Abstract: The invention relates to a detection device (6) for detecting photons emitted by a radiation source (2). A signal generation unit (20) generates a detection signal indicative of the energy of a detected photon while photons strike the detection device (6), and a baseline signal, which is affected by photons that previously struck the detection device (6), while photons are prevented from striking the detection device (6). A baseline shift determination unit (40) determines a baseline shift of the detection signal depending on the baseline signal. An energy determination unit (30) determines the energy of a detected photon depending on the detection signal and the determined baseline shift. Since the baseline shift of the detection signal is determined from a baseline signal that is generated while photons are prevented from striking the detection device (6), the baseline shift can be determined with higher accuracy, resulting in an improved energy determination.

Abstract: A radiation detection signal processing method and a radiation detection signal processing system using the method are provided, which combine trigger signals and time mark information. The method includes: providing a radiation detection signal processing system having a plurality of front-end detectors, where each front-end detector detects a radiation event to generate a corresponding energy signal; generating a corresponding trigger signal according to the corresponding energy signal; generating a first signal and a second signal according to all trigger signals; and obtaining time differences among the trigger signals according to the first signal and the second signal, converting the time differences into a set of time marks, merging all of the trigger signals and the set of time marks into a hybrid time signal, and transmitting the hybrid time signal to a hybrid event coincidence detection circuit.

Abstract: The invention encompasses analyzers and analyzer systems that include a single molecule analyzer, methods of using the analyzer and analyzer systems to analyze samples, either for single molecules or for molecular complexes. The single molecule uses electromagnetic radiation that is translated through the sample to detect the presence or absence of a single molecule. The single molecule analyzer provided herein is useful for diagnostics because the analyzer detects single molecules with zero carryover between samples.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light engine having four LED light sources in combination with one or more laser light sources. A combination of collimators, bandpass filters, dichroic mirrors, and other elements is operative to direct light from the light sources onto a main optical axis from where it may be focused into a light guide for transport to a instrument or device. Particular embodiments of the invention provide for computer control, intensity control, color control, and light source modulation. The light engine provides light suitable for applications in microscopy, endoscopy, and/or bioanalytical instrumentation.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an insulator which can suppress quenching between fluorescent dyes and enhance fluorescence intensity. The present invention provides, in order to achieve this object, an insulator which contains a ring entity of nonplanar structure and suppresses reduction in fluorescence intensity of one or two or more fluorescent labels adjacent to the insulator.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are described for the measurement of honey plant origin characteristics via fluorescence.

Abstract: A device for irradiating substrate material (S) in the form of a sheet or web in a sheet-fed or web-fed processing system, especially in a sheet-fed or web-fed processing or printing press. The device comprises at least one flexible light-emitting sheet (10) for producing radiation of a desired wavelength or wavelength band, which light-emitting sheet (10) is disposed along a path of the substrate material (S) to subject the substrate material (S) to said radiation. The flexible light-emitting sheet (10) is preferably an organic light-emitting device (OLED) sheet.

Abstract: A method and system for optical proximity correction or fracturing or mask data preparation or mask process correction or proximity effect correction for charged particle beam lithography are disclosed in which a set of shaped beam shots is determined which, when used in a shaped beam charged particle beam writer, will form a pattern on the surface, where the set of shots includes shots for a plurality of exposure passes, and where the determination of the shots includes increasing the dose margin of the pattern by adding a shot in a single exposure pass.

Abstract: A ceramic member containing an insulating member is disclosed. The ceramic member comprises a ceramic body and an insulating layer on the ceramic body. The ceramic body contains aluminum oxide crystals and aluminum titanate crystals. The insulating layer contains silicon oxide as a main component. The ceramic body includes a first region that includes a first surface portion covered by the insulating layer, and a second region outside the first region, and having a surface resistivity of 1×106 to 1×109?/?. A surface resistivity of the first region is higher than the surface resistivity of the second region.

Abstract: An EUV (Extreme Ultra Violet) light source device ionizes a target material in an ionizer, and supplies the ionized target material to a point of generating a plasma. This reduces the generation of debris. The ionizer simultaneously irradiates laser beams of plural wavelengths corresponding to the excited level of tin on a target material to ionize the target material. The ionized target material is extracted from the ionizer with a high voltage applied from an ion beam extractor, and accelerated and supplied to a plasma generation chamber. When driver laser beam is irradiated on the ionized target material, a plasma is generated, thereby emitting EUV radiation.

