Abstract: A transducer assembly configured to accommodate a plurality of individually tunable sensing elements of various geometries and configurations by using a cap and an accompanying capillary tube. The configuration of the various embodiments described herein eliminate the header to flat plate welds of the prior art, and therefore better accommodates a plurality of sensing elements and corresponding header assemblies within one transducer assembly.

Abstract: A torque detection device includes: a magnetic flux collecting unit that includes an annular holder formed by resin molding and having a through-hole that passes through the holder in a radial direction, a first magnetic flux collecting ring and a second magnetic flux collecting ring that are fitted to an inner periphery of the holder so as not to cover the through-hole, and a magnetic shield that is fitted to an outer periphery of the holder so as to cover the through-hole; and a sensor housing that is made of resin supplied onto an outer periphery of the magnetic flux collecting unit, and that is formed so as to be integrated with the magnetic flux collecting unit.

Abstract: An impact sensor system for a vehicle that includes a frame member having a cavity and a chamber arranged within the cavity. The chamber includes two ends with different cross-sectional areas. The impact sensor system further includes a sensor coupled to the chamber that generates a signal indicative of a pressure change within the chamber caused by an impact to the frame member.

Abstract: A sensing element for sensing a mechanical property of a sample defining a sample surface using a contact force exerted the sample surface. The sensing element includes: a deformable element defining a contact surface and a deformable section in register with the contact surface, the deformable section being deformable between an undeformed configuration and a deformed configuration; a deformation sensor operatively coupled to the deformable section for sensing and quantifying a deformation of the deformable section between the deformed and undeformed configurations, the deformation sensor being an optical deformation sensor; and a force sensor operatively coupled to the deformable element for sensing the contact force exerted on the contact surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and methodology for detecting contact within a monitored area. A piezoelectric sensor is attached to one end of a detector which is positioned for contact by passing items or individuals. The detector may correspond to a plurality of parallel, rubber calendared cables or a strip of polycarbonate resin. Body deformations induced into the detector upon contact travel to the piezoelectric sensor and are detected as strain coupled to the piezoelectric sensor. The apparatus and methodology may be employed to detect vehicular traffic along travel paths, human contact with walls or floors, manufactured product contact with delivery systems or any other physical contact by animate or inanimate objects or individuals.

Abstract: A personally portable nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) sampler configured to collect nanoparticles based upon a sampling criterion. In an aspect, the NRD sampler has an impactor stage, and a diffusion stage. In another aspect, the NRD sampler includes a particle size separator in addition to an impactor stage and a diffusion stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a smoke dust sampling gun with a smoke dewatering device, with one end of a connecting sleeve (17) thereof being fix connected to the rear part of a gun body (20) and the other end being connected with a smoke dewatering device, wherein the smoke dewatering device comprises a circular tube-shaped dehydrator main body (2) and a circular tube-shaped discharged water storing cabin (3), with a plurality of wave-shaped red copper cooling fins (9) for gas being arranged in parallel inside the circular tube-shaped dehydrator main body (2) along the direction of the circular tube's central axis, and a gas inlet end of the circular tube-shaped dehydrator main body (2) and a gas outlet end of the discharged water storing cabin (3) being fix connected to each other; an end face (12) of a gas outlet end of a gas inlet pipe (5) is, having passed successively through the discharged water storing cabin (3) and a top face (11) of a cone-shaped inlet hopper (13), arranged in the cone-shaped inlet hopper (13); and

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for sampling, comprising a housing (2) having a housing chamber (8) which has two connection openings (10) for connecting one line portion in each case. The device (1) includes a withdrawal element (13) which is movable in the housing chamber (8). The withdrawal element is formed, at least in portions, in a profile-like manner, and bounds a hollow sampling region (19), extending along a profile longitudinal direction course (16), at the periphery of the sampling region, while leaving an entry opening (21) which extends along an opening longitudinal direction course (20). Guide means are provided by means of which a defined movement pattern of the withdrawal element (13) in the housing chamber (8) is predetermined, via which movement pattern at least one of the two opening cross-sections (32) in a projection view perpendicular thereto may be traversed over the entire area by means of the entry opening (21).

