Abstract: A frame grabber comprising image signal decoders to convert the analog image signal to digital image data, a multiplexer to select the image data stream sent from the image signal decoders, frame memories and a memory controller to control the digital image data in a unit of frame data to be transferred to an external main image processor unit further has a pulse generator, a pulse counter, a bus controller for transferring the frame data and a time stamping code generator to consolidate the same time base between the in-frame image data and other data used for robot controlling.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus including: CCD image pickup device; a light blocking plate for shutting out light incident upon the image pickup device; an exposure period controlling section for setting exposure time by controlling the light blocking plate and the image pickup device; a dark signal storing section for storing dark signals obtained from the image pickup device in a state where light is shut out by the light blocking plate; a subtracting section for subtracting the dark signals from main image pickup signals of the image pickup device; a defect detecting section for detecting defects from the subtracted image pickup signals outputted from the subtracting section; and a defect correcting section for performing correction of the detected fault pixels.

Abstract: An image sensor is provided that can be made compact, low power consuming, and operative at high speed without degrading image quality and read-out speed. The image sensor includes a pixel cell having a photo diode 31 and a reset transistor 32 connected to a power supply, a detection transistor 33 for detecting the signal voltage of the photo diode 31, a selection transistor 34 for selecting the detection transistor 33 and reading the signal voltage therefrom; a peripheral circuit 12 having MOS transistors; and an input/output circuit 13 having MOS transistors. The gate dielectric films 60A of the reset transistor 32 and the detection transistor 33 are formed thicker than the gate dielectric film of the selection transistor 34.

Abstract: In addition to transfer units for transferring electric charges generated from photo receiving units for every cell, a high-speed transfer unit is provided which transfers electric charges generated from the photo receiving units collectively on a unit basis of plural cells, whereby a reading speed can be made higher without making the operation speed of a driving circuit higher. To be more concrete, the number of shift cycles necessary for transferring from the transfer unit electric charges generated from the photo receiving units during the open time period of a shutter or electric charges generated from the photo receiving units during a time period except for the open time period of the shutter can be reduced.

Abstract: Electro-optical apparatus includes lens apparatus, a CCD having a predetermined filter pattern and a spectrally dispersive element interposed between the lens apparatus and the CCD.

Abstract: An image pickup device and a manufacturing method thereof. A digital signal processing (DSP) chip is attached on a first surface of a substrate. A CMOS image sensor (CIS) chip is attached on an active surface of the DSP chip. The DSP chip and the CIS chip may be electrically connected to the substrate by wire bonding. A housing kit having a lens configured to transmit an image to the DSP chip may be mounted on the substrate. An inner space between the housing kit and the substrate is not molded, thereby simplifying a manufacturing process and providing a thinner and/or lighter image pickup device.

Abstract: A thin camera having sub-pixel resolution includes an array of micro-cameras. Each micro-camera includes a lens, a plurality of sensors of size p, and a plurality of macro-pixels of size d having a feature of size q. The feature size q smaller than p and provides a resolution for the micro-camera greater than p. The smallest feature in the micro-cameras determines the resolution of the thin camera. Each macro-pixel may have any array of m features of size q, where q=d/m. Additional micro-cameras may be included to increase power.

Abstract: A camera having an electronic image pickup element and a distance-measuring circuit that uses light signals obtained from light images of a plurality of distance-measuring areas set in a photographing screen to select a main subject and measure the distance to the subject. The camera has a focusing component, operating when the position of the main subject cannot be identified by the distance-measuring circuit, to divide the photographing screen into a plurality of areas to identify an area in which the main subject is present on the basis of a luminance distribution obtained from the areas other than those overlapping the distance-measuring areas. The focusing component focuses a photographing lens on the position of the highest contrast signal while scanning the lens position of the photographing lens.

Abstract: Mobile devices and methods of operating mobile devices are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a mobile device includes a rechargeable battery, a battery charger electrically coupled to the battery, and an image sensor operably coupled to the battery charger to selectively charge the battery. As such, the image sensor is configured to capture images and provide current to charge the battery. The image sensor can be a CMOS image sensor or a CCD image sensor. The mobile device may further include a housing, with the battery, battery charger, and image sensor contained within the housing.

