drive speed of the motor for panning, that is, the pulse rate is shifted to a high speed side on which resonance does not generate and the panning is finished first. Specifically, the angle of the image capturing direction is changed from the base angle to a second angle and, after that, changed from the second angle to the first angle.

Abstract: A camera control apparatus provides an end user with environment to easily remote-control a video camera via a general network such as the Internet. When the camera control apparatus 1001 receives a file-transfer request described in the format of the network from an external device 1002 connected to the apparatus, it handles a characters in a character string of a file name of the request as camera-control characters. As a result, if the character string includes description corresponding to the format for camera control, the camera control apparatus 1001 controls the camera in accordance with the description to perform image sensing, and transfers the obtained video image as the content of an image file requested by the external device as the file-transfer request originator.

Abstract: This invention provides a video system including an image pickup device for converting an optical image into a video signal, an image pickup direction changing device for changing the image pickup direction of the image pickup device, an image display device for displaying the video signal output from the image pickup device, and a function display device for displaying function information of the image pickup device.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for removing image artifacts from an image of a scene illuminated by a periodically varying light source such as a fluorescent light source. The image is represented by image data, and the method has the steps of determining a flicker function and processing the image data using the flicker function to remove the image artifacts from the image. The method and apparatus operate on data of a single image, do not require any additional input other than values of the flicker and frame periods, and do not require that the flicker be independently monitored. The method and apparatus is suitable for removing image artifacts from an image represented by image data collected by a CMOS image sensor utilizing a rolling shutter.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image-pickup apparatus such as a digital still camera. Herein, prior to actual photographing, pre-photographing is performed with a shutter speed set to a plurality of different values. A signal synthesizing circuit synthesizes the resultant image values to acquire information concerning a dynamic range required to photograph a photographic scene. A signal distribution arithmetic circuit produces a histogram using the acquired information. A signal distribution analyzing circuit analyzes the peak frequencies of the histogram. A shutter timing calculating circuit produces shutter timing signals optimal for actual photographing according to the result of the analysis. An image-pickup device or the like is driven in response to each of the produced shutter timing signals, whereby actual photographing is achieved.

Abstract: An image reading device ready to operate at higher speed is built as an IC chip having a plurality of processing sections, of which each has a plurality of image reading photoelectric conversion elements, a plurality of transistors for reading a photoelectric conversion signal from the image reading photoelectric conversion elements, a signal selection circuit for sequentially selecting the plurality of transistors, and a signal output line by way of which the photoelectric conversion signal is transmitted.

Abstract: The present invention provides an edge enhancing apparatus (20) including a filter (51) to extract a horizontal high-frequency component of a video signal, a rise/fall detection detector (52) to detect leading and trailing edges of the horizontal high-frequency component of the video signal, and a waveform balancer (53) to multiply the high frequency component extracted by the filter (51) by a gain to generate an enhancement signal for enhancing the original video signal.

Abstract: An image sensing apparatus which reduces noise generated by shift operation and power consumption is disclosed. The shift register of a horizontal scanning circuit is divided into a plurality of partial shift registers. Shift clock control circuits control supply of a shift clock to the partial shift registers individually for each partial shift register.

Abstract: A ground referenced pixel reset circuit is disclosed. The ground referenced pixel reset circuit supplies a pixel with a reset signal such that when the reset signal is asserted high, the reset signal is at a ground referenced reset voltage independent from a supply voltage. The pixel includes a photosensor, such as a photodiode, that is coupled to a ground having a same potential as the ground of the reference voltage supply. In this manner, noise caused by fluctuations in the supply voltage is reduced.

Abstract: A method for reducing shutter latency while maintaining low dark current in the imager and minimizing energy consumption in a digital camera, the method including the steps of providing an imager operating in accumulation mode; and substantially continuous flushing of charges from the imager before capturing an exposure of an image with a time between vertical transfers greater than or equal to time between vertical transfers during normal image readout so that, if continuous flushing for a time necessary to readout substantially all rows of pixels has occurred, the exposure may be captured with substantially zero latency.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes an image optical pick-up device, first and second driving mechanisms, a shutter, and a driving current controlling mechanism. The image optical pick-up device photoelectrically converts an incident light image of a subject of a photograph. The first driving mechanism drives the image optical pick-up device and performs a rapid sweep function for rapidly draining unnecessary electric charges remaining in the image optical pick-up device. The shutter opens and closes a light passage for passing the incident light image into the image optical pick-up device. The second driving mechanism generates pulses to drive the shutter. The driving current controlling mechanism performs a control such that a first duration in which the first driving mechanism operates the rapid sweep function and as second duration in which the second driving mechanism generates a pulse for closing the shutter do not overlap under predetermined imaging environmental conditions.

