Abstract: A rotating electric machine armature core is configured by combining such a number of magnetic tooth sections that corresponds to the number of magnetic poles, each of the magnetic tooth sections including a plurality of first sheet members each of which includes a magnetic tooth portion formed at one end and a root portion formed at the other end with an end face of the root portion having a prescribed external shape, and at least one second sheet member inserted between the individual first sheet members in a laminating direction thereof at a location different from the locations of the other sheet members, the second sheet member including the magnetic tooth portion formed at one end and an overlapping portion formed at the other end, the overlapping portion forming a back yoke portion together with the root portion with a through hole formed at a specified position in the overlapping portion, the overlapping portion jutting out from the root portion in such a manner that the overlapping portion can fit on

Abstract: A piezoelectric vibrator has a laminated structure where silicon oxide films having substantially the same thickness are disposed at both faces of piezoelectric plate as dielectric films. Using the structure discussed above, because dielectric films are formed at the both faces of the piezoelectric plate a difference of internal stress, which is caused by a difference of stress relaxation in a long term and affects the piezoelectric plate or the dielectric film, becomes small. Therefore, a warp can be considerably small. As a result, a change, which is caused by the warp of the piezoelectric vibrator, in a resonance frequency of the piezoelectric vibrator can be small.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, an acoustic mirror structure situated in a bulk acoustic wave structure includes a number of alternating low acoustic impedance and high acoustic impedance layers situated on a substrate. Each high acoustic impedance layer includes a first mole percent of a primary metal and a second mole percent of a secondary metal, where the first mole percent of the primary metal is greater than the second mole percent of the secondary metal, and where the secondary metal causes each high acoustic impedance layer to have increased resistivity. According to this exemplary embodiment, the second mole percent of the secondary metal can cause only a minimal decrease in density of each high acoustic impedance layer. The increased resistivity of each high acoustic impedance layer can cause a reduction in electrical loss in the bulk acoustic wave structure.

Abstract: Embodiments of making an energy harvesting device are described. In one embodiment, a case and integrated piezoelectric cantilever to harvest vibration energy from an environment being sensed is produced via a print forming method injection molding method. The cantilever device consists of a piezoelectric material member, and a proof mass of high density material coupled to the piezoelectric member. The print forming method is used to build up the base and walls of the device as well as the neutral layers of the piezoelectric member. Metal layers are printed to form the electrode layers of the piezoelectric member and the electrical contact portions of the device. Passive components can also be formed as part of the layers of the device. The entire assembly can be encapsulated in plastic.

Abstract: There is disclosed a piezoelectric/electrostrictive body which has superior piezoelectric/electrostrictive properties and which exhibits a sufficient durability even in a case where a flexural displacement is repeated a large number of times. A piezoelectric/electrostrictive body is constituted of a large number of crystal grains having the piezoelectric/electrostrictive properties in the form of a film or a layer having one or more layers. A number ratio of crystal grains whose grain diameters W in a width direction are longer than grain diameters T in a thickness direction is 70% or more of a large number of crystal grains observed in an arbitrary section in the thickness direction.

Abstract: A head assembly includes a suspension having a gimbal, a flexible printed wiring sheet having a plurality of conductor patterns and adhered to the suspension, first and second piezoelectric actuators mounted on the gimbal, and a head slider mounted on the first and second piezoelectric actuators. The first and second piezoelectric actuators are adhered to the gimbal at end portion adhesion portions symmetrical with respect to the center of pivotal motion thereof and are adhered to the head slider at end portion adhesion portions on the opposite side disposed symmetrically with respect to the center of pivotal motion similarly. Consequently, when a voltage is applied to the first and second piezoelectric actuators through the flexible printed wiring sheet, a couple of forces can be generated which vary the posture of the head slider only in one direction around the center of pivotal motion.

Abstract: A filter substrate including a transparent support substrate 11, a pattern layer 13, a first overcoat layer 15 formed of a reaction product prepared by a chemical reaction mainly based on hydrolysis of a starting material comprising at least a material selected from aminoalkcyldialkoxysilanes, aminoalkcyltrialkoxysilanes. and composites composed mainly of said compounds, and a first transparent inorganic thin-film layer 17 stacked on top of one another. The surface of the first transparent inorganic thin-film layer 17 has an Ra (average roughness) value of not more than 5 nm and an Rmax (maximum roughness) value of not more than 80 nm. A color display includes the filter substrate, and a transparent electrode layer, a luminescent layer, and a second electrode layer stacked in that order on the filter substrate. The filter substrate has excellent environmental resistance and does not adversely affect the luminance of the display.

