Abstract: The present invention provides a laminate film for electrophotography including a substrate, a laminate layer formed on one surface of the substrate, and a non-laminate layer formed on the other surface of the substrate, wherein the non-laminate layer contains at least a resin and fine particles and satisfies the inequalities (1) 1.5?R?5; (2) 0.1?t<R; and (3) 7/R?n, wherein R represents a volume average particle diameter (?m) of the fine particles; t represents a thickness (?m) of the non-laminate layer; and n represents the number of the fine particles contained in the non-laminate layer per 10,000 square ?m in the substrate plane direction (particles/(100 ?m)2).

Abstract: The present invention is drawn to a media sheet for color electrophotographic printing. The media sheet can comprise a base stock having a first side and a second opposing side, base coating layers coated directly on the first side and the second side, and receiving layers coated directly on the base coating layers. The base coating layers can include inorganic pigments, a binder, and a charge control agent. The receiving layers can include inorganic pigments, a binder, and a discharge control agent. In one embodiment, the binder of the receiving layers can be hollow particle pigments.

Abstract: A backup thermal insulation plate includes a colloidal inorganic oxide-impregnated, pressed and dried high-temperature-resistant inorganic-fiber blanket or board, the plate having a use temperature up to at least about 1000° C. and maintaining mechanical integrity after exposure to the use temperature, the plate having a density greater than or equal to about 500 kg/m3, and a compression resistance of at least about 50 kgf/cm2.

Abstract: A ceramic thermal barrier coating material (10) containing nano-sized features is predicted to exhibit improved high temperature performance than a comparable material containing fewer of such features. In a coating deposited by an APS process, the nano-sized features may be intersplat columns (32). In a coating deposited by an EB-PVD process, the nano-sized features may be a mixed oxide layer (22) formed of nano-sized mixed oxide particles, or nano-sized alumina projections (24) extending across the interface from the mixed oxide layer into the insulating material layer (20). Alternatively, the nano-sized features may be secondary columnar grains (36) extending laterally from primary columnar grains (34) in a columnar-grained ceramic material.

Abstract: A reflective film includes a substantially non-drawn film having a layer A that includes a resin composition A containing a resin having a refractive index of less than 1.52 and titanium oxide. The titanium oxide has a refractive index of 2.5 or more, and a vanadium content of 5 ppm or less, and the film has a light reflectance of 95% or more to light having a wavelength of 550 nm, and a heat shrinkage ratio after treatment at 80° C. for 180 minutes of greater than ?0.1% and less than 1.0% in both a longitudinal direction (MD) and in a transverse direction (TD).

Abstract: A peelable sealable co-extruded film, comprising: i. a skin layer capable of heat sealing against a rim of a container, to itself, or to another film and adapted to be peeled there from and comprising a hot melt adhesive resin; and ii. a core layer underlying said skin layer and comprising crystalline homopolymer polyethylene terephthalate; and a method for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: An aqueous composition that includes a) aqueous hydroxy functional, carboxy functional polymer including the reaction product of at least 5% by weight ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated hydroxy monomer, at least 30% by weight ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, from 0% by weight to less than 50% by weight ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated nonhydroxy functional, noncarboxy functional monomer, and chain transfer agent, and b) condensation accelerator, and articles that include a nonwoven web including glass fibers, and cured aqueous binder composition.

Abstract: Energy active composite yarns include at least one textile fiber member of either an elastic or inelastic material, and at least one functional substantially planar filament, which surrounds or covers the textile fiber member. The composite yarns can include an optional stress-bearing member, which also surrounds or covers the textile fiber member. The composite yarns may be multifunctional, meaning the functional substantially planar filament can exhibit combinations of electrical, optical, magnetic, mechanical, chemical, semiconductive, and/or thermal energy properties.

Abstract: Extensible bicomponent fibers and webs particularly adapted for disposable personal care product component applications. Sheath/core configurations providing desirable feel properties for elastic embodiments when compared with conventional elastic fibers and webs are obtained with specific olefin polymer combinations and sheath configurations.