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to devices and system that can be used to fill a sample cell. In some examples, the system can be configured with a pressure device configured to provide a negative pressure to accelerate filling of the cell with the sample. In some embodiments, the negative pressure can be used to fill a flow cell at a selected fill rate.

Abstract: A method testing physical properties of bulk powder materials uses acceleration forces induce a change in physical configuration of a powder sample. Various different properties may be determined by relationships between the applied acceleration and the associated detected change in configuration event. In various embodiments powder strength, friction angle, or other properties may be determined. Novel methods and devices are provided.

Abstract: A continuously variable transmission includes: an input movement, a control system, a continuously variable reciprocating movement, a first holder, a second holder, an output gear. The holders having the reciprocating movement. Each of the holders having a linearly movable teeth. The movable teeth are perpendicularly oscillated to the reciprocating movement. Each of the movable teeth having an internal end and an exposed end. The exposed end having a first slope and a second slope. The first slope having a greater slope than the second slope.

Abstract: An engine has a cylinder, in which two pistons are mounted which are driven in opposite directions. Each piston drives, via a crankshaft, a toothed disk which is attached on the crankshaft. The two toothed disks are coupled to one another with regard to their rotational movement, or the toothed disks that are attached to the two crankshafts are in meshing engagement with one another. The crankshafts are driven by the pistons to produce a rotational movement in opposite directions. The toothed disks have the same diameter and are in direct engagement with one another by way of teeth which are arranged or formed along their circumference.

Abstract: A variably operated valve system includes: a planar section cut out an outer peripheral surface of a control shaft in order for a linkage member to be grasped from an axial direction of the control shaft; a bolt hole drilled along a diameter direction of the control shaft via an oil passage from the planar section and having a female screw formed at a position of the control shaft which is an opposite side to the planar section; and a limitation section having a convexity section disposed on either one of the linkage member and the planar section and a recess section disposed on the other of the linkage member and the planar section to be fitted into the convexity section, a fixture bolt being screwed and tightened to the bolt hole via a bolt inserting hole of the linkage member to fix the linkage member to the control shaft.

Abstract: A slider apparatus of the invention includes a ball screw, first and second support members which respectively support the two end portions of the ball screw, a slider which includes a driving means for rotating a ball nut threadably engaging with the ball screw while rotatably holding the ball nut, and is disposed to be movable in the axial direction of the ball screw, first and second intermediate support members which are disposed to sandwich the slider, and each of which includes a support hole through which the ball screw passes and is movable in the axial direction of the ball screw, and a connecting member which engages with the first and second intermediate support members, and allows free movement of the first and second intermediate support members within the range of the full length of the connecting member.

Abstract: A jacking device is provided to push an object for rotation and upward or downward movement. The jacking device includes a combination of a slave arm and a link arm. The slave arm includes a first end capable of producing rotation and linear movement and a second end pivoted to the link arm, The link arm includes a fixation end disposed on a base and a free end. When the first end of the slave arm is received with an action force, the second end of the slave arm is forced to push the link arm for rotation, and the free end of the link arm is forced to motion between a first position and a second position so as to push m object for rotation and upward or downward movement.

Abstract: A slat controller for a window blind has a gear, a worm member, and a connector. The gear connects to slats through cords, and the worm member having spiral teeth meshed with the gear. The connector has flexible arms, and the flexible arms have teeth. The worm member has teeth normally engaging the teeth of the connector, and the teeth of the worm member disengage the teeth of the connector to protect the meshed gear and the worm member when the user keeps turning the tilting rod beyond the allowable turning range.