Abstract: According to the present invention, an electromagnetic wave emission device includes a nonlinear crystal having an optical waveguide; and a prism including an electromagnetic wave input surface and an electromagnetic wave transmission surface. The electromagnetic wave transmission surface includes a rotation surface which is a trajectory of a tilted line segment rotated about a central axis of the electromagnetic wave input surface, the tilted line segment being tilted with respect to the central axis. The tilted line segment and the central axis are on the same plane. The central axis is in parallel to an extending direction of the optical waveguide. The central axis passes through a projection of the optical waveguide into the electromagnetic wave input surface.

Abstract: A multi-leaf collimator includes leaf drives and two sets of displaceable leaves arranged side by side and facing each other to impress a high-energy beam with the shape of an irregularly formed treatment object. Each of the leaves assumes a position oriented along the shape of the treatment object by means of a leaf drive and each are equipped with a gear rod-like drive engagement in the direction of the displacement. A leaf-side pivotable gear segment is located, together with a motor-side gear segment, on a segment disk that engages with the gear rod-like drive engagement. A pinion drivable by a motor engages with the motor-side gear segment. The segment discs are arranged side by side for each set of leaves as a package on one axis. The motor-side gear segments of two segment disks located next to each other are staggered so that they will not abut each other.

Abstract: A panoramic device for detection of laser pulses is provided, sensitive to at least two wavelengths and including a plurality of optical channels and a set of linear sensor arrays, each linear sensor array including a photosensitive area. Each optical channel includes at least two linear sensor arrays, the respective photosensitive areas of said at least two linear sensor arrays being non-contiguous, so that said at least two linear sensor arrays of each optical channel observe non-contiguous angular fields. Moreover, the optical channels are optically juxtaposed to obtain a continuous angular field of surveillance.

Abstract: A valve comprises a valve body defining a throughbore having a throughbore axis, a first ram (100a; 200a) comprising a first seal face (144a,145a; 280a) and a second ram (100b;200b) comprising a second seal face (144b,145b; 280b), wherein the first and second rams are disposed on opposing sides of the throughbore on a ram axis and are actuable to be moved along the ram axis to bring the seal faces together, a channel (142; 242) defined by the first and/or second seal faces configured to accommodate a tubular member (40) in a sealing position when the first and second seal faces are brought together, wherein the first and second seal faces are oriented in a plane which is parallel to the throughbore axis and which is inclined with respect to the ram axis.

Abstract: A high temperature servo valve to control a valve actuator for a valve body in a valve passage includes a plurality of high temperature wires to deliver a voltage; an actuator block of piezo ceramic material connected to the plurality of high temperature wires to move when it receives the voltage; a pressure supply line connecting the servo valve to the valve passage to supply air to the servo valve; a pressure vent line to vent pressure from the servo valve; and a pressure servo line connecting to the valve actuator to control the pressure in the valve actuator.

Abstract: A valve cartridge has a capsule and a valve insert, which is connected to the capsule by way of a first end and has a valve body with a main valve seat at the other end. A plunger is movably guided within the valve cartridge, it being possible for the plunger to move against the force of a return spring and the plunger having a closing element with a sealing element that interacts with the main valve seat of the valve body in a sealing manner to provide a sealing function. A corresponding solenoid valve has a valve cartridge of this kind. A magnetic damping assembly has a permanent magnet and an electrical conductor which is arranged in the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and is coupled to the moving plunger and can be moved substantially perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a mini-scale microfluidic valve including a valve housing disposed at a fluid dispensing orifice of a mini-scale microfluidic system dispensing nozzle. The valve housing comprises a base member having a base member orifice that aligns with the fluid dispensing orifice to provide a fluid dispensing pathway through which a system-fluid is dispensed from the system dispensing nozzle to an external ambient environment. The housing additionally comprises an open valve channel exposed to the external ambient environment and intersecting the fluid dispensing pathway. The valve further includes a liquid-film movably disposed within the open valve channel such that the liquid-film is exposed to the external ambient environment. The liquid-film comprises a substantially non-volatile, immiscible liquid, and a valve control subsystem structured and operable to control movement of the liquid-film within the open valve channel to selectively cover and uncover the base member orifice.