Abstract: A method of coating a polymeric resinous thin film on the surface of a tubular braid reinforcing material, wherein a polymeric resinous coating material is spin coated on the surface of an annular braid, the coated braid is extruded into the air, and the coating material is coagulated in a coagulating bath, wherein the ratio of the spin coating feed ratio (Q) one the braid advancing speed (v) with respect to a unit outer diameter (D0) of the braid is represented by the formula k ? ( g ? / ? m 2 ) = Q ? ( g ? / ? min ) v ? ( m ? / ? min ) ? D 0 ? ( m ) within the range of 200 to 3,000 g/m2.

Abstract: Metallic particles for electrokinetic or electrostatic deposition, and a method for making such particles, comprising metallic particle bodies, an organic acid film on the particle bodies, and a charge director adhered to the organic acid film.

Abstract: Implants may be coated with a biocompatible coating to improve the biocompatibility of the implant. The biocompatible coating may include a bone growth promoting compound. Such compounds include, but are not limited to, phospholipids, bone morphogenetic proteins, or combinations thereof. The bone growth promoting compound may enhance the rate of bone growth proximate to the implant and the integration of the implant into the surrounding bone.

Abstract: Described is a free-radically curable composition comprising a fluoroalkyl silicone having at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups, a crosslinking agent having at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups, and a free radical initiator.

Abstract: An article has a metallic substrate having a first emissivity. A thermal barrier coating atop the substrate may have an emissivity that is a substantial fraction of the first emissivity.

Abstract: An impact resistant device is provided comprising a flexible support matrix and a plurality of energy absorbing elements operatively connected to the support matrix, each element comprising at least one ceramic material and at least one strain rate sensitive material. The impact resistant device can be worn as body armor to protect the wearer from high velocity projectiles.

Abstract: A protective film for polarizing plates comprises an antireflection layer (reflectance?0.5% at 550 nm) having high refractivity layers and low refractivity layers alternately laminated on a thermoplastic film (photoelastic coefficient?9.0×10?12 Pa?1, saturated water absorption<0.05% by weight) and has 0.3 or smaller standard deviation of S, which is obtained by obtaining a reflectance R(?) at a wavelength ? while ? is increased from 380 to 780 nm by an increment ?? of 1 nm, calculating S: S = ? ? = 380 780 ? ? ? ? ? · R ? ( ? ) ( 1 ) and calculating the standard deviation at 10 points randomly selected within 100 cm2 on the surface of the film. When the film is disposed on the surface of the visual side of a display device such as a liquid crystal display device, the film prevents reflection and suppresses fluctuation in distributions of luminance and color difference due to the uniform spectral reflectance within the surface of the film.

Abstract: Two-component polymer composite structures are described, such as a composite structure that includes a first polymer structure and a second polymer structure adhered to one another through interfacial adhesion provided by a semicrystalline random copolymer with 70-88 mole % propylene units and alpha olefin units having 2 or from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, the semicrystalline random copolymer having a heat of fusion of from 2 to 90 J/g and a crystallinity of from 2% to 65% of the crystallinity of isotatic polypropylene.

Abstract: A thermoformed polypropylene article, or sheet for preparing such articles, is formed from a layer of substantially syndiotactic polypropylene and a thin outer layer of substantially isotactic polypropylene that is joined to the layer of syndiotactic polypropylene. At least one of the layers is a non-oriented layer. Two layers of isotactic polypropylene may be used with the layer of syndiotactic polypropylene, so that the syndiotactic polypropylene is sandwiched between the two layers of isotactic polypropylene. The use of the isotactic polypropylene enhances the processability of the syndiotactic polypropylene, which is oftentimes difficult to process because of its lower melting point and slow solidification rate. Because the sheet is comprised predominantly of syndiotactic polypropylene, utilizing only thin outer layers of isotactic polypropylene, it has better transparency and higher impact strength than those conventional articles formed entirely of isotactic polypropylene.

Abstract: Esters of cyclohexane polycarboxylic acids are used as plasticisers for polyvinyl chloride to enable products with comparable mechanical properties to be obtained using less polyvinyl chloride. Use of these esters also produces formulations with increased stability to ultra-violet light, improved low temperature properties, lower viscosity and improved processability as well as reduced smoke on burning. The esters of cyclohexane polycarboxylic acids may be used alone or in admixture with other plasticisers when the esters of cyclohexane polycarboxylic acids may act as viscosity depressants. Fast fusing plasticisers may also be included. The formulations are particularly useful in the production of a range of goods from semi-rigid to highly flexible materials and are particularly useful in the production of medical materials such as blood bags and tubing.