Abstract: A gear set is provided for use in a gearbox. The gear set includes a first bevel gear having a first rotational axis and a second bevel gear having a second rotational axis. The second gear is driven by the first gear. The first gear has an outside diameter of about 3.1956 inches, an outer cone distance of about 2.1044 inches, a face width of about 0.62 inches, and a ratio of the outside diameter to a length parallel to the axis of rotation between the crown and the pitch apex of about 1.83. The second gear has an outside diameter of about 2.8337 inches, an outer cone distance of about 2.1044 inches, a face width of about 0.62 inches, and a ratio of the outside diameter to a length parallel to the axis of rotation between the crown and the pitch apex of about 2.33.

Abstract: A ball screw device includes a screw engaged into a nut member for forming two or more endless ball guiding passages and for receiving a number of ball bearing members, the nut member includes two or more conduits and recesses communicative with the helical grooves of the nut member, two deflecting devices are attached to end portions of the nut member and each include an inner member attached to the nut member and having two or more pathways aligned with the recesses of the nut member, and an outer member attached to the inner member and coupled to the inner member with one or more radially extended protrusions for suitably guiding ball bearing members.

Abstract: A ball screw having a groove-shaped ball return passage has improved durability, ball circulation performance, and working performance. The ball screw is provided with: a threaded shaft having a spiral groove at its outer circumferential surface; a nut having a spiral groove which faces the spiral groove at its inner circumferential surface; a plurality of balls rotatably loaded in a spiral raceway constituted by the two spiral grooves; and a ball circulation groove which returns and circulates the balls from an end point to a start point of the raceway. Further, the edge portions constituted by the two side surfaces of the ball circulation groove and the surfaces which continue from the side surfaces and extend in the axial direction are formed to be rounded.

Abstract: In a resin gear, which has a height h1 of a rim on a side including a gate from a surface including the gate of the web, a thickness T1 of the rim on the side including the gate, a height h2 of the rim on a side opposite to the side including the gate from a surface opposite to the surface including the gate of the web, and a thickness T2 of the rim on the side opposite to the side including the gate and in which h1?h2, it is configured so that T1h1<T2h2. Thereby, the shrinkage difference of the rim is reduced to a minimum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a component of an adjustment device for vehicle seats, wherein, in a first step, a work piece is machined such that the work piece is harder in a first region than in a second region, and/or in that the work piece is of a larger geometrical size in a third region than in a fourth region, wherein, in a second step, the work piece is deformed in such a way that a tool is moved onto the work piece at a speed greater than 1 m/s.

Abstract: One object is to provide a gear to be included in a fishing reel to produce excellent rotation feeling while reducing the weight relative to the strength. In accordance with one aspect, a drive gear included in a fishing reel is formed of a circumferential part having tooth surfaces and a body part radially inside the circumferential part which are made of different materials and integrated together. These materials satisfy the following conditions: S1>S2, P1>P2, and F1<F2, where S1 and S2 represent material strengths, P1 and P2 represent material densities (specific gravities), and F1 and F2 represent vibration damping capacities for the circumferential part and the body part, respectively.

Abstract: A gear shifter includes a frame and a pivot frame pivotally mounted to the frame. A gear shift lever is pivotally interfaced to the pivot frame by a pivot pin passing through a bore in the gear shift lever. The gear shift lever extends upwardly beyond the frame and a lower section of the gear shift lever extends downwardly into the frame. A fastener passes at least partially though the gear shift lever and interfaces with the pivot pin such that, one position of the fastener locks the pivot pin within the gear shift lever and within the pivot frame and, a second position of the fastener frees the pivot pin from both, therefore facilitating removal of the gear shift lever. The lower section of the gear shift lever is interfaced to a first transmission linkage and the pivot frame is interfaced to a second transmission linkage.

