Abstract: A dual-slot coupled sectorial loop antenna (CSLA). The dual-slot CSLA includes a metalized layer deposited on a dielectric substrate. Portions of the metalized layer are removed to define two pie-slice shaped sectors that are electrically isolated from the remaining portion of the metalized layer, where points of the pie-slice shaped sectors oppose each other and are electrically coupled to a common feed.

Abstract: An antenna device includes an antenna housing having a chamber and a slot formed in one end and formed between two arms and communicating with the chamber, an antenna member having a stud engaged into the slot and rotatably coupled to the antenna housing with a pivot axle and having two or more flat surfaces formed in the stud. A spring-biased follower is slidably received in the antenna housing and includes an actuator for engaging with either of the flat surfaces of the antenna member and for anchoring and retaining the antenna member to the antenna housing at selected angular positions. The antenna device includes a greatly simplified structure with a greatly reduced expense.

Abstract: First and second monopole conductive elements are disposed so as to be approximately mutually perpendicular and so that respective open ends are adjacent, and with respect to a straight line that passes between open ends of the first and second monopole conductive elements and through a center of a conductive ground plane, a first conductive ground plane portion formed on a first monopole conductive element-side of the straight line among the conductive ground plane and the first monopole conductive element are formed so as to be approximately symmetrical to a second conductive ground plane portion formed on a second monopole conductive element-side of the straight line among the conductive ground plane and the second monopole conductive element.

Abstract: There is provided an antenna device including a substrate, an earth section which is disposed on a portion of the substrate, a feed point which is disposed on the substrate, a loading section disposed on the substrate and constructed with a line-shaped conductor pattern which is formed in a longitudinal direction of an elementary body made of a dielectric material, an inductor section which connects one end of the conductor pattern to the earth section, and a feed point which feeds a current to a connection point of the one end of the conductor pattern and the inductor section, wherein a longitudinal direction of the loading section is arranged to be parallel to an edge side of the earth section.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a multiband antenna array using electromagnetic bandgap structures is presented. In this regard, an antenna array is introduced having two or more planar antennas situated substantially on a surface of a substrate, a first set of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) cells situated substantially between and on plane with the antennas, and a second set of EBG cells situated within the substrate below the antennas. Other embodiments are also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A visual display screen apparatus including a support member and a visual display screen for collapsible displays such as flexible projection screen systems and light-emissive screens screen systems in combination with the elongated support member. The elongated support member includes or consists of a strip of material having an arcuate cross-sectional shape and exhibiting sufficient rigidity to act as a support for the visual display screen. Within a region of the strip of material where it transitions from having an arcuate cross-sectional shape to a flat cross-sectional shape, the strip of material exhibits a significant reduction in its rigidity and can be readily bent for enabling rolling and/or folding of the elongated support member for enabling the visual display screen to be rolled, folded and/or collapsed for storage and transport.

Abstract: An image display system includes a camera that shoots a background, a monitor that displays a shot background image, and an optical lens arranged between a display surface of the monitor and an observer. An imaginary image, obtained due to presence of the optical lens, of the monitor image is made to substantially match with a background surface. As a result, when the observer views the background through the monitor, the monitor image and the background look continuous to him.

Abstract: The camera reads identification information of the user, which is contained in an identification card, through a card reading part. The camera connects automatically to a server designated in accordance with the read identification information through a communication interface. Then, the camera transmits and stores the data of recorded images to the designated server. The camera retrieves the image data stored in the server, and reproduces and displays the image on an image display at the back of the camera. A plurality of cameras in which the same user's identification information is set can be controlled altogether in the image-recording and reproduction by one camera. One camera in which the identification information of a plurality of user's is set can distribute the recorded image data to the servers of the users simultaneously.

Abstract: The present invention provides a portable computer with multiple monitors, comprising: a main unit; a first monitor pivotally disposed on one side of the main unit to display a first image signal; and at least one second monitor sited on the surface of the main unit to display a second image signal, wherein the second monitor provides a resolution of at least 160×160 pixels.

Abstract: Various configurations of an electronic display, and devices incorporating the display, are provided. The display may have multiple portions connected along one or more axes, lines, points, or other connecting areas. The portions are movable about the connections. In various configurations, the display portions emulate different media and/or communication and computing devices. Two or more of the display devices may be coupled in an array.