Abstract: Getter multilayer structures are disclosed, embodiments of which include at least a layer of a non-evaporable getter alloy having a low activation temperature over a layer of a different non-evaporable getter material having high specific surface area, both preferably obtained by cathodic deposition. The multilayer NEG structures exhibit better gas sorbing characteristics and lower activation temperature lower than those of deposits made up of a single material. A process for manufacturing such structures includes depositing a first, high surface area NEG film on a support, and then depositing a thin over layer of low activation NEG film.

Abstract: The invention concerns multilayered structures useful for forming capacitors, which may be embedded within printed circuit boards or other microelectronic devices. The multilayered structure comprises a pair of parallel electrically conductive layers separated by a pair of dielectric layers and a central polymerizable layer. Each of the dielectric layers and the central layer may include a filler. Capacitors formed from the multilayered structures of the invention exhibit excellent short circuit resistance as well as excellent void resistance.

Abstract: A white or whitish luminescent material for phosphorescence is provided by synthesizing an organometallic complex that is able to convert a triplet excited state into light emission. In particular, a white electroluminescent device that has a high luminous efficiency and can be manufactured easily is provided by using the organometallic complex to manufacture a white or whitish electroluminescent device. The electroluminescent device is used to provide a light-emitting device with low power consumption. A fluorescent and phosphorescent material represented by a general formula (2) is synthesized.

Abstract: A 4,4?-Bis(carbazol-9-yl)-biphenyl (CBP) based silicone compound and an organic electroluminescent device using the CBP based silicon compound have excellent blue light emission characteristics and hole transfer capability. The CBP based silicon compound may be used as a blue light emission material or as a host material for various phosphorescent or fluorescent dopants emitting red, green, blue, or white light. Therefore, the organic electroluminescent device using the CBP based silicon compound has excellent characteristics such as a high efficiency, a high luminance, a long life span, and a low power consumption.

Abstract: There is provided an organic light-emitting device obtained by using a specific copper coordination compound as a light-emitting material, which has a basic structure in which two copper ions are crosslinked in a ring form by one of atomic groups containing a halogen atom, a sulfur atom, and an nitrogen atom. The light-emitting device provides high luminescence efficiency and high stability at low cost by using an inexpensive copper coordination compound as a light-emitting material.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is provided, which has a recording layer formed in a concavo-convex pattern and makes it possible to obtain the stable flying characteristics of a head. In the magnetic recording medium, concave portions between recording elements are filled with a non-magnetic material. Thus, the surface of the magnetic recording medium takes a concavo-convex shape which is different from the concavo-convex pattern of the recording layer. Also, the arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed profile of the concavo-convex shape in the surface is restricted to 1 nm or less.

Abstract: A fuel cell system, which may include a fuel processing subsystem for converting hydrocarbons into a hydrogen-rich gas, is designed so that at least some of the components of the fuel cell system are contained inside at least one housing. The housing contains a recombiner to convert hydrogen and oxygen into water. The housing may also contain a temperature sensor in the vicinity of the recombiner.

Abstract: A cell assembly includes a first unit cell and a second unit cell which are stacked to each other. The first unit cell has a first unified body, and the second unit cell has a second unified body. A plurality of oxidizing gas passages and a plurality of fuel gas passages are provided in the cell assembly. The oxidizing gas passages in the first unit cell and the oxidizing gas passages in the second unit cell are communicated in series to each other. The fuel gas passages in the first unit cell and the fuel gas passages in the second unit cell are communicated in series to each other.

Abstract: A device and method to convert residual hydrogen present in a fuel cell cooling system into water. An oxygen-bearing fluid is supplied to the cooling system from a source that also has elevated moisture levels to minimize the likelihood that the oxygen-bearing fluid will dry out or otherwise deplete the coolant in the cooling system. One or more valves are included to avoid the formation of adverse pressure gradients that could inhibit the continued supply of the oxygen-bearing fluid to the cooling system.