Abstract: Digital miniature cameras and methods to manufacture thereof have been achieved. Said miniature cameras having an adjustable focusing device are intended to be used as a built-in modules in hand-held consumer electronic devices, such as e.g. mobile phones and PDAs. The cameras invented have a very small size and produce high-quality pictures. Glue is used to hold different parts together and to seal the joints. The lens is glued in the final stage of the manufacturing line, thus providing the focus setting and the sealing of the cavity that covers the image sensor. A glob top is used to cover and seal the image processor. Said glob top serves two different purposes, first, to distribute the heat away from the sensor and, second, to lock the frame, together with the lens house, into a printed circuit board. In one embodiment a cavity PCB is used to “bury” the sensor of the camera, thus reducing the overall height required.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for de-interlacing video data by utilizing motion compensation. The method includes performing an operation of motion estimation on a first pixel of the first field and a second target field to generate a first motion vector, wherein the second target field corresponds to the second field; generating a first reference pixel corresponding to the first pixel according to the first motion vector and the second field; and generating a target pixel of a target frame according to the first pixel and the first reference pixel.

Abstract: A method for determining a value for a missing target pixel in an interlaced video field during a de-interlacing process includes providing at least one lookup table that correlates motion data to at least one of a plurality of de-interlacing methods, generating motion data related to the missing target pixel, utilizing the related motion data to perform a lookup on the at least one lookup table, and selecting the at least one de-interlacing method correlated to the motion data to generate the value for the missing target pixel.

Abstract: A video image conversion method is for converting interlaced image into progressive image. The deinterlacing method for the video system is for converting the interlaced image into the progressive image. The method performs an interpolation algorithm based on the pixel value of a reference field. An inter-field estimation on the pixel values is performed by referring to a predetermined value to calculate difference value between specific vicinity pixel value and predetermined value, to obtain a set of pixel values, corresponding to the minimum value of summation of a set of pixel difference values. The pixel value corresponding to the auxiliary field is interpolated. The reference field and the auxiliary filed are also referred as the odd field and the even field, where neither the interlacing order nor the respective correspondence is constrained. The method further detects a still motion, such that the flickering is effectively eliminated in another interpolation mode.

Abstract: A determining portion first determines which an interpolation pixel position (a target position of image signal) which is positioned in a field that precedes a current field by one field is included in a motion region or a still region by using an image signal of current field and an image signal of two fields before to obtain a determine result of this time. The determining portion finally determines which the interpolation pixel position is included in a motion region or a still region based on the determined result of this time and the history information, which is read out of a memory through a history-information-read-processing portion, on a determined result of past predetermined times(s) corresponding to the interpolation pixel position to obtain a determined result. The memory stores the history information on a determined result of past predetermined times(s) corresponding to each interpolation pixel position.

Abstract: In a method and system for 3D comb synchronization and alignment of standard and non-standard video signals, a coarse synchronization is performed on a bottom frame, a current frame, and a top frame based on a bottom frame field count. The current frame is assigned the frame transferred immediately prior to a bottom frame whereas the top frame is assigned the frame transferred two frames. A current frame window signal and a top frame window signal may be used to lock the current frame and the top frame to a bottom frame vertical sync signal. After coarse synchronization, the video frames are finely aligned by correlating a phase difference between the subcarrier signals in each frame and modifying the phase difference until the correlation results in a specified phase locked value range. This method and system may facilitate the handling of video stream switching and non-standard data streams.

Abstract: An adaptive equalization method and system for reducing noise and distortion in a sampled video signal improves the quality of output video information in both consumer and professional applications. A multi-band equalizer applied to the sampled video information reduces noise and distortion artifacts in the sampled video information. The gains of each of the equalizer bands is adjusted dynamically by control outputs provided by a noise and distortion detector. The noise and distortion detector incorporates circuits for comparing the luminance of each plane on a per-pixel basis with neighboring pixels and also includes a pattern matching comparator that detects edge features by comparing each pixel and its neighbors with a set of predetermined patterns. The noise and distortion detection can be further confirmed by comparing the detection results across multiple frames and the equalizer gain values may be further selected by a result of a video motion type classification.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and a device for independent color management by using a look-up table (LUT) so as to adjust the color saturation of a single color independently. The method comprises steps of: receiving a color signal of an input pixel; determining color flags and initial saturation values from the color signal by using a look-up table (LUT); obtaining user-controlled color gains according to the color flags; multiplying each of the initial saturation values with one of the corresponding user controlled color gains so as to output an adjusted saturation value; determining a final gain from each the adjusted saturation value by bilinear interpolation according lower-bits of the color signal; and obtaining a new color signal according to the final gain and the color signal.