Abstract: An outlet valve (700) adapted for use with a pressurized fluid container includes an outlet valve chamber (701) including an upper groove (722) and a lower groove (725), an outlet valve member (760) configured to move between substantially open and substantially closed positions in the outlet valve chamber (701), and a non-return member (780) configured to be retained in one of the upper groove (722) or the lower groove (725) in a snap-fit arrangement. When the non-return member (780) is retained in the upper groove (722) the non-return member (780) does not contact the outlet valve member (760). When the non-return member (780) is retained in the lower groove (725) the non-return member (780) blocks the outlet valve member (760) in the substantially open position.

Abstract: The pressure augmentation valve includes a substantially tubular element having a lumen, a ring located along an interior surface of the tubular element and a dam element located in the lumen, wherein the dam element includes at least one cutout area. The valve further includes a movable plug located in the lumen between the ring and the dam element, wherein at least a portion of the plug includes a diameter greater than an interior diameter of the ring, and a spring positioned between the plug and the dam element, such that the spring exerts a force against the plug in a direction of the ring. The plug exerts a force against fluid entering the tubular element via the ring, thereby increasing pressure of the fluid upon exiting the dam element.

Abstract: A high-pressure switching valve includes a stator and a rotor. The stator includes a plurality of ports where each port is connected at one end to a port connection and having at another end a predetermined port opening cross section at a stator end face of the stator. The rotor includes a rotor end face and at least one or a plurality of grooves. The rotor can be configured to have a rotary position with respect to the stator where two predetermined port opening cross sections connect to one of the grooves in a pressure-tight manner. The rotor and the stator can be pressed together in a sealing manner at the rotor end face and the stator end face in regions away from the port opening cross sections and the at least one or a plurality of grooves. The rotor and the stator each include a hard material. The rotor can be configured to wobble or tilt with respect to a rotational axis of the rotor.

Abstract: A solenoid valve includes a valve sleeve comprising a valve seat, a valve closure element which acts on the valve seat, and a housing. Arranged in the housing is a coil, an armature, a core, and a multiple-part return-path arrangement, which form an electromagnetic circuit. The core is arranged on a side of the housing opposite to the valve sleeve and is wound onto a coil former. The coil former comprises a first portion with an internal diameter and a receiving bushing for the valve sleeve arranged on a side opposite to the core. A movable armature acts on the valve closure element. The armature is mounted in the coil former via a bearing and comprises parts including a first part directed toward the core having a diameter. The diameter of the first part is larger than the internal diameter of the first portion of the coil former.

Abstract: A solenoid valve includes a housing within which is arranged a coil wound onto a coil former, an armature, a core, and a multiple-part return path arrangement, which together form an electromagnetic circuit. The armature is configured to be movable and to act at least indirectly on a valve closure element mounted in the coil former via a bearing. The multiple-part return-path arrangement comprises at least one return-path cover section, a return-path side section and a return-path inner section.

Abstract: A connector for lined pipelines includes a tube having opposed male interface elements extending inwardly from respective ends of the tube. One or more circumferential permeable chokes project radially from each male interface element. The chokes minimise flow of oxidising fluid from the bore into the micro-annulus between the liner and the pipe while maximising flow of fluid from the micro-annulus into the bore in the event of catastrophic pressure drop in the bore. To maintain gaps between the tube ends and the pipe liners for fluid flow, shoulder formations defined by radially-projecting bands extend circumferentially around the tube. The connector may be used in a joint arrangement where each liner includes a body section, an end section of lesser thickness and greater bore than the body section that terminates short of an end of the pipe, an inner step disposed between the body section and the end section, and an outer step disposed between the end section and the pipe.