Abstract: A defective operation of a valve (15, 35, 37, 39) in a drainage line (13, 21, 31, 33) of a fuel cell results in unintentionally permitting process gas to flow into the surrounding area of the fuel cells. In order to resolve this problem, the invention provides a method for monitoring the discharge of media out of a fuel cell and provides a fuel cell system, with which the gas and water stream flowing through the drainage line (25, 41) is monitored (65) by means of a Venturi nozzle (23, 40) that is connected to a differential pressure sensor (27, 53). The magnitude (67) and the temporal progression (69) of the differential pressure indicated by the differential pressure sensor (27, 53) establishes the basis for controlling the valve (15, 35, 37, 39) in the drainage line (13, 21, 31, 33) and for shutting down (71) the fuel cell block (1) in the event that the valve (15, 35, 37, 39) is defective.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved, low-cost fuel cells having reduced fuel crossover, reduced sensitivity to metal ion impurities and ability to operate under a broad range of temperatures. The invention further provides improved methods for catalyst preparation and a new integrated flow field system for use in H2/O2 fuel cells.

Abstract: A fuel cell (10) is formed by sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly (14) between first and second separators (16, 18). An oxygen-containing gas supply passage (20) extends through the fuel cell (10) in a stacking direction. The oxygen-containing gas passage (20) includes first and second straight sections (20a, 20b) to form a single opening. The first and second straight sections are elongated in directions indicated by arrows B and C around a corner at an upper portion of one end of the first separator (16).

Abstract: An anode electrode for use in a fuel cell comprises a stacked structure including, in sequence: a catalyst layer, a hydrophobic, microporous layer (“MPL”), a porous gas diffusion layer (“GDL”), and an anode plate with at least one recessed fuel supply-fuel/gas exhaust channel formed in a surface thereof facing the GDL, wherein the stacked structure further comprises at least one hydrophobic region aligned with the at least one recessed channel. The electrode is useful in direct oxidation fuel cells and systems, such as direct methanol fuel cells operating with highly concentrated liquid fuel.

Abstract: A car power source apparatus is provided with a driving battery which drives an electric motor, heaters which heat the driving battery, a control circuit which controls power to the heaters, a temperature sensor which detects battery temperature and issues a detected temperature signal to the control circuit, and a surrounding temperature sensor which detects surrounding temperature and also issues a detected temperature signal to the control circuit. When the car is not being driven and the driving battery is heated via the heaters powered by the driving battery, the set temperature is changed corresponding to the detected surrounding temperature in the control circuit.

Abstract: A wafer alkaline cell of a laminar structure is disclosed. The cell has a pair of opposing sides comprising at least the majority of the boundary surface of said cell. The opposing sides define a short cell dimension therebetween. The cell comprises an anode assembly and a cathode assembly bonded together to form a laminate structure. The cell comprises a single frame or two separate frames housing the anode and cathode material. The anode assembly has an anode material therein typically comprising zinc and the cathode assembly has a cathode material therein typically comprising manganese dioxide. The cell is durable and preferably rigid, has elongated leak block paths, and resists electrolyte leakage.

Abstract: In a lithium secondary battery comprising positive and negative electrodes each comprising at least an active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a binder and a current collector, and an electrolytic solution, the active material in the positive and/or negative electrode has been made conductive by coating its surface with a conductive agent and a binder, and affixed to the surface of the collector by a dry process. The lithium secondary battery is given a higher energy density and a higher output density and will find a wider range of application.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing digital holograms in a storage medium, in which the technical problem of writing computer-generated holograms by means of optical lithography as quickly as possible and with little effort with simultaneous accurate control of the timed triggering and the positioning of the write beam is achieved in that a write beam is focused onto the storage medium and moved one-dimensionally relative to the storage medium, in that a scanning beam is focused onto a trigger mask having a plurality of trigger lines and moved one-dimensionally transversely relative to the trigger lines, the movement of the scanning beam being coupled with the movement of the write beam, in that, during the scanning of the trigger lines, a timed trigger signal is generated as a function of the arrangement of the trigger lines, in that, with the aid of the timed trigger signal, the intensity of the write beam on the storage medium is controlled, and in that the hologram is written line by li

