Abstract: A power recovery device, including an electroactive polymer membrane; an actuator capable of moving along a first direction non-parallel to the mid-plane of the membrane; a member for converting the motion of the actuator into a stretching of the membrane along at least one second direction of the mid-plane of the membrane; and means for biasing the membrane including an electret.

Abstract: A multi-layer electronic component that can be repetitively operated under high voltage, high temperature and high humidity is provided. The multi-layer electronic component comprises a plurality of dielectric material layers made of a sintered material having perovskite structure that includes Pb; and a plurality of internal electrodes, the dielectric material layers and the internal electrodes being stacked alternately one on another, wherein lead compound that remains in the crystal grain boundaries of the dielectric material layers is controlled so that the number of grains of the lead compound not smaller than 0.01 ?m are 2 or less per 100 ?m2 on average.

Abstract: Provided is a piezoelectric generating element having an electrode on an outer surface of a piezoelectric ceramic body, wherein the piezoelectric ceramic body has a relative permittivity of 110 to 1700, an elastic compliance of 15 to 150 pm2/N, and a void ratio of 20 to 75%. Preferably, the void ratio is 50 to 75% in the piezoelectric generating element. A crystal particle is modeled as a cube with a length X on a side, a virtual void portion is provided in cube, a void ratio x is calculated based on a thickness t of a frame excluding void portion, a relative permittivity ?r and an elastic compliance s are calculated based on void ratio x, and a power generation amount P is estimated. Thereby, a piezoelectric generating element capable of significantly increasing a power generation amount more than before, and a method for estimating a power generation amount of the piezoelectric generating element can be obtained.

Abstract: A field emission electron source array includes a number of field emission electron sources aligned side by side. Each field emission electron source includes a linear carbon nanotube structure, an insulating layer and a conductive ring. The linear carbon nanotube structure has a first end and a second end. The insulating layer is coated on an outer surface of the linear carbon nanotube structure. The first conductive ring includes a first ring face and a second ring face, and the first ring face is coplanar with an end surface of the first end of the linear carbon nanotube structure.

Abstract: A lighting module includes an array of light emitters, a heat pipe having a flat portion, the array of light emitters being mounted to the flat portion, a liquid inside the heat pipe, the liquid selected to vaporize upon exposure to heat from the array, and a cooling unit thermally coupled to the heat pipe configured to cool the vaporized liquid.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a wavelength converter includes a resin allowing light emitted from a light source to pass through, a plurality of particle-shaped fluorescent substances dispersed in the resin, and fillers dispersed in the resin with a particle diameter smaller than the fluorescent substance. The fluorescent substances absorb the light emitted from the light source and emits fluorescence having a wavelength different from a wavelength of the light emitted from the light source; and a distribution of the fillers has higher density near the fluorescent substance than a density at a middle position between the fluorescent substances adjacent to each other.

Abstract: A planar light-emitting module includes a planar substrate applied with a reflection film, a light-emitting element mounted on the reflection film side of the substrate, a first transparent resin layer disposed to encapsulate at least the light-emitting element, and a second transparent resin layer disposed to sandwich an air layer between the second transparent resin layer and the first transparent resin layer. A phosphor for converting the wavelength of light radiated from the light-emitting element is disposed by dispersion in the first and second transparent resin layers and the phosphor is selected such that when the second transparent resin layer is viewed from the outside, pseudo-white light is observed.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display includes a substrate main body, a thin film transistor formed on the substrate main body, and an OLED formed on the substrate main body. The thin film transistor includes a gate electrode, an oxide semiconductor layer disposed on the gate electrode in an insulated manner, and source and drain electrodes respectively contacting the oxide semiconductor layer. Parts of the source and drain electrodes contacting the oxide semiconductor layer are separated from the gate electrode in a direction that is parallel with the substrate main body by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: An organic EL element array is provided which can more easily be produced with a high aperture ratio and a high definition and in which light-emitting layers of organic EL elements adjacent to each other in an interpixel region mutually overlap in the interpixel region.

Abstract: A highly reliable lighting device is provided at low cost by using a simple structure and a simple process. A lighting device with improved convenience, which has a shape suitable for a purpose and can respond to diversified applications is provided. A light-emitting panel which includes a light-emitting element provided over a flexible substrate and including an electroluminescent (EL) layer (the panel is also referred to as an “EL film”) is put in a glass housing. The EL film is flexible and thus can be provided in a variety of forms in accordance with the shape of the glass housing.

Abstract: Various embodiments of methods and systems for designing and constructing displays from multiple light emitting elements are disclosed. Display elements having different light emitting and self-organizing characteristics may be used during display assembly.

Abstract: A LED light source comprises: a first rectifier with a first and a second input terminal for connection to an AC supply voltage source and a first and a second output terminal connected by a first LED-string, a second rectifier having a first and a second input terminal and output terminals, said first input terminal of said second rectifier being coupled to the first input terminal of the first rectifier and the second input terminal of the second rectifier being coupled to the second input terminal of the first rectifier, and the output terminals being connected by a second LED-string, and means for causing a phase shift between the voltages that are present during operation at the output terminals of the first rectifier and the output terminals of the second rectifier respectively. The LED strings are driven by very simple circuitry that can be supplied by mains supply voltage. Due to the phase shift stroboscopic effects are suppressed.