Abstract: A butterfly valve capable of preventing leakage under demanding environmental and operating conditions. The valve includes two stem seal assemblies. The stem seal assemblies include a first pusher, a first energizer, a second pusher, a second energizer, and a force transmitting member. The force transmitting member is configured to transfer an axial load to the second pusher, which causes the first and second energizer to expand radially to create a secondary and tertiary seals between the stem seal assembly and valve stem. In addition, the force transmitting member is configured to transfer an axial load to the first pusher which creates a primary seal.

Abstract: A structure of valve stem and frame lining includes a frame lining, a valve body, and a stem. At least two ribs are formed on one face of the frame lining, and the other opposite face of the frame lining is engaged with a base portion of the valve body by molding. The stem is disposed in an air channel of the valve body to control availability of air through the air channel. More particularly, when being disposed on a wheel frame, the frame lining has a width which enables the frame lining to overlap an outer cover engaged with the wheel frame to provide good sealing performance. Besides, the ribs help the frame lining be positioned on the wheel frame.

Abstract: A unidirectional ceramic control valve includes a valve shell, a shaft, a ring unit, an upper ceramic piece, a lower ceramic piece, a valve base and at least one anti-leak ring. Lower section of the valve shell has two hook holes, and two notches are formed therebelow. A receiving trough is formed at an inner portion of lower section of the shaft to provide a space for the ring unit and the upper ceramic piece. The ring unit is a ring-shaped body with low friction coefficient, and when the ring unit is disposed between the shaft and upper ceramic piece, it prevents the shaft from directly contacting the upper ceramic piece to generate wear. The upper ceramic piece has two symmetric water holes, while the lower ceramic piece has two symmetric circulating holes. A first protruding unit and a second protruding unit are correspondingly formed at the valve base.

Abstract: To provide an ABA triblock copolymer containing: an A-block having, in a constitutional unit thereof, a monomer represented by the following general formula (1) or a monomer represented by the following general formula (2); and a B-block having, in a constitutional unit thereof, a hydrophilic monomer having a radical polymerizable unsaturated bond, where R1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R2 is a C5-C18 alkylene group; M is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent metal atom; and X1 is —NH— or an oxygen atom in the general formula (1), and where R11 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R12 is a C5-C18 alkylene group; R13 and R14 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group; and X11 is —NH— or an oxygen atom in the general formula (2).

Abstract: A thermoelectric material including: a thermoelectric matrix including grains with a composition of Formula 1: (BixSb1-x)a(TeySe1-y)b??Formula 1 wherein 1.8?a?2.2, 2.8?b?3.2, 0?x?1, and 0?y?1, and wherein a plurality of dislocations is present along a grain boundary between adjacent grains of the composition of Formula 1.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of producing polymer sorbents having magnetic properties, and can be used for removing petroleum products from a water surface. A magnetic porous sorbent for removing thin petroleum films from a water surface is proposed, said sorbent being produced on the basis of industrial synthetic butadiene rubber SBR, as a result of the modification thereof by an oxidative chlorophosphorylation reaction with subsequent immobilization of magnetite FeO nanoparticles; and a method for producing a magnetic material is proposed, said method comprising the formation of FeO nanoparticles by an ion deposition method directly within a porous polymer matrix. The sorbent has a good sorption capacity in relation to thin petroleum films.

Abstract: Disclosed are an R—Fe—B sintered magnet and a method for producing the same. More specifically, provided is an R—Fe—B (R=Nd, Dy, Pr, Tb, Ho, La, Ce, Sm, Gd, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu or Th) sintered magnet having a structure in which R2Fe14B crystal grains as major phases are surrounded with R-rich phases, wherein a dihedral angle between two adjacent R2Fe14B crystal grains and the R-rich phase contacting the R2Fe14B crystal grains is 70° or less in a triple junction formed by the R2Fe14B crystal grains. The sintered magnet maintains a high coercive force and exhibits improved mechanical properties and is thus applicable to motors or permanent magnets used at high temperatures.

Abstract: A heat transfer medium for solar thermal systems, a solar salt, contains nitrate salts. By admixing Ba and/or Sr are added to Li—Na—K—NO3 to improve the properties of the solar salt.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a vapor space anticorrosive composition comprising corrosion inhibitors, surfactants and possibly thickeners, wherein one surfactant is selected from alkylamine ethoxylates, and being useful as an engine run-in composition and as a coolant.