Abstract: When producing an exposure mask including a stack of reflective layers for reflecting extreme ultraviolet light, an absorber film for covering a light reflection plane of the stack of reflective layers with a predetermined pattern, and a buffer film interposed therebetween, the swing effect and the bulk effect that occur on a transferred portion of the predetermined pattern are specified in accordance with characteristic values of forming materials of the absorber film and the buffer film and optical conditions when exposing, and a forming film thickness of the absorber film is decided in consideration of the specified swing effect and the specified bulk effect so that the line width variation of the pattern and/or pattern shift of the pattern are at their minimum values.

Abstract: In a method of producing a glass substrate for a mask blank, a surface of the glass substrate is polished by the use of a polishing liquid having a pH value between 7.0 and 7.6 that contains abrasive grains, and the abrasive grains include colloidal silica abrasive grains produced by hydrolysis of an organosilicon compound. The polishing process includes a surface roughness control step for initially finishing the surface of the glass substrate to a predetermined surface roughness by moving a polishing member and the glass substrate relative to each other under a predetermined pressure. This is followed by a protrusion suppressing step, carried out immediately before the end of the polishing process, under a pressure lower than the predetermined pressure, to minimize polishing rate and suppress occurrence of a fine convex protrusion. A mask blank and then a transfer mask are formed from this polished glass substrate.

Abstract: An active area pattern is formed atop a deep trench pattern with a single exposure using an alternative phase-shift mask. To prevent adjacent spaces of opposite phase from intersecting one another at the ends of substantially opaque features of the active area pattern, one or more connectors are used to connect the ends of the substantially opaque patterns. Trench regions of the deep trench pattern are arranged such that the conduction path of the connectors are interrupted and prevent the lines from shorting to one another. Alternatively, a bit line pattern or a word line pattern having a lines and spaces array and a support region are printed with a single exposure using an alternating phase-shift mask. At one end of the array region, lines having a respective phase shift extend into the support region, and lines of the opposite phase shift are terminated.

Abstract: A photomask with alignment marks for the current layer is provided with four edges. The photomask includes main patterns, an inter-scribe lane pattern sited between the main patterns, an extra-scribe lane pattern only sited on the three edges of the photomask, a first set of alignment marks for the current layer on opposite edges having the extra-scribe lane patterns. The photomask further includes a second set of alignment marks for the current layer on opposite edges in which only one has the extra-scribe lane pattern, and they are placed on opposite locations in the inter-scribe lane pattern and the extra-scribe lane pattern, respectively. Moreover, each one of the second set of alignment marks for the current layer include multiple parallel patterns and at least one vertical pattern sited on at least one end of the parallel patterns which are parallel to an extended direction of the opposite edges.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member having a thermoplastic charge transport layer comprising a charge transport compound, a polycarbonate polymer binder, a particulate dispersion, and a high boiler compatible organic liquid. The disclosed charge transport layer exhibits enhanced wear resistance, excellent photoelectrical properties, and good print quality.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including: an electrically conductive substrate; a charge generating layer disposed on the electrically conductive substrate and includes a charge generating material dispersed or dissolved in a binder resin and an asymmetric naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide derivative having a nitro group dispersed or dissolved in the binder resin. The photoreceptor also has a charge transporting layer that is disposed on the charge generating layer and includes a charge transporting material that is dispersed or dissolved in the binder resin. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor. The two-layered type electrophotographic photoreceptor has good interlayer adhesive force and good electrical properties such as good photosensitivity and low residual potential after exposure.

Abstract: A charge control agent comprises a monoazo metals-compound including a monoazo compound represented by the following formula [I]: and metals of a metallic element or a metalloid coordinating to the monoazo compound. A toner for developing an electrostatic image comprises: the charge control agent including the monoazo compound and metals of the metallic element or the metalloid coordinating to the monoazo compound, a resin for the toner and a colorant.