Abstract: A charged particle apparatus, with multiple electrically conducting semispheric grid electrodes, the grid electrodes mounted in a dielectric mounting ring, with hidden areas or regions to maintain electrical isolation between the grid electrodes as sputter deposits form on the grid electrodes and mounting ring. The grid electrodes are mounted to the mounting ring with slots and fastening pins that allow sliding thermal expansion and contraction between the grid electrodes and mounting ring while substantially maintaining alignment of grid openings and spacing between the grid electrodes. Asymmetric fastening pins facilitate the sliding thermal expansion while restraining the grid electrodes. Electrical contactors supply and maintain electrical potentials of the grid electrodes with spring loaded sliding contacts, without substantially affecting the thermal characteristics of the grid electrodes.

Abstract: A cathode structure comprises a heater including a columnar ceramic body and a heating wire that is partially buried in the ceramic body, and a cathode unit disposed at a first end surface of the ceramic body. The heating wire leads out from a second end surface of the ceramic body.

Abstract: A window (1) with an opaque coating (2) comprising a surface region (3) which has opaque surface portions (5) and which is perforated by surface portions (4) allowing light to pass through and distributed over the surface. At least one flat electroluminescent light element (EL) with several layers, including a transparent electrode (8), is placed in at least some of the opaque surface portions (5) of the surface region (3), which element, after applying an electrical supply voltage to the side of the transparent electrode (8), radiates light through at least one of the faces of the window (1).

Abstract: Disclosed is a compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamp with higher luminous efficiency than conventional lamps and improved luminous flux rising characteristics at lamp startup equivalent to those of general fluorescent lamps. The compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamp (1) includes an arc tube (2) formed by a bent glass tube (9) covered with a globe (6). The glass tube (9) has a turning part substantially in the middle between its both ends, a first spiral part starting from one end and wound around an axis toward the turning part, and a second spiral part starting from the turning part and wound around the axis toward the other end. The arc tube (2) has mercury enclosed therein in a single form. The glass tube (9) has a substantially circular-shaped cross section and an inner diameter of 7.4 mm. The turning part is connected to the globe (9) via a heat-conductive member (15).

Abstract: The present invention provides conductive metal-ligand coordination complexes that are useful in a variety of electronic devices. For example, such complexes are useful in organic light emitting devices composed of one or more layers of organic material between two conductors. The use of metal-ligand coordination complexes of the present invention as the cathode, replaces the more typically employed reactive metals, which function as the electron injecting contact, and provides for improved or longer-lived devices.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device including a transparent substrate; transparent electrodes extended in one direction on the substrate; connecting electrodes for current supply formed in a crossing direction of the transparent electrodes, not to overlap the transparent electrodes, on one side of the substrate; scan-electrodes formed on the connecting electrodes; an insulation layer formed to cover a predetermined area of the substrate, the transparent electrodes, the connecting electrodes, and the scan-connecting electrodes except the emission parts of the transparent electrodes and the contact parts of the scan-connecting electrodes, wherein the area (AE) of the emission part, the number (N) of the emission parts formed on a scan line, and the area (AC) of the contact part are determined under the formula of [(AE×N)/100 ?AC]; an organic layer formed on the emission parts of the transparent electrodes; and a scan electrode layer.

Abstract: To provide a light-emitting device in which a partition wall portion and a second electrode are not peeled off and display failure hardly occurs, a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device, and an electronic apparatus comprising the light-emitting device. An area in which a lyophobic portion is not formed is formed on a partition wall other than peripheries of pixel electrodes. In addition, a negative electrode is formed to directly come in contact with the area of the partition wall in which the lyophobic portion is not formed.

Abstract: A display panel for an organic light emitting display including a plurality of anode electrodes and a cathode electrode that is supplied with a predetermined voltage and includes a first portion facing the anode electrodes and a second portion receiving the predetermined voltage and having a different cross section than the first portion. A plurality of light emitting members is arranged between the anode electrodes and the cathode electrode, and a conductive line transmits the predetermined voltage and contacts the second portion of the cathode electrode.