Abstract: When a portion of an image is displayed, a range of the image which is being displayed can be easily recognized. Namely, when enlarged image data which corresponds to an enlarged display range shown by hatching is extracted from image data and displayed on a display, a portion of the image which is represented by the enlarged image data is displayed on the entire display surface of the display. Original image data is processed such that a frame which represents the enlarged display range is synthesized with the image represented by the original image data, and resultant image data is displayed, as a navigation image, in an upper right corner of the display surface of the display.

Abstract: A viewfinder of a photographing apparatus to monitor a photographed image. The viewfinder of the photographing apparatus has a viewfinder body disposed to be drawn inside of the photographing apparatus body and outside of the photographing apparatus body, and a driving unit to drive the drawing-in and drawing-out of the viewfinder body. Moreover, when an outer LCD, which is disposed at an outer part of the photographing apparatus body, is rotated by a predetermined degree in a state that the viewfinder body is drawn outside of the photographing apparatus body, the viewfinder body is automatically drawn inside of the photographing apparatus body. On the other hand, when the outer LCD is rotated on a rotating axis on a plane of the outer LCD and faces an object, the viewfinder body is drawn out again to the outside of the photographing apparatus body.

Abstract: An operational state of C-AF processing is judged. If the operational state is judged to not be a focused state, when the operational state is a state of fine adjustment, only a range in a vicinity of a current position of a focus lens is searched, and a focused state is set. When the operational state is a state where the focus lens is being driven to a focus position, only a range in a vicinity of a focus position already been detected is searched, and the focused state is set. When the operational state is a state during searching for a peak, searching is carried out in a current driving direction from a current position of the focus lens, and the focused state is set. When the operational state is none of above states, an entire region is searched, and the focused state is set.

Abstract: There are provided an image memory which stores one image of a subject, an image fetch section which takes in an image from the image memory to another memory or register in a predetermined unit, a control section which takes charge of the overall control, a face characteristic storage section which stores a plurality of characteristics of a face, a recognition and judgment section which recognizes a face from the data from the image fetch section and the data from the face characteristic storage section and judges each portion, an edge detector which detects an edge detection value from the result data thereof, and an output section which outputs the final judgment result to the outside.

Abstract: A photographing apparatus is provided that comprises a photographing lens capable of moving a focal plane of a subject image, a CCD for receiving the subject image and outputting a signal into which the subject image is photo-electrically transferred, as image output, a motor section for driving the photographing lens, and a CPU for controlling an operation of the motor section. This CPU divides a range for enabling driving of the photographing lens 1 into a minimum number of or more sections which are capable of being interpolated, drives the photographing lens to each divided section in sequence, figures out a focus signal based on a photographing signal obtained from the photographing device at the each driving position, and performs interpolation processing of an evaluation value obtained from the focus signal. Further, by the interpolation processing, the CPU derives a focus position of the photographing lens which position causes the focal plane to coincide with the photographing plane.

Abstract: Viewfinder apparatus, methods, and digital cameras that provide autofocus using retroreflected eye focus measurements. When a user looks at a part of a scene that is the intended subject of the image, his or her eye is correctly focused. The present invention measures the focus distance of the eye when the eye is focused on the desired location in the scene, and then uses the measured distance to set the focus of the camera.

Abstract: The present invention integrates a structured light source into an imaging system for reconstructing surface topography of an object being imaged. The structured light source includes a mechanism for transmitting a set of lines onto the object from an angle. The lines are displaced, or phase shifted relative to a stage, when they encounter an object with finite height, such as a mouse. This phase shift provides structured light information for the object. A camera captures the structured light information. Using software that employs a structured light analysis, surface topography data for the object is determined from the phase shift of the lines.

Abstract: A photographing apparatus is capable of data communication with equipment connected to the photographing apparatus via a communication cable and capable of supplying power to the equipment via the communication cable. The apparatus includes: a connecting section for connecting the communication cable; a connection detecting section for detecting connection of the communication cable to the connecting section; a recognizing section for recognizing that a photographing process is under operation; and a power supply controller for controlling power supply to the communication cable. Wherein, when the connection detecting section has detected that the communication cable is connected to the connection section and the recognizing section has recognized that the photographing process is under operation, the power supply controller controls not to supply power to the communication cable.

Abstract: A frame rate converting apparatus provided with: a frame rate converter performing conversion of frame rate information on a frame rate, on all, a single or a plurality of sections of a video signal having an input time code which video signal is externally inputted and generated by use of a frame rate that changes or does not change; a time code calculator performing calculation of an output time code to be replaced with the input time code, on all, single or plurality of sections where the conversion of the frame rate information is performed; and a time code generator assigning the calculated output time code to all, single or plurality of sections where the conversion of the frame rate information is performed.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the invention disclose a method and system for processing in a non-line locked system. The phase relationship between the sub-carrier signal on consecutive video lines in a video comb filter is determined by synchronizing the two video lines. The synchronization is achieved by aligning the color bursts signals in each of the two video lines. The phase error between the two video lines is determined through the use of a correlation operation. The phase error between consecutive video lines is used to automatically adjust the delay lines used by the video comb filter. The line delay adjustment is provided by changing the values of a variable integer delay and a fractional integer delay. Line delay adjustments reduce the artifacts that occur in the separation of luma and chroma components of a composite video signal.