Abstract: Provided is a cathode active material which is lithium transition metal oxide having an ?-NaFeO2 layered crystal structure, wherein the transition metal is a blend of Ni and Mn, an average oxidation number of the transition metals except lithium is more than +3, and lithium transition metal oxide satisfies the Equation m(Ni)?m(Mn) (in which m (Ni) and m (Mn) represent an molar number of nickel and manganese, respectively). The lithium transition metal oxide has a uniform and stable layered structure through control of oxidation number of transition metals to a level higher than +3, thus advantageously exerting improved overall electrochemical properties including electric capacity, in particular, superior high-rate charge/discharge characteristics.

Abstract: A mixture of at least two polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) compounds is formed in the presence of rhenium on cerium(IV) oxide. The POSS compounds are formed utilizing a method that includes the step of combining (a) a trihalosilane, (b) hydrogen gas, and (c) the rhenium on cerium(IV) oxide, in a reactor at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C. to form the mixture. The trihalosilane has the formula RSiX3 wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an aryl group, and wherein X is a halo atom. This method allows for the efficient, predictable, and accurate production of the POSS compounds with a minimized need for use of expensive separation techniques. In addition, this method produces the POSS compounds in commercially useful quantities as major reaction products thereby avoiding the need to run multiple reactions.

Abstract: Sodium silicate solutions of modulus 3.0 to 3.8 are provided. In some embodiments, the solution is made by a process that uses two specific principal reaction stages. A sodium silicate solution having a low SiO2:Na2O molar ratio, in the range from 2.0 to 2.8, is first produced by reaction of the SSS, as a cost-effective SiO2 source, with aqueous caustic soda. The conversion of this intermediate sodium silicate solution of low modulus to a high SiO2:Na2O molar ratio is made possible by using a SiO2 source that is prepared as precipitated amorphous silica from the intermediate sodium silicate solution produced above.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing a silicate phosphor and the silicate phosphor. The method includes (1) a hydrothermal treatment step of obtaining a layered silicate substituted with a rare-earth metal by hydrothermally treating an aqueous solution as a reaction solution, the solution containing rare-earth metal ions, NaOH and silica, and (2) a calcinating step of forming a crystalline silicate by calcinating the layered silicate substituted with the rare-earth metal. According to the method for preparing the silicate phosphor, the silicate phosphors, which can be used as phosphors for LEDs in the aspects of high covalent character, high luminescent intensity and stability at high temperature, may be prepared by a simplified, economic process. Also, the silicate phosphors may selectively emit red, green or blue light by virtue of the substitution of a silicon position with rare-earth metals of various types.

Abstract: A method for producing a crystalline material comprising a step of firing a raw material mixture containing M1, M2, M3, and L in an atmosphere containing NH3 gas to generate a crystalline material represented by M12a(M2bLc)M3dOyNx

Abstract: The present invention relates to bisimidazolium salts, to novel mono- and biscarbenes derived therefrom, and to metal complexes which contain corresponding mono- and biscarbenes as ligands, to a process for the preparation of the bisimidazolium salts according to the invention, the mono- and biscarbenes according to the invention and to the metal complexes according to the invention, and to the use of the bisimidazolium salts according to the invention, the mono- and biscarbenes according to the invention and to the use of the metal complexes according to the invention.

Abstract: A polyheterosiloxane composition includes (A) a first metal (M1), (B) a second metal (M2), and (C) siloxy units having the formula (R13SiO1/2), (R12SiO2/2), (R1SiO3/2), and/or (S1O4/2). R1 is independently a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon group including 1 to 30 carbon atoms. The mole fractions of (A), (B), and (C) relative to each other is of the formula [(M1)]a[(M2)]b[R13SiO1/2]m[R12SiO2/2]d[R1SiO3/2]t[SiO4/2]q, wherein a and b are each independently from 0.001 to 0.9, each of m, d, t, and q are independently from zero to 0.9 so long as m, d, t, and q are not all zero and the sum of a+b+m+d+t+q?1. At least one of (M1) and (M2) is a lanthanide metal. The composition exhibits a quantum yield of at least 0.05% and is formed using a method including reacting (A?) a metal (M3) alkoxide, (B?) an optional hydrolyzable metal (M4) salt, (C?) a silicon-containing material and (D) water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the synthesis of glutathione-capped cadmium-telluride (GSH-CdTe) quantum dots in an aqueous medium, including the steps of: a) preparing a precursor solution of cadmium in a citrate buffer; b) adding glutathione (GSH) to the preceding mixture via strong agitation; c) adding a telluride (potassium or sodium telluride) oxyanion as a telluride donor to the preceding mixture; d) allowing the preceding mixture to react; and e) stopping the reaction by incubation at low temperature.