Abstract: An organic EL display device includes color filters 102, an overcoat layer 103 and an inorganic solid layer 104 disposed on a substrate 101; a first electrodes 105, an organic film 107 and a second electrodes 108 disposed on the inorganic solid layer 104; an insulating layer 106 disposed so as to cover edge portions of the first electrodes. The organic EL display device can improve production yield and restrain visual failure from being caused with the lapse of time by including a protection layer 109 so as to prevent the inorganic solid layer 104 from being damaged.

Abstract: There is provided a display element capable of efficiently emitting generated light externally and a method of manufacturing the display element, without damaging an organic electroluminescent layer. First, a transparent electrode protection material (11) is deposited on a first holding substrate (10); then organic electroluminescent light-emitting elements (12, 13, 14) are manufactured thereon; and then after sealing and holding with a sealing material (15) and a second holding substrate (16), the first holding substrate (10) and a transparent electrode protection material (11) are removed by etching or the like. According to the present invention, the removal of the first holding substrate (10) enables improvement of the emission rate generated in the electroluminescent layer (13), and improvement of brightness and contrast in the display element.

Abstract: A plasma display panel in which exhaust performance is improved comprises a lower plate and a upper plate disposed opposite to each other. The lower plate comprises exhaust means for exhausting gas from the plasma display panel. The exhaust means comprises exhaust grooves formed on a front surface of a lower plate (or a back substrate). The exhaust grooves extend in a direction in which address electrodes or sustain electrodes extend.

Abstract: A ceramic discharge vessel for a high-intensity discharge lamp includes a hollow body and two capillaries attached to the body. The capillaries have respective electrodes therein, where portions of the electrodes inside the body are spaced from each other and have longitudinal axes that are not coplanar. That is, in contrast to the prior art where the longitudinal axes are coplanar, the capillaries herein are moved (in effect, rotated) to positions in which a first plane defined by a longitudinal axis of one capillary and a first point where a second capillary is attached to the body is intersected by a longitudinal axis of the second capillary only at the first point.

Abstract: A high-pressure metal halide discharge lamp which comprises, as filling, only zinc, a halogen and a noble gas. In order to improve the color rendering index, a calcium halide may be added to the lamp filling. The coupling-in of energy preferably takes place without electrodes in the radio-frequency range or in the microwave range, but may also be carried out by means of metal electrodes.

Abstract: A metal halide lamp (10) includes a discharge vessel (12) which may be formed of a ceramic material. The vessel defines an interior space (16). An ionizable fill is disposed in the interior space. The ionizable fill includes an inert gas and a halide component. The halide component includes a sodium halide, a cerium halide, at least one of a thallium halide and an indium halide, and optionally a cesium halide. The cerium halide is at least about 9 mol % of the halide component. At least one electrode (18, 20) is positioned within the discharge vessel so as to energize the fill when an electric current is applied thereto.

Abstract: A control system comprises a switch and a control module that communicates with the switch and that samples a filament resistance of a fluorescent light when the switch is off and that selectively increases current supplied to the fluorescent light above a nominal current value during turn on based on the filament resistance.

Abstract: A lamp in which a LED array is coupled to a transistor such that the same amount of current flows through both. The voltage level at the control (e.g., base) terminal of the transistor is controlled such that the current magnitude is reduced when the operating temperature rises. As a result, the heat generated from the junctions of the LEDs in the LED arrays is reduced, thereby compensating for the increase in the operating temperature.

Abstract: A controller for an inverter provides variable gain control in a voltage regulation loop to prevent overshoot in an output voltage of the inverter. A feedback circuit senses the output voltage and provides a voltage feedback signal to the controller. The controller includes a voltage conversion circuit and an error amplifier as part of the voltage regulation loop. A gain control block varies a circuit parameter in the voltage conversion circuit or the error amplifier such that regulation of the output voltage starts at a relatively lower voltage level and increases smoothly to a desired level.

Abstract: A dimming ballast control circuit for driving a ballast power switching circuit powering a gas discharge lamp. The circuit includes a driver circuit for driving high and low side switches of the ballast power switching circuit; a control circuit for driving the driver circuit including an oscillator circuit for providing an oscillating signal to control the frequency of operation of the ballast power switching circuit, the ballast power switching circuit outputting lamp powering pulsed signals; and a dimming control circuit having an input, the dimming control circuit receiving an AC lamp current feedback signal at the input, the dimming control circuit further receiving a DC input voltage reference at the input whereby the DC input voltage reference determines a desired dimming level of the lamp and the AC lamp current feedback signal maintains the lamp brightness at the desired dimming level.