Abstract: A range switching device for performing switching the range of a transmission includes first control valve, a second control valve having a characteristic opposite to the first control, and first, second, third and fourth switching valves for controlling the transmission of oil pressures. The first and second switching valves cooperatively control the transmission of the oil pressure from the first control valve to a forward or reverse driving element (R). The third and fourth switching valve cooperatively control the transmission of the oil pressure from the second control valve to the forward or reverse driving element (R). The third and fourth switching valves each perform a substantially same oil pressure transmission when the state of the second and third actuators is reversed with respect to the first switching and second switching valves, respectively.

Abstract: A method of determining an operating state of a form-locking shift element of a transmission apparatus that, at least for changing one operating state between a disengaged operating state and an engaged operating state, is pressurized with an actuating pressure by a pressure-conducting region of the transmission apparatus. The pressure of the pressure-conducting region is monitored. Depending on the progression of the pressure of the pressure-conducting region, while pressurizing the form-locking shift element with the actuating pressure for changing the operating state, checking whether the form-locking shift element has the requested operating state.

Abstract: A shift safety device for a manual transmission having a gear shift shaft that rotates to select shift gates and moves to shift gears. The device has a blocking element which, during selector motion towards a shift gate, is driven by the gear shift shaft, against a spring, from a starting position into a blocked position, in which the device blocks further selector motion of the gearshift shaft, and which, during subsequent shifting motion of the gearshift shaft, is released and returned back to the starting position, by the spring, thereby permitting further selector motion. A driver arm, disposed on the gear shift shaft, moves the blocking element tangential to the arc traversed during selector motion by the driver arm between the starting and blocking positions. The blocking element moves in the linear track traversed during shifting of the driver arm and is pretensioned toward the starting and center positions.

Abstract: An integrated multifunctional motor vehicle shifter is disclosed which comprises a selector connected to a surface in the interior of a motor vehicle. The selector is configured to rotate about an axis to select from a first group of driving characteristics, and the selector is also configured to move in at least one direction substantially perpendicular to the axis to select from a second group of driving characteristics. In one embodiment the selector can chose between both driving modes and transmission settings.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device includes a housing, a control member, a linearly moving member, a transmission, a user operating member and an intermediate element. The control member rotates on the housing for controlling a control cable. The linearly moving member moves on the housing for linear displacement between first and second positions. The transmission operatively couples the linearly moving member to the control member. The transmission converts the linear displacement of the linearly moving member from the first position to the second position into a rotation of the control member toward a first rotational direction. The user operating member is movably mounted to the housing. The intermediate element moves relative to the linearly moving member and the user operating member to transmit a movement of the user operating member to the linearly moving member for moving the linearly moving member from the first position to the second position.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device includes a control member, first and second user operating members, a pivoting member and a transmission. The control member is rotated by actuation of the user operating members to control a control cable. The first user operating member rotates the control member in a first direction as the first user operating member rotates along a first motion plane. The second user operating member rotates the control member in a second direction as the second user operating member rotates along a second motion plane. The first and second motion planes form an angle in a range of twenty degrees to seventy degrees. The pivoting member pivots about a pivot axis that is offset from the operating axes of the user operating members to control movement of the control member by the transmission in response to the first user operating member being operated.

Abstract: A bicycle operating device includes a control member, two user operating members, a pivoting member and a transmission. The control member is rotated by actuation of the user operating members to control a control cable. The pivoting member pivots when one of the user operating members is actuated. The transmission includes a ratchet, a positioning tooth and a maintaining tooth. The ratchet includes first teeth engaged by the positioning tooth while the pivoting member is disposed at a first position, second teeth engaged by the maintaining tooth while the pivoting member is disposed at a second position, and third teeth engaged by a pawl when the other user operating member is operated. At least one of the teeth is arranged on a periphery of the ratchet and at least one of the teeth is arranged radially inside of the periphery of the ratchet.

Abstract: A cable gland and gasket ring assembly includes a gasket ring and a cable gland formed of a shell, a collar, a packing ring and a connection ring for securing a cable, or, a cable and a flexible conduit, to a junction box. The gasket ring is an annular member, having a first end face, a second end face opposing the first end face, a plurality of annular ribs concentrically arranged on the first end face and an annular convex portion located on the second end face. The connection ring has a recessed portion on a stop flange segment for receiving the annular convex portion and a tapered inner surface located on the inside of the stop flange segment for stopping against a tapered outside surface of the packing ring.