Abstract: An image display apparatus for displaying image signals of a form of packets incorporating display position information includes a combination of unit display devices so as to acquire translational objectivity. Each of the unit display devices including a receiving part for receiving image signals, a processing part for dividing input image signals into those falling inside and those falling outside a range for display or those subject to or those not subject to display based on the display position information and serving to process display positions of the image signals falling outside the range for display or not subject to display, an output part for outputting the processed image signals along an axis of translational objectivity to a subsequent unit display device, and a display part for displaying the images falling in the range for display, the image display apparatus displaying the image signals as a whole, with the image signals processed sequentially with the unit display devices.

Abstract: A dual-screen mobile display device, which embodies a dual-screen display according to a user's selection. The dual-screen mobile display device for a mobile device includes an image signal supply part for supplying a first image signal and a second image signal. A first active matrix organic light emitting display panel displays the first image signal. A housing mounts the first active matrix organic light emitting display panel. A second active matrix organic light emitting display panel is adapted to be inserted in and pulled out from the housing and displays at least one of the first image signal or the second image signal. A moving mechanism moves the second active matrix organic light emitting display panel outside of the housing. A fixing part fixes the second active matrix organic light emitting display panel when the second active matrix organic light emitting display panel is moved outside of the housing.

Abstract: Described herein are devices that provide projection-type video output in a portable design. The projection-type display devices include a battery that stores electrical energy. The battery increases display device portability and flexible usage by permitting display device operation in locations not serviceable by a fixed power supply. For example, inclusion of a battery extends projector-type display device usage into a car, library, remote environment, or any other setting where fixed power outlets are not readily available or within power cord reach. To increase device endurance from a finite battery power supply, the present invention may also implement one or more hardware designs that reduce power consumption.

Abstract: An image display system includes a light source for projecting an illumination light. The image display system further includes a light source control unit that controls the light source to adjust the illumination intensity and/or light emission time of the illumination light. The display system further includes an SLM (Spatial Light Modulator) having a plurality of pixel elements. The SLM modulates the incident illumination light to generate gray scales. The light source control unit controls the light source during at least one time slice in one frame period, and the SLM uses that time slice to control a minimum adjustable gray scale.

Abstract: A head mounted display including a frame wearable on a user's head, first and second imaging apparatuses integrating on the frame and at least one control unit. Each imaging apparatus includes a display unit having a plurality of pixels arranged in matrix. The control unit is utilized for selectively setting a part of the pixels as display pixels and the rest of the pixels as non-display pixels, thereby determining the positions of display areas on the display units. Two virtual images respectively seen by a user can be adjusted to substantially coincide with each other by scrolling the positions of the display areas on the display units. The present invention also provides an image adjustment method for the head mounted display.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention provide an electronic paper display system that can include an electronic paper and the writing device. The writing device transmits power and baseband signals by using an electromagnetic coupling between a coil of the writing device and a coil of the electronic paper. The baseband signals, which are encoded by the writing device, are decoded by a decoder of the electronic paper and fed to the control circuit to illustrate images on a bi-stable display unit. The electronic paper has a power storage that temporarily stores power transmitted by using electromagnetic coupling for absorbing fluctuation of power in both transmission and consumption. The asynchronous design of this invention brings both robustness and low-power consumption.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is provided in which discharge connection in the column direction is prevented without increasing the number of man-hours in a formation process of a partition and without deteriorating ventilation for an exhaust process. A pattern in a plan view of a partition is made a mesh pattern in which vertical patterns are included at inter-row positions in each column. Each of first vertical walls is positioned at a boundary between columns, each of second vertical walls is arranged at a position away from a boundary between columns for each boundary between rows and each of horizontal walls is positioned at a boundary between rows. In the partition, a height of portions where the first vertical wall crosses the horizontal wall and a height of portions where the second vertical wall crosses the horizontal wall are smaller than a height of the other portions of the partition.

