Abstract: A method of controlling media projectors includes providing at least one electromagnetic detector having a field of view directed toward a three dimensional space, and photogrammetrically characterizing at least a portion of the field of view. There is provided at least one media projector that projects at least an electromagnetic signal and a projection controller that moves one or more media projectors in at least two dimensions. At least three measurement locations are obtained within the at least a portion of the field of view by moving the media projector in at least two dimensions. The at least one electromagnetic detector is used to detect the measurement locations within the three dimensional space using the electromagnetic detector to obtain photogrammetric data. The projection controller is calibrated based on the photogrammetric data.

Abstract: Systems and methods of providing illumination may be provided in accordance with the invention. A lighting unit may be provided comprising a plurality of light sources, each light source of said plurality being at least partially surrounded by an optical element, and a support configured to support the light source above a surface. The light sources may be light emitting plasma sources, and the support may be a high-mast support. In some embodiments, the optical element may be a reflector containing one or more facets, directing the light toward the surface. In some configurations, each light source of said plurality may be independently controllable and/or dimmable. A lighting unit may communicate with an external controller, which may provide instructions for controlling the light sources. A lighting system may be provided with a host controlling a plurality of lighting units, which may be organized into zones. The zones, lighting units, and/or light sources may be independently controllable.

Abstract: An energy efficient lighting fixture includes a light emitting diode section, a first high intensity fluorescent section having a first bulb and provided adjacent the light emitting diode section, and a second high intensity fluorescent section having a second bulb and provided adjacent the light emitting diode section. The fixture also includes a first reflector partially surrounding the first bulb and a second reflector partially surrounding the second bulb.

Abstract: A counter 102 counts the accumulated lighting time or the accumulated lighting time and the intensity of lighting of each pixel by a first image signal 101A and stores them in a volatile memory 103 or a nonvolatile memory 104. A correction circuit 105 corrects the first image signal based on the correction data stored previously in a correction data storage section 106 in accordance with the degree of the degradation of each spontaneous light emitting element by the use of the accumulated lighting time or the accumulated lighting time and the intensity of lighting, and produces a second mage signal 101B. By the second image signal 101B, a display unit 107 can provide a uniform screen having no variation in luminance even if the light emitting elements in a part of the pixels are degraded.

Abstract: Systems, circuits and methods for phase-shifting pulse width modulated signal generation are disclosed. In some embodiments, a phase-shifting pulse width modulation circuit is configured to output pulses based on an input pulse width modulated signal. The pulses are staggered relative to one another, and can be received by a light-emitting diode driver for driving a light-emitting diode string at one or more time periods. The phase-shifting pulse width modulation circuit can include a counter-based programmable delay subcircuit consisting of two counter-based programmable delay blocks.

Abstract: A light system that is controllable to generate a plurality of selected lighting effects, the light system includes a main processor, the main processor being in communication with a plurality of light sources; and each of the plurality of light sources having a distinct, known address whereby one of more of the light sources are individually addressable by the main processor, a known address being received by a selected light source of the plurality of light sources and acting to set the selected light source of the plurality of light sources in a disposition to receive a subsequent command from the main processor for generating a selected lighting effect. A light source and a method of forming a light system are further included.

Abstract: Improved circuits minimize, or eliminate, energy losses in the supply of energy to control LEDs. Diodes and a capacitor reduce or eliminate LED blinking, and create smooth and continuous, infinitely variable dimming. The components are added to supply power to each LED during the half of the AC cycle where it would normally be turned off. A first added diode allows an added capacitor to charge during the half cycle that the original diode is turned on, but does not allow the other half cycle to discharge the added capacitor. When the added capacitor is charged enough to turn on the original diode, it stays on throughout the AC cycle. The same relationship exists between the second added diode, the added capacitor and the second original diode. Zener diodes protect the LEDs from voltage surges/spikes by shunting current around LEDs when the voltage exceeds the Zener diode's breakdown voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a light-emitting apparatus, wherein a plurality of light-emitting elements that emit the same type of color are arranged in a plurality of row directions and column directions, the plurality of light-emitting elements arranged in the row direction are connected in series in the row direction, and the rows having the plurality of light-emitting elements connected in series are connected in parallel. The plurality of light-emitting elements comprise first light-emitting elements, and second light-emitting elements having smaller outputs than the first light-emitting elements, and the first light-emitting elements and the second light-emitting elements are arranged alternately in each of the row directions.