Abstract: A first rotating body, which is rotated integrally with an operating knob, holds driving bodies and compression coil springs in recesses, and makes the driving bodies come into elastic contact with cam surfaces formed on the inner peripheral surface of a second rotating body. When current is not applied to an electromagnetic brake, the first and second rotating bodies are rotated integrally. When a user further rotates the operating knob against a sensation of resistance while the electromagnetic brake magnetically attracts a friction plate and a braking force is applied, the first rotating body is rotated relative to the second rotating body while the driving bodies slide on the cam surfaces. This relative rotation is allowed until stopper portions provided near the recesses come into contact with restricting wall portions provided near the cam surfaces.

Abstract: An active release system for a pedal assembly which permits the pedal to be operated after releasing. A pivot pin supporting the pedal arm is mounted in a plurality of slots. The pin is held in position in the slots by a release lever assembly. The release lever assembly is held in position by two shear pins. The force of the discharge during a crash breaks the shear pins to rotate a release lever away from the pivot pin. The pedal pivot pin is then free to travel in the slots in the mounting bracket towards the occupant thereby pivoting the pedal arm from the passenger compartment allowing the pedal to be operated after releasing.

Abstract: An actuation device for bar-end bicycle gearshift comprises a mount adapted to be mounted to the end of handlebars facing forwards in the direction of travel. An actuation part is mounted on the mount in a neutral position with respect to the mount when no gearshifting is commanded. An adjuster is provided for adjusting the neutral position of the actuation part with respect to the mount. A cyclist can adjust the neutral position based on personal physical characteristics and preferences.

Abstract: A switch device has a container that contains a contact therein, a rectangular frame-like cylinder disposed at an upper portion of the container, an operating knob that closes an opening formed at an upper end of the cylinder, is pivotally supported by the cylinder via a shaft, and is pivotally operated to open or close the contact, and plungers disposed on both side walls of the cylinder, vertical to a pivotal surface of the operating knob, across the lateral width of the side walls. Each of the plungers projects from one out of the side wall of the cylinder and the side wall of the operating knob, corresponding to the side wall of the cylinder, so as to be linearly brought into elastic contact with the other side wall across the lateral width irrespective of a pivotal state of the operating knob.

Abstract: An actuator mounting, in particular, a clutch or brake mounting for a vehicle, includes a mounting housing (3) with an attachment shell (2) for attaching the mounting to a handlebar or a similar steering element, a hand lever (8) supported to rotate on the mounting housing (3), and a mechanical or hydraulic force transmission device arranged on the mounting housing (3). The actuator mounting includes a carrier plate (9) supported on the rotational bearing (7) in common with the hand lever (8) as an intermediate transmission element with multiple functions. The carrier plate (9) has contact points (16, 32, 34) for applying force to or tensioning the hand lever (8), the force transmission device, and the mounting housing stop (35).

Abstract: A device (1) for generating a return force for a control stick (2) that is movable from a neutral position along a travel path (3), the device comprising mechanical connection means (5) for connecting the stick (2) to resilient return means (4) for returning the stick (2) towards the neutral position, the device being characterized in that the mechanical connection means (5) and the resilient return means (4) are arranged to produce, over a first portion (3a) of the travel path, a first strength of return force (F) and, over a second portion (3b) of the travel path, a second strength of return force (F), and in that the mechanical connection means (5) include a transmission part (6) adapted firstly to be mechanically connected to said stick (2) in such a manner that any movement of said stick (2) along the second portion (3b) of the travel path corresponds to turning movement of the transmission part (6), and secondly to transmit the return force (F) to said stick (2) at least when the stick (2) is positioned

Abstract: A bike auxiliary handle connection device includes a main body and an adjustment unit. The main body has a guide trough and adjustment holes. The adjustment unit includes two receiving seats and two adjustment bolts. The two receiving seats have guide blocks at inner sides thereof. The guide blocks are inserted in the guide trough the main body. The guide blocks have threaded holes thereon. The two adjustment bolts are inserted through the main body and screwed to the threaded holes of the guide blocks. The two receiving seats of the adjustment unit are fitted on the front ends of the two parallel auxiliary handles. The connection device can be adjusted along with the adjustment of the distance of the two auxiliary handles.