Abstract: A display device includes a plurality of pixels; a gate driver that supplies a gate signal to the pixels; a data driver that supplies a data voltage to the pixels; an additional frame generator that generates an image signal of a third frame based on an image signal of a first frame and a second frame; a signal correction unit that corrects an image signal to generate the corrected image signal; and a signal controller that arranges the corrected image signal to supply the arranged signal to the data driver and that controls the data driver and the gate driver, wherein the additional frame generator, the signal correction unit, and the signal controller are integrated in one IC chip.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus is provided to reduce noise. The plasma display apparatus includes a plasma display panel, a chassis which is disposed behind the plasma display panel and supports the plasma display panel, a circuit unit which is disposed behind the chassis and drives the plasma display panel, a signal transmitting member which transmits electrical signals generated in the circuit unit to the plasma display panel, and a cover plate which covers a portion of the signal transmitting member. A penetrating hole is formed on the cover plate.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a system and method for dark noise reduction in pulse width modulated (PWM) displays. The system includes means for determining bright corrected pixel values for dark portions of an image corresponding to a first subframe and means for determining dark corrected pixel values for dark image portions of an image corresponding to a second sub frame of the image frame.

Abstract: Provided is a a plasma display apparatus and a method of driving the same. The plasma display apparatus includes a scan driver. The scan driver supplies a first driving signal to the scan electrode in a first subfield during a first reset period, a first address period, and a first sustain period. The scan driver supplies a second driving signal to the scan electrode, during a second reset period having a different time duration from the first reset period, a second address period having a different time duration from the first address period, and a second sustain period having a different time duration from the first sustain period. At least one of the dielectric layer or the protective layer includes 1000 PPM (parts per million) or less of lead(Pb).

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus includes an IC that operates with a power supply voltage, of which a difference between a ground potential and a power supply potential is substantially more than 50 V, a ceramic condenser disposed in a vicinity of the IC and coupled between the ground potential and the power supply potential of the IC, and a resistor connected in series with the ceramic condenser between the ground potential and the power supply potential.

Abstract: A plasma display panel has a dielectric layer with a relatively high dielectric withstanding voltage that can be easily formed, and a manufacturing method thereof. The plasma display panel includes a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a plurality of first electrodes disposed along a first direction between the first substrate and the second substrate; a plurality of second electrodes disposed apart from the first electrodes between the first substrate and the second substrate, and extending along a second direction crossing the first direction; a plurality of third electrodes disposed apart from the first electrodes between the first substrate and the second substrate, and extending along the second direction; and a plurality of oxide dielectric layers disposed on the first electrodes, the second electrodes, or the third electrodes, the oxide dielectric layers comprising oxidized materials of the first electrodes, the second electrodes, or the third electrodes.

Abstract: The control of a plasma display panel, successively comprises, at least for all the cells of a current line having to switch state for the next line: a connection of a terminal of application of an intermediary supply voltage to output terminals of column control stages corresponding to the junction points of first and second switches between two terminals of application of a supply voltage, to perform a precharge or a predischarge of the screen cells; a disconnection of said output terminals from this intermediary voltage; and a connection of each output terminal to a first or to a second power supply voltage by the turning-on of the first or second switch of the corresponding stage, according to a luminance reference value, delayed with respect to the disconnection of the corresponding output terminal from the terminal of application of the intermediary voltage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus. The plasma display apparatus includes an upper substrate, a scan electrode, a sustain electrode, a dielectric layer, a lower substrate, and address electrodes. The scan and sustain electrodes are formed on the upper substrate, and the dielectric layer covers the scan and sustain electrodes. The lower substrate faces the upper substrate, and the address electrodes are formed on the lower substrate. In plasma display apparatus, at least one of the scan and sustain electrodes is formed as one layer. A reset signal including a gradually falling setdown period is supplied to the scan electrode more than two times in at least one reset period among a plurality of subfields.

Abstract: An image-forming device includes, in an envelope, an electron-emitting element for emitting an electron by applying a voltage between electrodes, an image-forming member for forming an image by irradiation with an electron beam emitted from the electron-emitting element, and a supporting member for supporting the envelope. The supporting member has an electroconductive film at an end portion and a side portion thereof, and is electrically connected through the electroconductive film to the electrode.