Abstract: A surface wave plasma (SWP) source is described. The SWP source comprises an electromagnetic (EM) wave launcher configured to couple EM energy in a desired EM wave mode to a plasma by generating a surface wave on a plasma surface of the EM wave launcher adjacent the plasma. The EM wave launcher comprises a slot antenna having at least one slot. The SWP source further comprises a first recess configuration and a second recess configuration formed in the plasma surface, wherein at least one first recess of the first recess configuration differs in size and/or shape from at least one second recess of the second recess configurations. A power coupling system is coupled to the EM wave launcher and configured to provide the EM energy to the EM wave launcher for forming the plasma.

Abstract: Integrated circuits, control methods, and related lighting systems are provided. One integrated circuit controls the currents flowing through light-emitting-diode chains, each having several light emitting diodes forward-connected between a main cathode and a main anode while all the main anodes are connected to a power node. The integrated circuit has a short detection node, a constant current source, a voltage clamping circuit, and a short-circuit comparator. The short detection node detects the highest cathode voltage of the main cathodes. The constant current source provides a constant current to the short detection node. While the light-emitting-diode chains are unlit, the voltage clamping circuit clamps the short detection node at a predetermined voltage. When the voltage of the short detection node exceeds a threshold voltage, the short-circuit comparator asserts a fault signal, indicating a short circuit of a light emitting diode.

Abstract: An electronic control gear for operating at least one of at least one LED and at least one discharge lamp is provided. It may include a first terminal for coupling to a phase of an AC voltage supply; a second terminal for coupling to the neutral conductor of the AC voltage supply; a control input for coupling in a control signal of a control apparatus; a first output for coupling to the LED; a second output for coupling to the discharge lamp; a first driver circuit for the LED; a second driver circuit for the discharge lamp; an evaluation apparatus for evaluating the control signal at the control input, the evaluation apparatus comprising a microcontroller, which activates said driver circuits depending on the control signal, wherein a first capacitance is coupled between the second terminal and the control input.

Abstract: An illuminance sensor setting device includes: an illuminance sensor that outputs a signal for switching a lighting apparatus, and a setting unit that performs setting of the illuminance sensor. The illuminance sensor and the setting unit are provided separately from each other, and are connected to signal lines. The setting unit has a configuration to set a sensor address of the sensor, a control address of the lighting apparatus, and an illuminance reference for switching the lighting apparatus. The setting unit transmits to the signal line the setting signal and the sensor address. Thus, even if the illuminance sensor is provided on, for example, the ceiling in the vicinity of the lighting apparatus, the setting unit can be provided at any place, such as a wall, where the setting unit can be easily operated, and work for settings is facilitated.

Abstract: A solid state lighting driver and system having a total harmonic distortion (“THDi”) bypass circuit is disclosed. The solid state driver energizes a solid state lamp having a first lighting segment serially connected to a second lighting segment. The THDi bypass circuit bypasses a first lighting segment and energizes a second lighting segment of LEDs when the driving voltage is low. As a result, the solid state lamp will emit light over a larger portion of the power cycle and will decrease the THDi.

Abstract: The present invention provides an LED module and an LED light string using the same. The LED module has an input terminal, an output terminal, a primary LED, a spare LED and a switching module. The switching module controls the spare LED to be switched off while the primary LED is switched on; and controls the spare LED to be switched on while the primary LED is burned out. Hence, the present invention extends a service life of the LED light string using the LED modules in the backlight module.

Abstract: A voltage level supplied to power a plurality of LED light fixtures is dynamically adjusted to control the headroom of the voltage level. The current drawn by at least one of the plurality of LED light fixtures is monitored, and the voltage is increased from zero until the monitored current reaches its maximum.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method for operating a lighting system, which lighting system comprises a plurality of lighting modules, each of which comprises at least one communication unit, via which the respective lighting module is adapted to communicate with at least one neighboring lighting module. A control device may be adapted to communicate control signals to at least one of the lighting modules and each of the lighting modules may be adapted to further communicate control signals communicated to the lighting module to a neighboring lighting module.

Abstract: A method for setting and adjusting light emitted from an adjustable lighting device is disclosed. The adjustable lighting device includes a timing unit and a non-volatile memory (NVM) module for storing a record data which includes a memory flag changeable between a set state and a reset state, and a plurality of light setting values. In the method, the adjustable lighting device is configured to allow a user to select an illumination state of the light, and to change the memory flag in the record data to the set state and to store the record data with a corresponding one of the light setting values when a elapsed time counted by the timing unit is longer than a predetermined threshold time period.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process to dim a light emitting diode device of a motor vehicle. In order to keep changes of the light intensity from being noticeable, they must be appropriately small. Electronic dimmers with pulse width modulation have historically required a microcontroller with a pulse width modulation generator with at least 10 bits. In order to use cheaper controllers, the invention proposes that the pulse width signal be modulated as a function of a variable on-period and a simultaneously variable period length.