Abstract: A power supply device according to one embodiment is configured to control a lighting of semiconductor light-emitting elements, wherein a dimming signal is canceled during a predetermined time period (T) from a timing immediately after power-ON, so as to light on light-emitting diodes to have a predetermined light amount, for example, a minimum light amount. After an elapse of the predetermined time period (T), cancellation of the dimming signal is released to light on the light-emitting diodes to have a light amount instructed by the dimming signal.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) dimming module includes an energy storage circuit, a load interface circuit, and a switch circuit. The energy storage circuit provides a substantially continuous current in response to a converter current. The load interface circuit provides a modulated load current in response to the continuous current. The switch circuit, which is operatively coupled to the load interface circuit, switches in accordance with a duty cycle. The modulated load current is based on the duty cycle.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention is a method and apparatus for driving a light emitting diode strobe. One embodiment of a circuit for driving a current controlled light source includes an energy storage stage for storing a charge level and an energy delivery stage for drawing current from the energy storage stage and applying a fixed amount, of current to the current controlled light source.

Abstract: A system and method control an amount of power delivered by a power converter (220) to a solid state lighting load (240). It is determined whether a dimmer (204) is present between a voltage source (201) and the power converter (220) based on a rectified input voltage from the voltage source. When the dimmer is determined to be present, an operating point of the power converter is adjusted to increase the amount of power delivered by the power converter to the solid state lighting load by a compensation amount, so that the increased amount of power is equal to an amount of power delivered by the power converter when the dimmer is not present.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and apparatuses for impedance-matching radio frequency power transmitted from a radio frequency generator to a plasma load in a semiconductor processing chamber. Impedance-matching can be performed via a match network having a variable-reactance circuit. The variable-reactance circuit can comprise one or more reactive elements all connected to a first terminal and selectively shorted to a second terminal via a switch. The switch can comprise a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) controlled via bias circuitry. In an on-state, the BJT base-emitter junction is forward biased, and AC is conducted between a collector terminal and a base terminal. Thus, AC passes through the BJT primarily from collector to base rather than from collector to emitter. Furthermore, the classic match network topology used with vacuum variable capacitors can be modified such that voltages do not overload the BJT's in the modified topology.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an alternating current (AC) to AC converter circuit for independently adjusting a current and voltage to adjust a light output of a light operating on AC power. In one embodiment, the AC to AC converter circuit includes a microprocessor, a first switch coupled to the microprocessor, a power factor controller (PFC) module coupled to the first switch, wherein the first switch is controlled by the microprocessor in accordance with a desired power output, one or more boost switches coupled to the PFC module, wherein the one or more boost switches are controlled by the PFC module as a function of an operation of the first switch and one or more load switches coupled to the one or more boost switches, wherein the one or more load switches are controlled by the microprocessor in accordance with the desired power output.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for controlling a lighting apparatus comprising a first light source unit, a second light source unit and a third light source unit, all of which emit lights having mutually different color temperatures and mutually different color coordinates, the method comprising: outputting an R component signal, a G component signal and a B component signal, each of which respectively corresponds to light quantities of an R component, a G component and a B component of lights outputted from the first light source unit, the second light source unit and the third light source unit; receiving the R component signal, the G component signal and the B component signal and generating a comparative color coordinate; and comparing the comparative color coordinate with standard color coordinates located within an area formed by the respective color coordinates of the first, the second and the third light source units, and controlling light quantities of the first, the second and the third light source units i

Abstract: A representative apparatus embodiment provides for controlling current supplied to solid state lighting, such as light emitting diodes. A representative apparatus comprises a memory adapted to store a plurality of current parameters, and a control circuit adapted to modulate an energizing cycle time period for providing a substantially constant DC average current to the solid state lighting in response to a selected current parameter from the plurality of current parameters. In a representative embodiment, the control circuit modulates a current provided to the solid state lighting in response to a predetermined minimum current level (IMIN) parameter and a predetermined peak current level (IP) parameter, such that the DC average current level (IO) is substantially proportional to one-half of a sum of a predetermined peak current level (IP) and a predetermined minimum current level IMIN ( I O ? I P + I MI ? ? N 2 ) .