Abstract: An external additives for electrophtographic toner comprising finely divided oxide particulate including a silicon compound and a compound for doping said oxide particulate, wherein particle diameter of the primary particle of said finely divided oxide particulate is in the range of 30 nm to 150 nm, and the primary particle of said finely divided oxide particles is substantially spherical shape having the roundness in the range of 0.95 to 0.996, is provided. And this external additives is capable of evading from the embedding of external additives into toner even if after the toner is held in the storage under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, thereby the additives is capable of showing sufficient functions as fluidizing agent and charge supplement agent, and is capable of inhibiting an abnormal charge elevation even after being stored under the low temperature and low humidity.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a toner characterized in that the toner comprises a first binder resin and a second binder resin, the first binder resin is an amorphous resin and the second binder resin is a crystalline resin, and the glass-transition temperature of the toner (TgA) is lower than the glass-transition temperature expressed by the following equation (1) (TgC). TgC = ? i = 1 n ? b i / ? i = 1 n ? ( b i TgB i ) Equation ? ? ( 1 ) In the above equation (1), “TgBi” represents the glass-transition temperature of the amorphous resin, “n” represents the number of amorphous resins, and “b” represents the content of the amorphous resin (part by mass). Examples of the preferred aspect of the present invention includes the one that at least a part of the amorphous resin and a part of the crystalline resin are compatible each other, and the one that the glass-transition temperature of the toner (TgA) is 10° C.

Abstract: A production method of an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has high productivity when producing a surface layer in which depressed portions which are independent respectively are formed on an electrophotographic photosensitive member surface, and can produce highly uniform depressed portions in a photosensitive member surface, characterized by producing the surface layer by (1) a coating step of producing a coating liquid for a surface layer containing a binder resin and a specific solvent, and coating it on a surface of a cylindrical supporting member, (2) a condensation step of holding the cylindrical supporting member on which the coating liquid for a surface layer is coated, and condensing the surface of the cylindrical supporting member, and (3) a drying step of baking the cylindrical supporting member.

Abstract: Toner includes aggregated particles including at least resin particles, pigment particles, and wax particles. A fused film of the resin is formed on the surface of the toner. The wax is at least one selected from A: ester wax that has an iodine value of not more than 25, a saponification value of 30 to 300, and an endothermic peak temperature (melting point) of 50° C. to 100° C. based on a DSC method; and B: wax that is obtained by a reaction of alkyl alcohol having a carbon number of 4 to 30, unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride, and unsaturated hydrocarbon wax and has an acid value of 1 to 80 mgKOH/g and an endothermic peak temperature (melted point) of 50° C. to 120° C. based on the DSC method.

Abstract: A toner process comprising aggregating or coagulating a latex emulsion comprising a resin, a colorant and wax particles using an amount of polymetal ion coagulant to provide core particles; heating the core particles to provide micron size aggregates; optionally adding a second resin emulsion; adding a sequestering or complexing component and a base to remove the polymetal ion in a controlled manner; further heating the mixture to provide toner particles; and optionally, isolating the toner particles.

Abstract: A base polymer of a resist material includes a unit represented by a general formula of the following Chemical Formula 3: wherein R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and are a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a straight-chain alkyl group, a branched or cyclic alkyl group or a fluoridated alkyl group with a carbon number not less than 1 and not more than 20; R4 is a straight-chain alkylene group or a branched or cyclic alkylene group with a carbon number not less than 0 and not more than 20; and R5 and R6 are the same or different and are a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain alkyl group, a branched or cyclic alkyl group, a fluoridated alkyl group with a carbon number not less than 1 and not more than 20, or a protecting group released by an acid.

Abstract: A lithographic printing plate support capable of obtaining a presensitized plate which is excellent in scumming resistance and scratch resistance and achieves a good balance between sensitivity and press life, and a method of manufacturing the support are provided. The support includes a surface which has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 0.36 to 0.50 ?m; not more than 3.0 recesses with a depth of at least 4 ?m per 400 ?m square region; and a surface area ratio ?S5(0.02-0.2) determined from Sx5(0.02-0.2) denoting the actual surface area of a 5 ?m square surface region as determined by three-point approximation based on data obtained by extracting 0.02 to 0.2 ?m wavelength components from three-dimensional data on the surface region measured with an atomic force microscope at 512×512 points and S0 denoting the geometrically measured surface area of the surface region, of 50 to 90%.