Abstract: Single processing of the first channel search using the analog broadcasting tuner enables not only analog broadcasting channel to be detected but also the existence of digital broadcasting channel to be estimated. Furthermore, the acquisition of information transmitted on a digital broadcasting channel can be made apart from the first channel search when the channel is selected (received) or when the second channel search is performed. As a result, the first channel search (overall channel search) can be efficiently completed in a short time. In the second channel search for acquiring the digital broadcasting information, the number of physical channels to be searched is decreased by limiting to the number of the estimated channels. Accordingly, overall channel search which also acquires the digital broadcasting information is efficiently completed in a short time.

Abstract: A display retract mechanism for moving a display between a retracted position and a deployed position is disclosed and explained. The display retract mechanism is useful, for example, in mounting a liquid crystal display within the cabin of a passenger vehicle, such as an aircraft or bus. A geared chain drive supplies torque necessary for rotating a pivot shaft on which the display is attached. The display is biased toward a retracted position by a gas spring with a substantially linear force curve between the retracted position and the deployed position. Also disclosed are an infrared sensor for detecting when the display is in the deployed position, a solenoid latch for holding the display in the retracted position, and an electromechanical clutch for maintaining the display in a particular position.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus (100) comprising a liquid crystal display panel (2009 and a touch panel (300) is disclosed. A first transparent electrode (350) is disposed on an upper surface of the liquid crystal display panel (200) for displaying an image. A second transparent electrode (360) is disposed on a lower surface of a retardation member (320) and the second transparent electrode (360) is opposite to the first transparent electrode (350). Accordingly, the entire thickness of the liquid crystal display apparatus may be decreased, and the manufacturing cost of the liquid crystal display apparatus may be reduced.

Abstract: A display is disclosed. The display includes a plurality of pixels configured to emit light. The display also includes a plurality of pixel control circuits that are each configured to regulate emission of light from a pixel. The pixel control circuits each include one or more two-terminal switching devices that include an organic semiconductor.

Abstract: An LCD is fabricated using a diffraction mask with transmissive, semi-transmissive, and opaque regions. The semi-transmissive region permits formation of a transmission, reflection, or pixel electrode, depending on the type of LCD being fabricated, using the same masking process as that to produce contact holes in an insulating film and a conductive layer. Photoresist exposed through the semi-transmissive region is partially removed during developing that completely removes photoresist in the transmissive or opaque region. The contact holes are formed in the region in which the photoresist is completely removed, the photoresist and underlying conductive layer in the semi-transmissive region are then removed, and the remaining photoresist is stripped.

Abstract: This invention provides an electronic apparatus having a back display portion and a back LCD impact absorbing structure capable of preventing a front LCD from being broken through a back LCD by a load applied from a rear cover. A rear cover has a back screen attaching portion to which a back screen is attached and a back LCD display window opened by being surrounded by the back screen attaching portion on the surface and a back dustproof cushion on the back of the cover. The longitudinal one side in four sides of a back LCD display window which forms a cutout portion is broadened like a half-moon shape and thereby, a direct influence on this portion of a back LCD due to an external force added to the rear cover is moderated.

Abstract: An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) includes a first panel having a first resolution; a second panel having a second resolution, the second resolution lower than the first resolution; and a compensation pattern on an array substrate of the second panel for maintaining a cell gap. According to the present invention, though a color filter layer of the second panel having the lower resolution has a lower thickness, a uniform cell gap can be maintained.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) exhibiting enhanced optical viewing performance. In a preferred embodiment, the LCD comprises a liquid crystal display panel, the liquid crystal display panel comprising a pair of transparent substrates, liquid crystal material sandwiched between the transparent substrates and transparent electrodes positioned between the liquid crystal material and the transparent substrates. The LCD also comprises a rear polarizer assembly comprising a compensation film, a polarizer mounted on the rear surface of the compensation film, and a first index-matched, pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) mounted on the front surface of the compensation film, the PSA being adhered to the rear surface of the LCD panel. The LCD also comprises a front polarizer assembly, the front polarizer assembly comprising a front polarizer, a compensation film mounted on the rear surface of the front polarizer and an index-matched PSA mounted on the front surface of the front polarizer.