Abstract: A discharge lamp driving circuit includes an inverter, a ballast capacitor, a discharge lamp, and a lamp current detecting circuit. The inverter converts a DC voltage into an AC voltage with high frequency to output the AC voltage to an output port based on a pulse width modulation control signal. The lamp current detecting circuit outputs a first voltage signal and a second voltage signal according to a voltage across the ballast capacitor to generate a lamp current sensing voltage that is proportional to a lamp current flowing through the discharge lamp. The pulse width modulation control signal has a width varying with amplitude of the lamp current so that the lamp current may be accurately detected.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a power device. The power device has a power source; timing circuitry powered by the power source for producing a current pulse output having a pulse width; a switch for triggering the current pulse output produced by the timing circuitry; an armature motor powered by the power source and in electrical communication with the timing circuitry for receiving the current pulse therefrom, the armature motor comprising: an electro-magnetic core; a first winding for carrying electric current to energize a magnetic field associated with the electro-magnetic core; a second winding for carrying current to reset the magnetic field associated with the electro-magnetic core, the first and second windings wound about the electro-magnetic core; and a swinging armature for providing movement in response to the energizing of the magnetic field about electro-magnetic core. The first winding and the second winding are bifilar wound together about the electro-magnetic core.

Abstract: A fan voltage regulation control device includes a voltage regulation control unit for providing the power to a heat-dispersing fan, wherein the voltage regulation control unit is connected to a temperature detecting element and a voltage detecting unit. The temperature detecting element may influence the output power from the control unit to the fan, and through the voltage detecting unit, an input current to the fan can be maintained for providing overload and overheated protections.

Abstract: In such a product that torque of a motor is continuously generated when a rotation number of the motor is nearly equal to zero, since an output voltage is kept at a constant value in accordance with a rotation position of the motor, such a condition that currents are concentrated in a specific element are maintained. As a result, a temperature of the specific element is increased, so that there are problems that a temperature fail of an inverter apparatus may readily occur, and thus, lifetimes of elements are lowered. In a power converter of a motor drive apparatus, windings are energizing-controlled in such a manner that only 1 phase of a switching circuit is pulse-width-controlled when the motor is under motor locking condition.

Abstract: A motor controller system comprises solid state switches for connection between an AC line and motor terminals for controlling application of AC power to the motor. A sensor senses AC line voltage. A control circuit controls operation of the solid state switches. The control circuit ramps switch current during a start mode and selectively holds switch current during the start mode if sensed voltage drops below a threshold amount.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of material handling or logistic equipment in particular, relates to turntables, which can be used especially for automation of production line, assembly assistance, linefeeading and synchronous manufacturing. A high precision positioning powered turntable and its controlling method are disclosed herewithin, based on slewing ring bearing having an integral gear on the inner ring, and positively driven by a gear motor. A plurality of sensors and sensor flags are installed for monitoring position of the turntable top structure for controlling acceleration, deceleration and stopping. A controller, such as a programmable logic controller, is used for monitoring the position of the turntable top structure tlirough the plurality of sensors, and decides how it operates a motor drive, such as variable frequency drive, of the gearmotor for controlling the acceleration, deceleration and stopping of the turntable.

Abstract: A servo control system having a proportional (P) or a proportional plus integral (PI) position controller, which output signal represents an input speed reference signal for a speed close loop system with a speed controller detecting a speed deviation, derived from a speed feedback loop, which output signal represents an input current reference signal for a current close loop system with a current controller detecting a current deviation, derived from a current feedback loop, which controls an amount of the current flowing through a motor.

Abstract: A rechargeable apparatus is provided for being recharged by an power source. The rechargeable apparatus include a rechargeable battery and a secondary inductive coil excited by the power source. The secondary inductive coil includes a first inductor having a first axis, a second inductor having a second axis, and a third inductor having a third axis. The first, second, and third axes are mutually orthogonal. The first, second, and third inductors produce a power output in response to said power source. The secondary inductive coil is electrically connected to the rechargeable battery whereby charging energy is coupled from the power source to the rechargeable battery regardless of an orientation of the secondary inductive coil to the power source.