Abstract: The invention relates to an organic light emitting device having an electrode, a counter electrode, at least one light emitting region that includes a stack of organic layers between the electrode and the counter electrode, which stack of organic layers is provided between a metal substrate and a transparent encapsulation, a current supply layer, electrically connected to the electrode or the counter-electrode, the current supply layer being partially provided overlapping an electric insulating layer provided in direct contact with the metal substrate, and at least one electrical feedthrough through the metal substrate and through the electric insulating layer, which electrical feedthrough provides an electrical connection to the current supply layer and is electrically isolated from the metal substrate.

Abstract: A decorative lighting system designed for both residential and commercial use is provided, which offers homeowners and business owners a means by which to selectively decorate their homes and businesses in a year-round fashion. Users can install the decorative lighting either a single time or few times, and thereafter manipulate a plurality of predetermined color schemes using a pre-programmed control panel. A plurality of methods and means for controlling the programming are also disclosed.

Abstract: The subject matter disclosed herein provides methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for controlling and power lighting units connected to a network controller. In one aspect there is provided a method that may include receiving at a first input power from a power supply; receiving at a second input one or more illumination control packets from a data processing device via one or more network connections; transmitting from a first output power to one or more lighting units; and powering from a second output an illumination level of one or more colors associated with the one or more lighting units in accordance with the one or more illumination control packets via the one or more network connections. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

Abstract: A power supply circuit with high power efficiency is provided. Alternatively, a power supply circuit with high power efficiency that is suitable for driving a light-emitting device is provided. The power supply circuit can switch current control in which driving is controlled based on information on current flowing through a load and voltage control in which driving is controlled based on information on voltage applied to a load. In a period during which voltage control is performed, a current detector for detecting current flowing through the load is deactivated so that current does not flow through the current detector.

Abstract: A light source apparatus includes: a first light source unit; a second light source unit; and a light source control section that, divides a plurality of light sources in the first light source unit into a first light source group, light from which enters near an optical axis, and a second light source group surrounding the first light source group, and divides a plurality of light sources in the second light source unit into a third light source group, light from which enters near the optical axis, and a fourth light source group surrounding the third light source group, and performs control to decrease an output of the second light source group to be lower than an output of the first light source group and decrease an output of the fourth light source group to be lower than an output of the third light source group.

Abstract: A controller is configured for and a corresponding method of adaptive monitoring and control of a lighting system are suited for adaptively establishing lighting parameters on a fixture by fixture basis. The controller includes a communication interface configured to communicate with a multiplicity of light fixtures, a memory for storing software routines and information associated with each of the light fixtures; and a processor coupled to the memory and the communication interface and configured to execute the software routines and selectively communicate with at least one of the multiplicity of light fixtures to adaptively establish lighting parameters for the at least one of the multiplicity of light fixtures. A method of facilitating the monitoring and control of the light fixture includes controlling a lamp circuit to provide one of a multiplicity of light levels; assessing performance parameters of the light fixture; and communicating with a central server.

Abstract: A dimming controller can operate in a first mode or a second mode to control dimming of a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. The dimming controller can include a voltage control terminal and a current control terminal. The voltage control terminal provides a pulse signal when the dimming controller operates in the first mode to operate a control switch in either a first state or a second state. A first current flowing through the LED light source increases when the control switch is in the first state and decreases when the control switch is in the second state. The voltage control terminal provides a control signal to the control switch to cut off the first current when the dimming controller operates in the second mode. The current control terminal conducts a second current through the LED light source when the dimming controller operates in the second mode.

Abstract: The invention relates to an LED operating circuit in which a second module (2), preferably a light management module, with an additional sub-module (C), preferably a constant flow source, supplies an LED module (F) which has one or more LED sections (8). A control unit (E) of the second module (2) is embodied such that it can access a memory (4) of the second module (2) in order to read an identification of the LED-module (F) or to read the contents stored in the memory (4).

Abstract: Various embodiments of a universal dimmer are disclosed. In one embodiment of a universal dimmer, a power limiting switch is connected to an input voltage. An output driver in the universal dimmer includes a power input and a load path, with the power input being connected to the input voltage. A variable pulse generator includes a control input and a pulse output, with the control input connected to a control input of the power limiting switch. The pulse output is connected to a control input of the power limiting switch.