Abstract: A handlebar coupling and adjustment unit comprises a housing, a pivot pin, a manual grip and a retaining pin. The housing receives an end portion of a handlebar. The pivot pin joins the housing to the handlebar and pivotally supports the handle relative to the handle bracket. The retaining pin is connected to the manual grip and is linearly translatable in a first direction from an extended positioned projecting beyond the housing to a withdrawn position within the housing. The manual grip is rotatable while the retaining pin is in the withdrawn position between a locked position in which the housing holds the manual grip with the retaining pin in the withdrawn position and an unlocked positioned in which the manual grip is linearly translatable in a second direction to return the retaining pin to the extended position.

Abstract: A method for producing a functional shaft is provided in which a functional element which is provided with a pocket is inserted into a retaining element, a shaft is inserted into the pocket, and a force applied to the functional element while the shaft is being inserted into the pocket is measured. A device for producing a functional shaft and to a functional shaft produced in accordance with the method is also provided.

Abstract: An adjustable camshaft may include an inner shaft and an outer shaft coaxially surrounding the inner shaft. A cam may have a cam body and a ring collar axially projecting from the cam body. The ring collar may be slidingly arranged with a radial gap on the outer shaft and have a receptacle for pinning together the cam and the inner shaft with a pin. A seal may be arranged in a region of the ring collar for sealing the gap.

Abstract: A mass-balancing transmission of an internal combustion engine (1) is provided, having a transmission housing (8) and a balancing shaft (6) with a bearing point (10, 11) at which the balancing shaft is mounted radially in a bearing seat (12, 13) of the balancing housing, and having an unbalanced section (9) which is formed in one part with the bearing point of the originally shaped balancing shaft. The bearing point is set back radially compared to the unbalanced section with the result that the diameter relationship: d2 >d1 applies for the external envelope circle d1 of the bearing point and the external envelope circle d2 of the unbalanced section. Considered in the axial direction of the balancing shaft, the external envelope circle d2 of the unbalance section and the external envelope circle d1 of the bearing point extend offset to one another with an eccentricity of e.

Abstract: A connecting rod bolt is provided for use with a connecting rod assembly. The connecting rod bolt may have a body portion having a first end, a threaded second end opposite the first end, and an outer surface extending in a length direction from the first end to the second end. The connecting rod bolt may further have a plurality of locating features having a radius aligned with the outer surface and a plurality of clearance features disposed on the outer surface between adjacent locating features, wherein a distance from a center of the body portion to an outer surface of each clearance feature is less than the radius of the plurality of locating features. The connecting rod bolt may also have a head portion connected to the first end of the body portion.

Abstract: A bearing locking mechanism capable of surely preventing dropping of a bearing, without increasing size of a transmission, is provided. In a bearing locking mechanism in which a bearing G3c of a rotating body G3b axially supported by a transmission case 7 rotationally is prevented from dropping from the transmission case 7, a transmission 1 is equipped with a brake B1 provided so as to be adjacent to the bearing G3c, the brake B1 is equipped with a fixing member B1a to be fixed to the transmission case 7, and the bearing G3c is prevented from dropping from the transmission case 7 by the fixing member B1a engaging with a side surface in an axial direction of the bearing G3c.