Abstract: In a liquid-crystal display (10), unpolarized light from a light source (12) passes through a linear polarization separation layer (14) and strikes a liquid-crystal cell (16). The liquid-crystal cell (16), in response to an applied electrical field, changes the direction of a director, so as to change the direction of the electrical field oscillation vector of the incident linearly polarized light by substantially 0 to 90°, this light then striking a dichroic linear polarization layer (18) on the surface, whereby only a component coincident with the polarization transmission axis thereof is allowed to exit to the outside. The dichroic linear polarization layer (18) transmits 50% of this incident light, and absorbs the remaining 50%.

Abstract: A substrate for use in a liquid crystal display, including an insulating substrate cooperating with an oppositely arranged opposite substrate to hold a liquid crystal. A plurality of pixel regions are arranged on the insulating substrate in a matrix form, in each of which a switching element is formed. At least one resin color filter layer is formed on the pixel regions to cover the switching element. Additionally, at least one layer of the resin color filter layers of the plural colors has a cruciform-shaped pattern protruding to cover the switching elements of neighboring pixels when viewed in a direction of a normal of a substrate surface.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal display device including a display screen comprised of a plurality of areas in each of which a pixel pattern is formed, wherein any two areas located adjacent to each other, among the areas, have at least two stitches therebetween.

Abstract: A display apparatus according to the present invention is provided with a gate line 2 formed on an insulating substrate, a source line 13 intersecting with the gate line 2 with an insulating film in between, a source electrode 6 connected to the source line 13, a drain electrode 10 connected to a pixel electrode 9, a semiconductor layer 4 formed below the source electrode 6, the source line 13, and the drain electrode 10, a light-shielding pattern 12 configured below the semiconductor layer 4 lying below the source line 13, and a backlight emitting lights from a light source to the surface of the insulating substrate opposite to where pixels are formed. In this configuration, leakage current arisen in the semiconductor layer lying below the source line, the extending pattern of the drain electrode, and so on can be suppressed.

Abstract: An optical stack includes a first liquid crystal layer and a j-retarder disposed on the liquid crystal layer. The j-retarder includes a simultaneous biaxally stretched polymeric film being substantially non-absorbing and non-scattering for at least one polarization state of visible light. The j-retarder has x, y, and z orthogonal indices of refraction where at least two of the orthogonal indices of refraction are not equal, an in-plane retardance being 100 nm or less and an out-of-plane retardance being 50 nm or greater.

Abstract: A color filter substrate C includes an orientation film 56 provided on one surface of another glass substrate 10 and an optical compensation layer 35 provided on the other surface of the glass substrate 10 and formed from a plastic film. The two substrates are disposed such that the orientation films thereof oppose each other, and polarization plates 34 and 5 are disposed on the outer sides of the two substrates, and a liquid crystal layer 4 having a positive refractive index anisotropy is provided between the orientation films 23. The optical compensation layer 35 has a negative one axial refractive index anisotropy and can cancel a retardation produced in the liquid crystal layer 4 thereby to suppress white floating of a black display portion.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display 90, a laminated retardation optical element 10 is placed between a polarizer 102A on the incident side and a liquid crystal cell 104, and a ˜/4 retardation film 102C 10 is placed between a polarizer 102B on the emergent side and the liquid crystal cell 104. The laminated retardation optical element 10 comprises: a ˜/4 retardation layer 14 having the function of bringing, to light that passes through this retardation layer, a 15 phase difference corresponding to a quarter of the wavelength of the light; and a C plate-type retardation layer 16 that acts as a negative C plate. The ˜/4 retardation layer 14 and the C plate-type retardation layer 16 are laminated to a transparent substrate 12 in 20 the order mentioned, and are optically bonded to each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided which comprises a front panel comprising a front alignment layer having an alignment direction, a rear panel comprising a rear alignment layer having an alignment direction, and a liquid crystal layer between the front and rear alignment layers. The liquid crystal layer has a rotational twist angle of about 90° and a pre-tilt angle of not more then 2°. The alignment, material and thickness of the liquid crystal layer are such that at the mid-point of the rotational twist, the direction of liquid crystal directors coincide with an off-normal viewing direction of the liquid crystal display.