Abstract: A charging circuit for controlling a system charging parameter provided to a host of rechargeable batteries, wherein the host of batteries includes at least a first battery and second battery that may be coupled in parallel. The charging circuit provides for fast charging of rechargeable batteries in parallel. Independent current and voltage sensing for each battery enables parallel charging of batteries at different charging currents. The charging circuit may be configured to accept either analog or digital signals from an associated power management unit.

Abstract: A battery charger system, for use with an injector system, comprises a power supply and a battery pack. The power supply converts AC power to DC power. The battery pack includes a battery and a charging module. The module monitors the operating mode of the injector system. When the battery pack is disconnected from the injection control unit, the module enables the power supply to charge the battery with DC power. When the battery pack is connected to the injection control unit: (A) upon detecting the injector system in an idle mode, the module routes DC power from the power supply to both the battery for charging thereof and the injection control unit for operation thereof; and (B) upon detecting the injector system in a non-idle mode, the module prevents the power supply from charging the battery and enables the battery to provide DC power to the injection control unit.

Abstract: While firing a number of phases of a multi-phase switching voltage regulator in a sequence, a determination is made as to which one of the phases has the lowest phase current. Then, the next phase, to be fired in the sequence, is selected as the one that has been determined to have the lowest phase current. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A series regulator circuit that enables detection of a voltage drop and reduces consumed current in a static state. A constant current source, which is connected to a power supply voltage line, is connected to a bipolar transistor. The bipolar transistor includes an emitter terminal and base terminal connected to a ground line via first and second resistors, respectively. The constant current source is connected to the source terminal of a PMOS transistor and the gate terminal of an NMOS transistor. The source terminal of the NMOS transistor is connected via third and fourth resistors to the base terminal of the bipolar transistor.

Abstract: The present invention is a chipset for an isolated power supply having an innovative oscillator. Preferably, the present invention includes a primary controller and a secondary controller. The primary controller can have the control and drive circuitry for the chipset. The secondary controller can provide rectification signals that can be synchronized with a power MOSFET.

Abstract: Methods for testing optical components, such as laser diodes or light emitting diodes, that are manufactured for use in optical transmitters or transceivers. The testing methods are performed using a true RMS conversion circuit in a test apparatus. The testing methods are performed by receiving an optical signal with AC and DC components from the optical component that is to be tested. The optical signal is converted to an electrical signal, and the AC and DC components of the electrical signal are separated. An RMS circuit of the test apparatus converts the AC component of the electrical signal to a DC function of the RMS value of the AC component of the electrical signal. This testing method can be used to determine whether optical components are suitable for use by customers or in products.

Abstract: A waveform measuring apparatus includes: a digital filter for removing a large-amplitude changing component from an input signal and for outputting a resultant output signal with a small-amplitude noise component left therein; a window generating section for receiving a differential signal between this input signal and the resultant output signal of the digital filter and for generating a window indicating a position of an edge portion of the differential signal; and a ringing measurement section for extracting, from the resultant output signal of the digital filter, a portion of waveform which is indicated by the window generated by the window generating section and for measuring at least a peak-to-peak amplitude of the portion of waveform.

Abstract: A gain-phase detector differentially processes the outputs from two logarithmic amplifiers to provide ratiometric gain measurement, thereby eliminating intercept as a parameter. Hard-limited outputs from the dual amplifiers are multiplied in a logarithmic scalable phase detector core to provide a calibrated phase measurement output. In the preferred embodiment, two logarithmic amplifiers and other circuitry are co-integrated on a single substrate to provide a high degree of matching between the amplifiers, thereby canceling errors in the individual frequency responses of the individual amplifiers, extending the usable frequency response, and improving effective noise figure. Other numbers of logarithmic amplifiers can be used, and their various outputs can be added, subtracted, multiplied and combined in other manners to produce continuous products, continuous quotients, mixtures of products and quotients, etc., all of RF demodulated signals.

Abstract: Some embodiments of a method and apparatus to facilitate battery management using a hall-effect sensor. The apparatus includes a hall-effect sensor and a battery management unit. The hall-effect sensor is disposed near the electrical transmission line to detect an amount of current flowing through the electrical transmission line. The current originates from a direct current power source coupled to the transmission line. The power source management unit is coupled to the hall-effect sensor to process a sensor signal from the hall-effect sensor. The power source management unit also determines the amount of current flowing through the electrical transmission line. Other embodiments are described.

Abstract: A signal detection contactor has a contactor main body and a plurality of coaxial bodies. Each coaxial body includes a core wire. The core wire is used for coming into contact with a probe of a prober and for receiving a signal transmitted from a tester, in order to calibrate a phase difference among signals transmitted through a plurality of probes.