Abstract: When the power is switched on, a CPU 41 sets up a video signal selector 47 to select a composite signal a output by an amplifier/detector 46. Meanwhile, a CPU 21 sets up a second video converter 31 to encode and to output, as a Y/C signal f, a digital broadcast video signal received across a signal path 33, and also transmits an initialization end notification to the CPU 41. Upon receiving this notification, the CPU 41 sets up the video signal selector 47 to select the Y/C signal f output by the second video converter 31.

Abstract: Disclosed is a digital TV receiver, in which a symbol synchronization signal and a carrier signal are compensated by detecting multipath channel information. The present invention compensates a carrier and symbol synchronization signal attenuated due to multipath by detecting a degree of attenuation affected by a multipath signal from a pilot signal and symbol timing information, and uses a degree of attenuation affected by a multipath signal detected from a pilot signal and symbol timing information as multipath information to apply to a smart antenna control. Therefore, the present invention enables to enhance receiving performance of the digital TV receiver.

Abstract: A VSB reception system includes a sequence generator for decoding a symbol corresponding to the supplemental data and generating a predefined sequence included in the supplemental data at VSB transmission system. The reception system also includes a modified legacy VSB receiver for processing the data received from the VSB transmission system in a reverse order of the VSB transmission system by using the sequence, and a demultiplexer for demultiplexing the data from the modified legacy VSB receiver into the MPEG data and the supplemental data. The VSB reception system also includes a supplemental data processor for processing the supplemental data segment from the demultiplexer in a reverse order of the transmission system, to obtain the supplemental data, thereby carrying out the slicer prediction, decoding, and symbol decision more accurately by using the predefined sequence, to improve a performance.

Abstract: A VSB reception system includes a sequence generator for decoding a symbol corresponding to the supplemental data and generating a predefined sequence included in the supplemental data at VSB transmission system. The reception system also includes a modified legacy VSB receiver for processing the data received from the VSB transmission system in a reverse order of the VSB transmission system by using the sequence, and a demultiplexer for demultiplexing the data from the modified legacy VSB receiver into the MPEG data and the supplemental data. The VSB reception system also includes a supplemental data processor for processing the supplemental data segment from the demultiplexer in a reverse order of the transmission system, to obtain the supplemental data, thereby carrying out the slicer prediction, decoding, and symbol decision more accurately by using the predefined sequence, to improve a performance.

Abstract: A time-based, digital FM demodulator circuit receives a stream of digital samples corresponding to an analog FM waveform. The samples are provided to a zero crossing detector, which allows a counter to determine a number of clock cycles between zero crossings. The resolution of this coarse period determination is further refined by an intercept calculation, which further localizes the zero crossing of the FM waveform based on interpolation between samples on either side of the zero crossing. Accuracy of the period determination may be further enhanced by use of a sinusoidal correction filter, which minimizes error caused by the linear interpolation performed on the sinusoidal waveform. Although the FM demodulator circuit is particularly suitable for demodulation of the chroma component of a SECAM video signal, it may advantageously be applied in a wide variety of FM demodulation applications.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a signal source connecting port through which a video signal source is connected. The display apparatus includes a TV tuner connecting port to connect to a TV tuner. A selection part selects one of a video signal, transmitted from the signal source connecting port, and a TV signal, transmitted from the TV tuner connecting port to be displayed, to control the TV tuner. A micro controller displays the one of the video signal and the TV signal according to the selection from the selection part, displays a TV tuner control OSD when the TV signal is selected, and transmits a control signal from the selection part to the TV tuner through the TV tuner connecting port based on the TV tuner control OSD.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a method that facilitates compression of video data in a computer system by performing the time-consuming task of computing the difference between successive frames of video data independently from the central processing unit. This frees the often-overburdened central processing unit from performing this time-consuming compression operation and can thereby improve the handling of video data. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention can be characterized as a method for compressing video data in a computer system. This method includes receiving a stream of data from a current video frame in the computer system. It also includes computing a difference frame from the current video frame and a previous video frame “on-the-fly” as the current video frame streams into the computer system. The method additionally includes storing the difference frame in a memory in the computer system.