Abstract: A seal member is attached to a cover which occludes a gear case as a housing unit. The seal member is formed of elastomer and integrally formed with: a plate-shaped portion formed into a disc shape which covers the inner surface of the cover; an inner seal portion which is positioned on the inner peripheral edge of a through-hole, and comes into sliding contact with the outer peripheral surface of an output member; an outer seal portion which is positioned on the periphery of the cover, and comes into contact with the opening end of the housing unit; and anchor portions which latch onto the front surface of the cover via mounting holes provided to the cover. The boundary between the seal member and the cover extends only to the outside of the gear case, and does not extend to the inside of the gear case.

Abstract: An undulatory structure and methods for the fabrication and use thereof. The undulatory structure includes a buckled sheet and one or more work input elements for deforming the buckled sheet in an undulating manner wherein each point in a series of points on a sinuously-shaped profile of the buckled sheet travels at least partially along a figure eight-shaped path. The undulatory structure can be adapted for use as a solid-state transducer wherein the buckled sheet provides mechanical advantage without appreciable opposition from elastic restoring forces, thereby achieving improved force, displacement and efficiency characteristics.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method for the oxidation and sintering of pellets 1 arranged in a compartment 2 in which the oxidation and sintering take place with the aid of a medium with a defined temperature, which medium heats the pellets 1. The method comprises the introduction of a first medium 3 into the compartment through an inlet 4 connected to the compartment 2 and the heating of the medium in the inlet through the use of a combustion arrangement 5, or a part of a combustion arrangement, arranged in the inlet 4 and comprising fuel where the use of the combustion arrangement 5 comprises the ignition of the fuel, the combustion of the fuel whereby combustion heat is developed, and the transfer of combustion heat to the first medium 3 that is present at the combustion arrangement 5.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method for the heating of a medium in a compartment 1 in which pellets 2 are arranged to be oxidised and sintered with the aid of the hot medium. The method comprises the introduction of a first medium 3 into the compartment 1 through an inlet 4 and the heating of the first medium 3 when it is present in the inlet 4. The heating takes place through the use of a combustion arrangement 5, or a part of such an arrangement, that is arranged in the inlet 4 and that comprises fuel. The heating, the use of the combustion arrangement 5, comprises in turn the ignition of the fuel, combustion of the fuel whereby combustion heat is developed, and the transfer of the combustion heat to the first medium 3 that is present at the combustion arrangement 5 in the inlet 4.

Abstract: Carbothermic reduction of magnesium oxide at approximately 2200 degrees Kelvin yields a high temperature mixture of magnesium vapors and carbon monoxide gas. Previous processes have sought to cool or alter the mixture to cause the yield of pure magnesium, which is then used in subsequent processes for its reducing properties. The present invention takes advantage of the stability and inertness of carbon monoxide at elevated temperatures enabling the magnesium vapor/carbon monoxide gas mixture from the carbothermic process to be used directly for the production of other metals at high temperatures. Chromium oxide, manganese oxide, zinc oxide and sulfide, and several other metal compounds can be reduced by the magnesium vapor/carbon monoxide gas mixture at temperatures high enough to prevent the gas mixture from back-reacting to magnesium oxide and carbon.

Abstract: A method for leaching copper and molybdenum from an ore, residue and/or concentrate containing such, in which more than 1% of the total molybdenum is present as a sulfide and in which more than 1% of the total copper is present as an oxide, the method comprising the steps of: Exposing the ore, residue and/or concentrate to an aqueous solution of chlorine (I)-based oxidising species of a p H of at least 3.0; Allowing and/or facilitating the oxidation of the molybdenum by the chlorine-based oxidising species thereby providing a treated ore, residue and/or concentrate and a reduced aqueous solution of chlorine-based oxidising species; and Leaching the treated ore, residue and/or concentrate by exposing the treated ore, residue and/or concentrate to an aqueous ammoniacal ammonium carbonate solution to form a pregnant leach solution containing both copper and molybdenum; Passing the pregnant leach solution containing both copper and molybdenum to a means for metal recovery.