Abstract: An active matrix display device includes a CPU; a glass substrate; and a display panel unit formed on the glass substrate, the display panel unit including a control unit and a display section together. The display panel unit is provided with a data input terminal, a clock terminal and a data latch terminal, which are connected to the CPU, a test terminal to which a test signal from the CPU is inputted, and a data output terminal for outputting data written to the display section upon input of the test signal. The display panel unit may be further provided with a write enable terminal for receiving a write control signal; and a blank terminal for adjusting brightness of the display section.

Abstract: A display including a plurality of pixels in matrix, wherein each pixel includes first and second power source lines; a switching device for controlling writing of a signal voltage supplied via a signal line; a capacitor for storing the signal voltage supplied via the switching device; an n-type driver device having a gate electrode and first and second electrodes for providing current corresponding to the signal voltage stored by the capacitor; a light emitting device having an anode and a cathode for emitting light in response to the current. The display makes use of storing a voltage related to the threshold voltage of the driving device during a second portion of the operating time.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode display device capable of reducing power consumption by limiting a current to lower the total luminance if an area exhibiting a high luminance is larger than a threshold, and a driving method thereof are disclosed. The device includes a luminance controller for controlling an emission time of the pixel unit by determining a luminance limit of the pixel unit corresponding to a sum of the values of the video data input into one frame; and a power source controller for controlling driving of the luminance controller to correspond to the luminance limit of the pixel unit.

Abstract: The system of wireless electronic registration plates (3) which is comprehended by the existance of the central wireless module (29) placed within the motor vehicle and connected on to an electric energy source, and the wireless electronic registration plates (30, 31), that are placed at the front and the rear sides of a motor vehicle, containing built-in satellite wireless module (11) is functioning on a principle of wireless micro network where the data transfer from a computer or other mobile device for data input (27, 28) is made through the central wireless module to the satellite wireless modules embedded into the registration plates. The wireless electronic registration plates have its own source of electric energy from the solar cells (6) placed in the lower part of the solar housing (22), which are connected to a thin, film battery (8) implanted in to the solar housing of the registration plates. The registration data is displayed through the active display (1) that is embedded in the solar housing.

Abstract: A memory module with display functions and a display unit thereof are provided. The memory module includes a first circuit board, a memory chip, a display unit and a controller. The memory chip is disposed on the first circuit board. The display unit is disposed on the first circuit board. The display unit has the same package type as the memory chip. The controller is disposed on the first circuit board. The controller is configured to control the memory chip and provide information about the memory chip to the display unit, such that the display unit is capable of displaying information about the memory chip.

Abstract: A LCD device includes a liquid crystal panel and a control circuit. The liquid crystal panel is configured to display an image in response to various received signals, one of which may include a common voltage signal. The control circuit receives a control signal. In response to the control signal, the control circuit couples the liquid crystal panel to the common voltage signal or to a ground voltage.

Abstract: A display apparatus (100) comprises: a video selection section (105) that selects video based on the outputs of a video 1 detection section (111), video 2 detection section (112), mode management section (104), seat sensor (301) and seat sensor (302); two screen combining section (106) that combines the screens of video 1 and video 2 inputted from video input terminals (101 and 102) based on in accordance with control signal from the video selection section (105); and a landscape LCD panel (120) that displays the video signals outputted from the two screen combining section (106), and displays video inputted to the video input terminals (101 and 102) in a full screen or in two left and right screens on the landscape LCP panel, in accordance with detection results in the video 1 detection section (111) and video 2 detection section (112) . For example, the single-screen display and dual-screen display are automatically switched by plugging in and unplugging connection cables (510 and 520).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display, comprising a plurality of pixels, a data driver and a sense signal generator, where each of the pixels comprises a switch coupled to a data line and a liquid crystal capacitor. The liquid crystal capacitor is coupled to the switch and its capacitance is varied in response to external touch. The gate driver provides a gate signal to the pixel and the data driver provides data voltage to a data line. The sense signal generator generates a sensing signal by sensing a capacitance of the liquid crystal capacitor.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for driving a liquid crystal display to improve the quality of moving pictures are provided. The apparatus includes a transition check unit that determines whether an input image signal between a first frame and a second frame has changed and whether an input image signal between the second frame and a third frame has changed; an overdrive control unit that overdrives the input image signal in the second frame in an overdrive direction if the transition check unit determines that the input image signal between the first and second frames has changed, wherein the overdrive direction is one of an upper direction and lower direction; and an overdrive compensation unit that changes the input image signal in the third frame in an opposite direction to the overdrive direction if the transition check unit determines that the input image signal between the second and third frames has not changed.