Abstract: A power supply device according to one embodiment is configured to control a lighting of semiconductor light-emitting elements, wherein a dimming signal is canceled during a predetermined time period (T) from a timing immediately after power-ON, so as to light on light-emitting diodes to have a predetermined light amount, for example, a minimum light amount. After an elapse of the predetermined time period (T), cancellation of the dimming signal is released to light on the light-emitting diodes to have a light amount instructed by the dimming signal.

Abstract: The electric tool is powered by a secondary battery as a power source, and includes: an output section configured to be transmitted thereto a rotation of a motor directly or through a decelerator; a voltage measurement section that measures a battery voltage; a storage means that stores, as a reference voltage, a voltage value of the battery voltage measured preliminarily when a motor-lock is occurring; and a control means that controls a driving of the motor. The control means is configured to decide that the motor is being locked and then stop or decelerate the motor upon detecting that the battery voltage measured through the voltage measurement section is maintained lower than or equal to the reference voltage stored in the storage means for a predetermined period of time during the driving of the motor.

Abstract: A method for controlling an inverter in a system including a load, a motor for driving the load, and an inverter for operating the motor comprises when a load amount of the load is reduced to below a sleep level, checking whether a time corresponding to a sleep delay has lapsed; when the load amount of the load is still below the sleep level even after the sleep delay, varying an operating frequency of the motor, and if there is no change in a feedback from the load in response to the variation in the operating frequency, controlling the inverter to enter a sleep mode.

Abstract: A motor device may include a motor unit and a converter unit. The motor unit may include a brushless DC motor, an inverter circuit, and an inverter drive circuit. The inverter circuit may supply a drive current to the brushless DC motor. The inverter drive circuit may supply a drive pulse signal to the inverter circuit. The converter unit may be connected to the motor unit. The converter unit may include an AD/DC converter and a microcomputer. The AC/DC converter may convert an AC voltage to a DC voltage to be supplied to the motor unit. The microcomputer may receive a digital control signal and may output an analog control signal. The inverter drive circuit may receive the analog control signal outputted from the microcomputer and may output a drive pulse signal to be supplied to the inverter circuit.

Abstract: In a synchronous machine starting device, a timing detection unit outputs a first position signal indicating a timing at which a value of an armature voltage passes a prescribed reference level. A feedback operation unit calculates an error of an estimated phase based on the estimated phase, an estimated rotational speed of a rotor, an armature voltage, and an armature current, updates the estimated phase and the estimated rotational speed based on the calculated phase error, and outputs a second position signal indicating the updated estimated phase. A frequency detection unit detects a current rotational speed of the rotor based on the first position signal, as an initial value of the estimated rotational speed. A selector circuit selects the first position signal and the second position signal in this order, and outputs a selected position signal to the power conversion control unit.

Abstract: A method for operating a brushless electric motor, the windings being energized by an inverter with the aid of six switches. A detection unit for detecting defective switches, a unit for measuring voltage at the outputs of the inverter, and a microcontroller for controlling the switch and for generating a pulse width modulated voltage supply for the windings are provided. A short-circuited switch causes a torque in the electric motor opposite the actuating direction of the electric motor. The method proposes that after detecting a short-circuited switch, the windings (U. V. W) are energized to generate a motor torque that is, on the whole, positive. An actuating period of the electric motor is divided into a plurality of sectors, wherein, in accordance with the defective switch, individual sectors are deactivated for the actuation of the windings (U, V, W), while other sectors are used to actuate the windings (V, W).

Abstract: A sensorless control apparatus of a motor may include: a position estimator configured to compensate for a resistance and a magnetic flux of a permanent magnet of the motor according to a temperature of the motor, and/or configured to generate an estimated speed of a rotor of the motor based on the compensated resistance and the compensated magnetic flux of the permanent magnet; and/or a speed controller configured to generate a command current based on a command speed of the rotor and the estimated speed of the rotor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a motor control device including a feedback control system that generates a torque command for reducing a difference between an operation command signal for commanding an operation of a motor and a detection signal of a detector attached to the motor to detect a position and speed of the motor and drives the motor. The motor control device includes a correcting unit configured to estimate an amplitude and a phase of a correction amount for suppressing the detection error included in the detection signal and sequentially update estimation values of the amplitude and the phase and a post-correction-detection-signal calculating unit configured to generate a post-correction detection signal, which is a difference between the detection signal and the correction amount, instead of the detection signal.