Abstract: Catalyst comprising: a) a catalytic ceramic support comprising an arrangement of crystallites of the same size, same isodiametric morphology and same chemical composition or substantially of the same size, same isodiametric morphology and same chemical composition in which each crystallite is in point contact or virtually point contact with crystallites that surround it, and b) at least one active phase comprising metallic particles mechanically anchored into said catalytic support so that the coalescence and the mobility of each particle are limited to a volume corresponding to that of a crystallite of said catalytic ceramic support.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide filtering structures and methods. At least filtering structure includes a filtering medium for removing impurities from a gas produced by gasifying coal or biomass, and a catalyst for converting methane and carbon dioxide into synthesis gas by a dry reforming reaction and a steam reforming reaction. The filtering medium, according to various embodiments, is coated with the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a conductive coating composition, which contains: a conductive organic polymer, a non-conductive organic compound, a solvent and optionally a curing agent; where the content of the conductive organic polymer is about 10% to about 50%, based on the total weight of the solids content in the composition. The present invention also provides a conductive film, which is formed by drying the conductive coating composition. The conductive film has a surface resistivity lower than 1000 ?/sq and a total light transmittance greater than 80%. The conductive coating composition of the present invention can be used as an electromagnetic interference shielding material or an electrode material, and can be applied to various electronic products.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mechanism capable of decreasing wires which are not appropriately supplied with power and performing the electrical discharge machining high in uniformity between multiple wires. A wire electrical discharge machining system configured to slice a workpiece at an interval of wires arranged side by side at equally spaced intervals causes the wire to travel in the same direction and includes a power feed contact configured to collectively supply a machining power supply to a plurality of the traveling wires, in which two adjacent power feed contacts respectively come into contact with the plurality of the wires supplied with the machining power supply and arranged without being aligned in the direction vertical to the direction in which the wire travels.

Abstract: The invention provides an ink comprising a blend of a polymer material and a small molecule semiconductor material dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, said blend comprising at least 70% by weight of said polymer material and wherein the ink concentration is at least 0.4% w/v. The polymer material is preferably TFB [9,9?-dioctylfluorene-co-N-(4-butylphenyl)-diphenylamine]n, and said small molecule semiconductor material preferably has the following formula: wherein X11 is a group of formula CnH2n+1 wherein n is an integer of from 4 to 16.

Abstract: A polymer compound having a constitutional unit represented by the following formula (1):

Abstract: Embodiments described herein generally relate to the separation of carbon nanotubes by reversible gelation.

Abstract: A nanocomposite including: a thermoelectric material nanoplatelet; and a metal nanoparticle disposed on the thermoelectric material nanoplatelet.

Abstract: A predoping technique considered as highly practicable is an electrochemical method in which predoping is performed by assembling a battery such that an active material (electrode) and lithium are brought into direct contact with each other or short-circuited therebetween via an electric circuit, and by filling an electrolytic solution in the battery. However, in this case, much time is required, and there are problems such as the handling and the thickness accuracy of an extremely thin lithium metal foil that is not greater than 30 ?m thick. By mixing a lithium-dopable material and lithium metal together in the presence of a solvent, such problems can be solved.

Abstract: Disclosed are a thermoelectric material and a method of forming a thermoelectric material having an optimal stoichiometry, the method including obtaining a first precursor material, wherein the first precursor material is an antimony precursor, and obtaining a second precursor material, wherein the second precursor is chosen from the group consisting of a tellurium precursor and a selenium precursor. The method further includes combining the precursor materials, heating the combination of precursor materials, and isolating a plurality of semiconductor nanocrystals from the heated precursor materials.