Abstract: Techniques for calibrating an electromagnetic logging tool equipped with a plurality of antennas, with at least one antenna having its axis at an angle with respect to a tool axis, include disposing a test loop about the tool such that an axis of the tool and a plane on which the test loop lies form a tilt angle that is between about 0 and 90 degrees. An induced signal is measured at one of the antennas by energizing another of the antennas. Embodiments analyze the induced signal corresponding to a max or min extrema associated with a coupling effect due to the test loop. In other embodiments a corrected signal is compared with a calculated signal.

Abstract: A device for measuring operating parameters of an electric motor includes a non-ferromagnetic disk which is solidly connected to a rotor of the electric motor and is provided with a plurality of peripheral sockets. A plurality of magnets are associated with the sockets. A pair of Hall effect sensors face the non-ferromagnetic disk on the surface of which the sockets are set. An acquisition and processing system of the signals produced by the Hall effect sensors comprises a resolver to digital converter module adapted to multiply said signals by the cosine and the sine of an arbitrary angle, to subtract the results one from the other and to process the resulting signal through a negative feedback system. The Hall effect sensors are placed so their resulting output signals are in electrical quadrature between each other.

Abstract: A magnetic detection device of a NS detection type is provided. A magnetic detection device comprising a first series circuit, a second series circuit, and a third series circuit. At least one of a plurality of resistance elements forming the first series circuit includes a first magneto-resistance element using a magneto-resistance effect, of which an electric resistance varies with an external magnetic field of any one direction. At least one of a plurality of resistance elements forming the second series circuit includes a second magneto-resistance element using a magneto-resistance effect, of which an electric resistance varies with an external magnetic field of a direction apposite to the one direction.

Abstract: When testing the quality of shield films of magnetoresistive effect heads, a method of testing and a testing apparatus can detect heads where the shield magnetic domain is susceptible to changing that could not be completely detected by conventional methods of testing that use normal magnetization. The method of testing applies an external magnetic field to a magnetoresistive effect head as external stress, measures the output voltage of the head, and repeats the applying of the external magnetic field and the measuring a plurality of times to test the quality of the shield film. The magnetic field is applied in a direction parallel to the shield film and at an angle to a floating surface of the magnetoresistive effect head. The intensity of the applied magnetic field is smaller than the coercive force of a hard bias film and larger than the coercive force of the shield film.

Abstract: The method for detecting stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipelines, comprising the steps of: identifying pipeline locations and pipeline conditions that are amenable to inspection by a magnetic flux inline tool and by a TFI tool; performing two inspections on the pipeline, one inspection performed using the magnetic flux inline (MFL) tool and an other inspection performed using the TFI tool; aligning signal features resulting from the two inspections; identifying TFI signals occurring above a specified threshold; identifying MFL signals for a section of pipeline corresponding to the identified TFI signals; for the identified TFI signals, determining whether the MFL signals are below a second threshold level; designating the sections of the pipeline corresponding to identified TFI signals above the threshold and below the second threshold as a potential corrosion feature; identifying TFI signals that exceed a defined metal loss percentage; measuring a width and length of the signal features, and if the widt

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for sensing physical parameters. The apparatus comprises a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) and a magnetic field source whose magnetic field overlaps the MTJ and whose proximity to the MTJ varies in response to an input to the sensor. A magnetic shield is provided at least on a face of the MFS away from the MTJ. The MTJ comprises first and second magnetic electrodes separated by a dielectric configured to permit significant tunneling conduction therebetween. The first magnetic region has its spin axis pinned and the second magnetic electrode has its spin axis free. The magnetic field source is oriented closer to the second magnetic electrode than the first magnetic electrode. The overall sensor dynamic range is extended by providing multiple electrically coupled sensors receiving the same input but with different individual response curves and desirably but not essentially formed on the same substrate.

Abstract: An angle switch device includes at least one MR element with a pinned layer and a free layer, and a magnet section. A relative angle between the magnet section and a lamination plane of the at least one MR element in a plane that contains a fixed magnetization direction of the at least one MR element and is perpendicular to the lamination plane of the at least one MR element is variable. The angle switch device provides a signal that represents whether the relative angle between the magnet section and the lamination plane of the at least one MR element is larger than or smaller than 90 degrees.