Abstract: An exemplary burning system (600) for a liquid crystal display (670) includes an optic-electric transformer (610), a comparator circuit (650), and a micro-controller unit (660). The optic-electric transformer is configured for measuring optical flicker of a liquid crystal display, and transforming the measurement into a corresponding flicker signal. The comparator circuit is configured for receiving the flicker signal, comparing a voltage of the flicker signal to a reference voltage, determining whether optical flicker of the liquid crystal display is acceptable or nonexistent based on the comparison, and determining a parameter representing an optimum common voltage of the liquid crystal display when the optical flicker of the liquid crystal display is acceptable or nonexistent. The micro-controller unit is configured for burning the parameter into the liquid crystal display. A related method for burning a liquid crystal display is also provided.

Abstract: An exemplary driving circuit (3) for a liquid crystal display (LCD) includes: an RGB (red green blue) signal interface (371) for receiving a plurality of RGB signals, a serial interface (372) for receiving a mode signal, a light emitting diode (LED) driving circuit (377), an LCD panel driver (376), a mode switch circuit (373) configured for receiving the RGB signals from the RGB signal interface, and a data transforming circuit (375). The mode switch circuit directly provides the received RGB signals to the LED driving circuit and the LCD panel driver when the LCD operates in a normal work mode. The data transforming circuit receives the RGB signals from the mode switch circuit, transforms the RGB signals to field sequential RGB signals, and provides the field sequential RGB signals to the LED driving circuit and the LCD panel driver when the LCD operates in a sequential work mode.

Abstract: There is disclosed a liquid crystal display device and driving method are provided. The liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel where pixels are defined by gate lines and data lines that are arranged in a matrix shape. A gate driver is operable to supply a gate voltage to the liquid crystal display panel. A data driver is operable to supply a data voltage to the liquid crystal display panel. The pixels are each independently operable to be driven by drive voltages, which have different polarities from each other, and include first and second liquid crystal cells which realize the same gray level.

Abstract: A thin film transistor substrate includes a plurality of signal lines formed in a display area, at least one fan-out line part including a plurality of fan-out lines, and a signal compensation line part including a plurality of signal compensation lines. At least a portion of at least one of the signal compensation lines includes a wave pattern. The number of cycles of the wave patterns of the signal compensation lines may be increased as a position of the signal compensation line is positioned nearer a middle portion of the signal compensation line part. The thin film transistor substrate in one embodiment includes a signal compensation electrode overlapping at least a portion of the fan-out line part or the signal compensation line part.

Abstract: In a data compensating circuit and a display apparatus having the same, a previous compressed data compressed from a previous frame data is previously stored in a memory, a decoder decompresses the previous compressed data from the memory to output a previous decompressed data, a coder-decoder compresses a present frame data into a present compressed data to store the present compressed data in the memory and decompresses the present compressed data to output a present decompressed data. A first processor outputs a difference value between the previous decompressed data and the present decompressed data, a second processor adds the present frame data and the difference value to generate a previous re-decompressed data. A compensator outputs a present compensation data based on the previous re-decompressed data and the present frame data. Thus, the size of the memory may be reduced while preventing damage of data.

Abstract: A mobile LCD device controls a common voltage signal VCOM to effectively display a landscape mode image instead of using a separate integrated chip (IC). The LCD device utilizes a method of displaying a landscape mode image including selecting a video frame from M video frames received from an external source where M is greater than or equal to 2. The selected video frame is stored in a video memory. The selected video frame is masked so as not to display the selected video frame while the selected video frame is stored. The stored video frame is displayed a predetermined number of times while the selected video frame is not stored thereby effectively displaying the landscape mode image.