Abstract: An integrated circuit comprises a switching transistor having an emitter connected to a grounding terminal, a first resistor connected between a first gate of a first field-effect transistor and the grounding terminal, a second resistor connected between the first gate of the field-effect transistor and a collector of the switching transistor, and a third resistor connected between the collector of the switching transistor and a drain of the field-effect transistor. The integrated circuit further comprises a bias voltage terminal connected to the collector of the switching transistor to apply a voltage to the bias voltage terminal from the outside of the integrated circuit via a sixth resistor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for applying substances comprising liquid crystals to substrates, wherein the substance is maintained at a working temperature inside a coating device, in particular a printing mechanism, the substance being in a liquid state at said temperature and the liquid crystal components contained in the substance being in a mesomorphous state. Furthermore, the invention relates to a printing machine whose components, in particular ink chamber, screen roller, transfer rollers, distributor rollers, printing cylinders and impression cylinders can be individually heated.

Abstract: A liquid crystal optical performance monitor is described that employs a liquid crystal tunable filter for receiving a P-polarization beam and a rotated S-polarization beam from a C-polarizer. The rotated S-polarization beam from a birefringent crystal in C-polarizer propagates through a waveplate which rotates the polarization by 90 degrees, resulting in the rotated S-polarization beam having the same polarization orientation as the P-polarization beam. The liquid crystal tunable filter therefore receives just the P-polarization orientation. The C-polarizer and a small beam collimator are rotated so that the polarization orientation of the P-polarization beam and the rotated S-polarization beam matches the orientation of the LC inside the LC cavity of the LC tunable filter. In a first embodiment, the liquid crystal optical performance monitor is implemented with a photodiode. In a second embodiment, the liquid crystal optical performance monitor is implemented with a bi-cell photo diode.

Abstract: A fast and highly practical photoinduced switching liquid crystal device is provided. In the photoinduced switching liquid crystal device, in-plane switching of an optical anisotropic axis of dichroic nematic liquid crystal is performed at a high speed by light.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention can prevent the generation of the frame-like brightness difference at a portion which surrounds a light transmitting region. A pixel region formed over one substrate SUB1 which constitutes a liquid crystal display device includes a light transmitting region LTA which allows transmitting of light and a light reflecting region LRA which allows reflection of light. The light transmitting region LTA includes a first pixel electrode TPX formed of a conductive layer having the light transmitting property, while the light reflecting region LRA is formed of a second pixel electrode RPX formed of a conductive film having the non-light-transmitting property. A holding capacitance electrode CT which is connected to a holding capacitance line CL is formed below the second pixel electrode RPX.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a liquid crystal display (LCD) device comprises forming an active pattern and a data line on a substrate, the active pattern including a source, a drain, and a channel regions; a first insulation film on a portion of the substrate; forming a gate electrode in a portion of the active pattern where the first insulation film is formed; a second insulation film on the substrate; forming a plurality of first contact holes exposing a portion of the source and drain regions and a second contact hole exposing a portion of the data line; forming a source electrode from a transparent conductive material connected to a source region within the respective first contact hole and a data line within the second contact hole; and forming a pixel and a drain electrodes from the transparent conductive material connected to a drain region within the respective first contact hole.

Abstract: Disclosed is an LCD apparatus including a receiving container for receiving a light guide plate and a lamp assembly, a first chassis for fixing the light guide plate and an LCD panel, and a second chassis for fixing the first chassis and the LCD panel. The receiving container and the first and second chassis are made of metal material so that the LCD apparatus may have reduced size and weight.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display module includes a bottom case, a main support on the bottom case, the main support including a wire holding hook having first and second finger portions, a backlight assembly on the main support, the backlight assembly including a lamp connected to wires, the wires extending to outside of the module via the wire holding hook, a liquid crystal panel over the backlight assembly, and a top case being coupled to the bottom case and accommodating the main support, the backlight assembly and the liquid crystal panel therebetween.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has a uniform viewing angle and a reduced cost of a production. The liquid crystal display device includes a light guide plate converting the light from a lamp into a surface light to irradiate the liquid crystal display panel. Multiple patterns, each of the patterns being formed in the light guide plate, have a first curvature of a first sectional surface and a second curvature of a second sectional surface which are different from each other.

Abstract: A color filter 40 has a light-transmissive substrate 2, a reflecting layer 3 formed on the back substrate 2 and provided with openings 4, boundary layers 5 and 21 formed on the reflecting layer 3, and a plurality of coloring layers 6 enclosed by the boundary layers 5 and 21. A transparent coat layer 25 is provided between the reflecting layer 3 and the boundary layers 5 and 21. A step is formed between the openings 4 and the transparent coat layer 25. The coloring layers 6 are formed by applying the droplets 150 of colored fluid to the openings 4 first, and then to the transparent coat layer 25. The difference in color saturation of the color filter 40 in a reflective display mode and a transmissive display mode is reduced. Also, a liquid material is appropriately applied to the color filter 40, to enhance color balance.