Abstract: A method that uses at least one hydrogen ion beam for alignment of liquid crystal molecules is proposed in the present invention. The method of the present invention is proposed to resolve the problems of physical destruction and surface deterioration of the alignment films caused by the conventional method using argon ions beams. The method of the present invention directly uses at least one hydrogen ion beam to impact the alignment film. Hence, the physical destruction of the alignment film is reduced. In addition, via the reaction between hydrogen ions and the alignment films, the quality of the alignment film is improved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus including a pair of substrates having electrodes and vertical alignment layers. A liquid crystal having a negative anisotropy of dielectric is inserted between the substrates. Each substrate has linearly arranged alignment control structures for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal. The alignment control structures are formed in the form of projections or slits. Each alignment control structure is formed of a plurality of constituent units. In addition, means for forming a boundary of alignment of liquid crystal (singular point in director field) to control the liquid crystal located on the alignment control structures.

Abstract: For overcoming the disclination issue existing in the wing region of the electrode of the vertical alignment (VA) liquid crystal display (LCD), an improved LCD having a novel pixel structure is provided. The provided liquid crystal display includes a first substrate having a first electrode thereon and at least a second substrate having a second electrode with at least a opening thereon, where the second electrode is provided with a stair pattern having plural steps corresponding to the length of a specific side thereof, so that the disclination of the LC molecules is efficiently inhibited without any additional voltage applying.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display comprising a first substrate including wiring, which intersects to define unit pixels, and a first electrode formed in each unit pixel; a second substrate provided opposing the first substrate at a predetermined distance and including a second electrode formed over an entire surface of the second substrate, the second electrode generating an electric field with the first electrode; and a liquid crystal layer injected between the first substrate and the second substrate and including liquid crystal molecules that are horizontally oriented in one direction, the liquid crystal molecules, as a result of the electric field generated between the first and second substrates, having a symmetrically bent alignment about an imaginary center plane parallel to the first and second substrates at a center position therebetween, wherein the first electrode is protruded in a direction toward the second substrate at edges where orientation for the liquid crystal molecules starts.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate including a display region and a first non-display region, the first non-display region being disposed at a boundary of the display region. A second substrate faces and is spaced apart from the first substrate, the second substrate including a second non-display region corresponding to a portion larger than the first substrate. A light absorption layer is on an inner surface of the first substrate. A cholesteric liquid crystal color filter (CCF) layer is at the display region and the first non-display region is on the light absorption layer. A common electrode is on the CCF layer. An array element is on an inner surface of the second substrate. A light shielding pattern is on the array element, the light shielding pattern corresponding to the CCF layer at the first non-display region. A retardation plate and a polarizing plate are sequentially formed on the outer surface of the second substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic device, based on discotic liquid crystalline material, to methods of production of such a device, and to uses thereof.

Abstract: An array substrate for an in-plane switching liquid crystal display device includes a substrate, a gate line and a common line on the substrate, the gate and common lines disposed parallel to and spaced apart from each other, a gate insulator on the gate and common lines, and a data line substantially perpendicular to the gate and common lines on the gate insulator such that a pixel region defined by the gate and data lines. The pixel region is divided into first and second pixel region by the common line. A thin film transistor is adjacent to a crossing portion of the gate and data lines, the thin film transistor having a drain electrode. A first storage electrode is on the gate insulator over the common line, and the first storage electrode connected to the drain electrode. A second storage electrode is on the gate insulator over the gate line, and the second storage electrode connected to the first storage electrode.

Abstract: An in-plane-switching mode liquid crystal display device includes a first ferroelectric liquid crystal layer on a first substrate, a second ferroelectric liquid crystal layer on a second substrate, the first and second substrates being bonded to each other with a space therebetween, and a nematic liquid crystal layer at the space between the first and second ferroelectric liquid crystal layers, the first and second ferroelectric liquid crystal layers including a photo-polymerizational monomer.