Abstract: A gate driving apparatus for driving a pixel array on a panel. The apparatus includes a driver chip having a first transistor with a gate coupled to receive a Nth gate driving signal, a source coupled to receive a first voltage and a drain coupled to a Nth scan line of the pixel array, and a driving circuit formed on the panel, providing a second voltage to the Nth scan line when the first transistor in the driver chip is turned off by the Nth gate driving signal and providing the first voltage to the Nth scan line when the first transistor is turned on by the Nth gate driving signal.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus is disclosed. The plasma display apparatus includes a plasma display panel including a plurality of data electrodes arranged in parallel to each other, and a data driver. The data driver applies a driving voltage to the plurality of data electrodes. The data driver includes a first connector and a second connector positioned at opposite edges of the plasma display panel, respectively. The first connector is electrically connected to some of the plurality of data electrodes, and the second connector is electrically connected to the date electrodes which are not connected to the first connector.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an image processing apparatus configured to control displaying of an image, which may include an upper-quadrant liquid crystal panel; a lower-quadrant liquid crystal panel; an upper-quadrant memory; a lower-quadrant memory; an offset adder; and a switching controller.

Abstract: A data driver for a TFT-LCD. N1 channels of the data driver can be disabled. The data driver comprises a multiplexer and a shift register. The multiplexer receives a horizontal start pulse and at least one control signal. Output signals are transmitted from output terminals of the multiplexer according to the control signals. The shift register receives a clock signal and the output signals and generates a start pulse. The start pulse determines to provide a first image data at a first channel or a (N1+1)th channel according to which output terminal the signal is output from.

Abstract: A circuit for driving an electro-optical device including a plurality of pixels includes a look-up table that stores response-compensated data in accordance with supplied image data and image data of an immediately preceding frame, which is one frame before the frame of the supplied image data, a temperature sensor that detects an ambient temperature, and a calculation circuit that calculates response-compensated data corresponding to the temperature detected by the temperature sensor and that updates contents of the look-up table. Response-compensated data read from the look-up table according to a grayscale level specified by the supplied image data and a grayscale level specified by the image data of the immediately preceding frame is converted into a data signal, and the data signal is supplied to one of the pixels that corresponds to the supplied image data.

Abstract: An LED light source for LCD backlighting is described that recalibrates itself over time so that color and brightness uniformity across the backlight is maintained over the life of the backlight. The backlight contains clusters of red, green, and blue LEDs, each cluster generating a white point. In one embodiment, each color in a cluster has its own controllable driver so that the brightness of each color is a cluster is separately controllable. One or more optical sensors are arranged in the backlight, and the sensor signals are detected by processing circuitry to sense the light output of any LEDs that are energized in a single cluster. The measured white point and flux are compared to a stored target white point value and flux for that cluster. The currents to the RGB LEDs are then automatically adjusted to achieve the target level for each cluster. This process is applied to each cluster in sequence until the recalibration is complete.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) and method of adjusting brightness for the LCD are provided. The LCD includes a light emitter including a plurality of luminescent bodies which are divided into a predetermined number of partial areas, a backlight driver connected to the light emitter to control the brightness of each of the partial areas of the light emitter, and a controller for calculating a representative value for adjusting the brightness of each of the partial areas of the light emitter in accordance with an input image signal and outputting the representative value as a brightness adjustment signal for adjusting the brightness of each of the partial areas to the backlight driver. Thus, the brightness of each of partial areas of a backlight can be adjusted in accordance with the input image signal to improve a contrast ratio.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a signal input unit, to which a video signal and a synchronization signal are input; a storage unit, in which a luminance conversion table corresponding to a plurality of display regions on the display unit is stored; a signal processor for processing the video signal so as to be displayed on the display unit; and a controller for controlling the signal processor, which converts the video signal so that a luminance level of the video signal is applied based on the luminance conversion table.

Abstract: An inverter driving circuit for an LCD is switched on/off more stably to improve heating radiation characteristics and drive efficiency. In the driving circuit, a controller supplies a first driving signal. A level shifter provides a second driving signal. A first delay circuit delays a rising section of the first driving signal to provide the first driving signal. A second delay circuit delays a falling section of the second driving signal to provide the second driving signal. Also, a power switching circuit is provided. The inverter driving circuit for the LCD, when a switching device thereof is turned off, has less current flowing in the switching device, thereby generating less heat. In addition, the inverter driving circuit prevents heat generation caused by current flowing reversely in the switching device, thereby enhancing drive efficiency.