Abstract: A rotor position determination and tracking system for a dynamo electric machine includes a first AC power supply to inject a carrier wave into a main stator of the dynamoelectric machine and a second AC power supply to inject an excitation voltage or current into an exciter stator of the dynamo electric machine. A plurality of current sensors and voltage sensors located at the exciter input lines sense current and voltage thereat. A first control logic receives the sensed current and voltage and outputs an estimated rotor position. A second control logic receives an estimated exciter field voltage or current rotating wave form angle and filtered sensed current or voltage signals from the first control logic and utilizes a known main stator carrier frequency to determine the rotor position. The rotor position is input into the first control logic to calibrate the first control logic for tracking of the true rotor position.

Abstract: During displacement of an actuating element to a target position, a brushless direct-current motor is driven by a driving commutation pattern derived from rotor position signals. After the target position is reached the brushless direct-current motor is transferred to a holding mode in which it is driven by a commutation pattern providing a required holding torque. In the holding mode the holding current necessary for providing the required holding torque is minimized by an iterative holding current reduction method to a holding current value guaranteeing the required holding torque.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a medium voltage inverter control apparatus and a medium voltage inverter system using the same. The medium voltage inverter control apparatus determines input voltage information by receiving an input voltage of a medium voltage inverter, compares an output command of the medium voltage inverter with an output of a first PLL unit to output a difference therebetween, and synchronizes the output command of the medium voltage inverter using the difference.

Abstract: Cordless power tools include a pistol housing having an upper portion that merges into a downwardly extending handle, a DC motor residing in the upper portion of the housing, the DC motor having a rotor that drives an output shaft; a torque transducer on board the tool in communication with the output shaft; and a dynamic motor control circuit residing in the housing in communication with the motor and torque transducer. The dynamic motor control circuit includes a Kelvin resistor in communication with the motor for measuring motor current and digital hall switches in communication with the motor for measuring motor speed. The motor current can vary by at least 100 A during operation.

Abstract: In a hybrid construction machine, there is provided a drive control device which realizes in, as a simple a structure as possible, control means of a motor generator, which is capable of preventing rapid decreases in the state of charge. The control means, which calculates a motor torque command value to be output to the motor generator, is characterized by calculating the motor torque command value, based on a difference between an actual state-of-charge and a prescribed target state-of-charge and a torque margin obtained by a difference between a maximum torque of an engine determined based on an actual rotational speed of the engine and an actual torque of the engine.

Abstract: A method of controlling a fan in a vehicle comprising: measuring a control input signal; measuring a continuous applied voltage to the fan; comparing the continuous applied voltage to a look up table; and activating the fan when the control input signal is open and the continuous applied voltage is greater than a system voltage by about 0.5 volts.

Abstract: A motor control device includes a detecting unit configured to detect rotation of a motor to be controlled and output a rotation detection value related to the rotation; a drive control unit configured to perform drive control to rotate the motor at a control target value increasing with time based on the rotation detection value; and an abnormality detection unit configured to perform an abnormality detection process for detecting an abnormality in the drive control based on the rotation detection value and a predetermined threshold. The drive control unit performs control to stop rotation of the motor when the abnormality is detected.

Abstract: The second torque value and a motor speed detected from the motor in operation are compared to an upper limit and lower limit of torque tolerance which is obtained based on the third torque value. Accordingly, if the third torque value exceeds the upper limit or underruns the lower limit of the torque tolerance, the motor is stopped in accordance with a difference between the third torque value and the torque tolerance. Consequently, since abnormality of the motor can be promptly and accurately detected within an entire speed range including a lower speed range, it is effective for protecting the motor or the machine equivalent of a load for the motor.

Abstract: An electrical drive system includes an electric motor having an armature, which is mounted on a stator, and a rotor, wherein aligning stator flux with rotor flux enables current to flow in the armature without inducing torque on the rotor shaft. The disclosed operation may be used, for example, in testing the electrical drive system. The electric drive system can carry full rated current yet produce little or no torque, thereby increasing the current that can be tested during electrical drive test procedures without producing undesired forces or motion. The method may be used, for example, in heating the electric motor, for example for de-icing.