Abstract: An electrode array structure in a pixel area of a fringe field switching mode LCD (FFS-LCD). A comb-shaped common electrode includes a first bar extending in a first direction and a plurality of first teeth extending in a second direction from the first bar, wherein each first tooth comprises a first bone having a plurality of discontinuous first trapezoidal protrusions on each side thereof. A comb-shaped pixel electrode comprises a second bar extending in the first direction and a plurality of second teeth extending in the second direction from the second bar, wherein each second tooth comprises a second bone having a plurality of discontinuous second trapezoidal protrusions on each side thereof.

Abstract: A lamp lighting terminal which is a conductive pad connected to a power supply terminal of a lamp is mounted on a surface opposite to a light emitting surface of a flat light source apparatus. Then, a terminal of a inspection device is brought into contact with the lamp lighting terminal to light up a liquid crystal display apparatus, thereby allowing inspection to be carried out. The flat light source apparatus may be provided with a light guide inputting lights from a light source through the side to output the light through one surface. In this configuration, inspection work at the time of lighting inspection of a liquid crystal display is simplified, and a high-quality liquid crystal display can be obtained.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device including a first substrate, a common electrode formed over the first substrate, and a second substrate disposed opposite the first substrate. A common voltage-applying member applies a common voltage to the common electrode and maintains a cell gap between the first substrate and the second substrate. The common voltage-applying member includes an insulator and a conductor formed over the insulator.

Abstract: An LCD device and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed, which prevents a liquid crystal from being filled imperfectly or excessively in an active region, thereby obtaining a uniform cell gap and improving picture quality characteristics. The LCD device includes a lower substrate and an upper substrate, a UV sealant between the lower and upper substrates, the UV sealant having a portion for controlling a liquid crystal flow at four corner regions, and a liquid crystal layer between the lower and upper substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel device includes a liquid crystal display panel, a sealing material disposed along a first outer perimeter of the liquid crystal display panel, a barrier wall disposed along a second outer perimeter of the liquid crystal display panel, and a liquid crystal material disposed within the second outer perimeter of the liquid crystal display panel, wherein the first outer perimeter is greater than the second outer perimeter and at least one cavity space is formed between the first and second outer perimeters.

Abstract: Pulfrich Filter Spectacles to view a 2-dimensional motion picture with 3-dimensional visual effects are disclosed. A method for synchronizing the Puifrich filter spectacles and a method of displaying 2-dimensional motion pictures as 3-dimensional pictures using the spectacles are also disclosed. The Puifrich spectacles and its synchronizing method and displaying method will allow almost any motion picture to be viewed effortlessly by the viewer with the visual effect of 3-dimensions.

Abstract: An exposure system for manufacturing flat panel displays (FPDs) includes a reticle stage and a substrate stage. A magnification reflective optical system images the reticle onto the substrate. The system may be a 2× magnification system, or another magnification that is compatible with currently available mask sizes. By writing reticles with circuit pattern dimensions that are one-half the desired size for an FPD, a 2× optical system can be used to expose FPDs. The designs for the 1.5× and larger magnification optical systems all typically have at least three powered mirrors. A corrector, positioned either near the reticle or near the substrate, can be added to the three mirror design to improve the systems optical performance. The corrector may be a reflective, or a refractive design. The corrector can have an aspheric surface, and optionally a powered surface.

Abstract: A second communications server obtains adjustment information of an adjustment unit in an exposure apparatus and information related to image forming quality (such as wavefront aberration) of a projection optical system under an exposure condition that serves as a reference, via a first communications server, and then calculates an optimal adjustment amount of the adjustment unit under a target exposure condition based on the information. In addition, the second communications server obtains adjustment information of the adjustment and actual measurement data of image forming quality of the projection optical system via the first communications server, and then calculates the optimal adjustment amount of the adjustment unit under the target exposure condition based on the information. And, the second communications server controls the adjustment unit in the exposure apparatus via the first communications server, based on the calculations results.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus includes an illumination system configured to condition a radiation beam; a support configured to support a patterning device, the patterning device being configured to impart the radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section to form a patterned radiation beam; a substrate table configured to hold a substrate; and a projection system configured to project the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate, wherein the radiation beam is reflected from at least one grazing incidence mirror that enhances the spectral purity of the radiation beam.