Abstract: A motor drive PWM rectifier includes a control section which generates the PWM signal in accordance with either a three-phase modulation scheme or a two-phase modulation scheme in which a PWM voltage command for one phase selected from among three phases each constituting the PWM voltage command in the three-phase modulation scheme is set and held at a level equivalent to a maximum value or minimum value of the PWM carrier and in which a PWM voltage command for the other two phases created by also applying an offset, required to achieve the setting, to the other two phases, a detecting section which detects three-phase AC current and outputs a detected current value, and a selecting section which selects the two-phase modulation scheme when the detected current value is larger than a first threshold value but smaller than a second threshold value, and otherwise selects the three-phase modulation scheme.

Abstract: A control system for an electric motor comprises a current sensing means arranged to produce a current sensing output indicative of electric current in the motor, current control means arranged to receive the current sensing output and to output a voltage demand indicative of voltages to be applied to the motor, and voltage demand correction means arranged to generate a correction signal and to use the correction signal and the voltage demand to produce a corrected voltage demand.

Abstract: The present invention properly starts up various types of motors under operating conditions where motor operations are performed in a wide range of temperature and power supply voltage. Output drive controllers supply PWM drive output signals to the output pre-driver in such a manner as to minimize the error between a current instruction signal and a current detection digital signal. In response to a detected induced voltage generated from a voltage detector upon startup of a motor, an initial acceleration controller supplies initial acceleration output signals specifying a conducting phase for initial acceleration of the motor to the output drive controllers. The initial acceleration controller, the output drive controllers, and an output driver make a conducting phase change and perform a PWM drive to provide the initial acceleration of the motor in response to the detected induced voltage and to an error upon startup of the motor.

Abstract: If it is predicted that the sum of the output of a servo motor and the output of a spindle motor exceeds power supplied by a rectifier unit, during a cutting operation, a motor drive control device controls alternating-current power of a first inverter unit so as to reduce the feed speed of at least one feed axis and controls alternating-current power of a second inverter unit so as not to limit torque of the spindle motor. Further, if it is predicted that the sum of the output of the servo motor and the output of the spindle motor exceeds power supplied by the rectifier unit, during an operation other than the cutting operation, the motor drive control device controls the alternating-current power of the second inverter unit so as to limit the torque so as not to reduce the feed speed.

Abstract: In a linear motor used for a driving axis of a large-size machine tool having a very long driving stroke, pole position correction values at a plurality of stroke positions are stored in a memory. A pole position correction value corresponding to an actual stroke position of a slider is calculated based on the stored pole position correction value. A corrected electrical angle offset value derived based on the calculated pole position correction value is used to control the linear motor.

Abstract: A driving apparatus including: a stepping motor configuring a drive source; an operating portion configured to reciprocate corresponding to forward and reverse rotations of the stepping motor; a home position detecting unit configured to detect a home position which corresponds to an outward movement starting position and a homeward movement terminating position of the operating portion; a homeward movement detecting unit configured to detect the driving amount of the stepping motor in a homeward movement of the operating portion from a start of the homeward movement of the operating portion driven by the stepping motor until a detection of the home position by the home position detecting unit; and an operation determining unit configured to determine that the operating portion is not operated normally when the driving amount detected by the homeward movement detecting unit is smaller than a predetermined driving amount.

Abstract: A separately excited synchronous machine (1blk) with an excitation circuit on the side of the rotor includes an excitation winding (3) and a power supply for the excitation winding (3) as well as a switching element (8a, 8e) for connecting the power supply to the excitation winding (3). Further, the synchronous machine (1blk) comprises a first stator-side primary winding (5a5f) and a first rotor-side secondary winding (6a6f). Moreover, the synchronous machine (1blk) may comprise a) a tap of the first rotor-side secondary winding (6d) connected to a control element (9a, 9c) of the switching element (8a, 8e) or b) a second rotor-side secondary winding (14d), which is coupled to the first stator-side primary winding (5a5f) and connected to a control element (9a, 9e) of the switching element (8a, 8e).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are system for managing transformation of large numbers of energy storage devices. Also provided are computer-implemented methods for managing the transformation of a large number of energy storage devices. Also provided are charging units to transform high plurality of energy storage devices to substantially charged state.