Abstract: Power consumed by an LED driver may be reduced by drawing, from an electronic transformer or dimmer, an input current that is constant over a plurality of input voltages. Power derived from the constant input current is provided to the LED driver.

Abstract: The claimed subject matter provides systems and/or methods that employ a control component integrated in a light bulb to control the light bulb wirelessly. The wireless light bulb can include a light source, a control component that manages operation of the light source, an input component that wirelessly obtains input signals that can be utilized by the control component, and a power source. For instance, the light source can be one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) and/or the power source can be one or more batteries. Moreover, the input component can receive the input signals (e.g., radio frequency, infrared, . . . ) from a remote control, a sensor, a differing wireless light bulb, a radio frequency identifier (RFID) tag, etc. Further, the wireless light bulb can be mechanically coupled to a lighting fixture, where the lighting fixture may or may not be electrically coupled to an alternating current (AC) power source.

Abstract: LEDs that provide street illumination are used to create emergency signals. This facilitates simple retrofitting of existing streetlighting infrastructure. In one embodiment, a streetlight comprises an LED set that itself comprises or consists of a plurality of LEDs collectively producing a white light output. The streetlight also includes a receiver for receiving a signal of an alarm condition, and a controller for (i) disabling the LED set during a daylight period, (ii) maintaining the normal operating mode during a lighting period distinct from the daylight period, and (iii) in response to the alarm condition detected by the receiver, de-activating at least one of the LEDs to produce a non-white (e.g., red or amber) output signaling the alarm condition.

Abstract: An LED lighting device includes: a power source unit for supplying the DC output voltage to a light-emitting diode; a control unit for adjusting the DC output voltage; and a control power source unit for supplying a control power to the control unit. The control power source unit generates the control power with the DC output voltage and has: a current-limiting resistor for limiting an electric current that flows from the power source unit to the control unit; a constant voltage unit for converting a voltage to be applied to the control unit through the current-limiting resistor unit to a constant voltage; and a switching unit for switching a resistance value of the current-limiting resistor unit among a plurality of resistance values.

Abstract: A light-emitting system includes first and second solid-state light-emitting components, a current source providing a constant current through the second solid-state light-emitting component, a first instrumentation amplifier detecting a second forward voltage across the second solid-state light-emitting component so as to generate a first detection voltage having a magnitude dependent on the second forward voltage, a compensation voltage module operable to generate a compensation voltage having a magnitude related to the second forward voltage according to the first detection voltage and two reference voltages, and a power control module detecting a first forward voltage across the first solid-state light-emitting component and providing a driving current therethrough that is dependent on the compensation voltage and the first forward voltage and that varies according to ambient temperature.

Abstract: An electrical wiring device includes a manually adjustable switch, a light emitting diode (LED), a light level sensor, and a microcontroller. The wiring device also optionally includes an occupancy sensor. Light level is sensed through a light pipe and light is emitted by the LED through the same light pipe. When the manually adjustable switch is positioned to energize a load, the LED is deactivated and ambient light level is sensed by light sensors through the light pipe. The ambient light level is compared to a minimum ambient light level to determine if the load will be energized. Alternatively, the LED is deactivated and the ambient light level is sensed through the light pipe when the switch is positioned to de-energize the load. This ambient light level is stored and compared to the minimum ambient light level at a time when the switch is later positioned to energize the load.

Abstract: A lighting device is capable of realizing a stable dimming control in a wide range of light output. The lighting device includes a DC power circuit for providing power to a switching element of the lighting device. A current controller switches the switching element to enable a current to flow from the DC power circuit through a solid state light source and maintain the current from the DC power circuit through the solid state light source current controller at a predetermined current. The current controller includes a first switching controller operable to change a width of an on-pulse provided to the switching element and a second switching controller operable to determine a burst-on time during which the on-pulses determined by the first switching controller are provided to the switching element. The burst-on time is longer than an on-pulse period of the first switching controller.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode (LED) lamp includes a number of different color LEDs that can be turned on and off in different combinations using an external switch operable by a user. A user or a controller can adjust the color temperature of light output by the lamp. The color temperature change may be a user preference and can compensate for decreased phosphor efficiency over time.

Abstract: Provided is a control apparatus of a vibration-type actuator for generating an elliptical motion of contact portions by a common alternating current signal including a frequency determining unit for setting a frequency of the alternating current signal. The frequency determining unit sets the frequency of the alternating current signal for changing an ellipticity of the elliptical motion, within a frequency range such that ellipticity changing frequency ranges set for the vibrators are overlapped, and the ellipticity changing frequency ranges are set for the vibrators as frequency ranges between an upper limit and a lower limit, such that the lower limit is a maximum resonant frequency at a time of changing the ellipticity, and the upper limit is larger than the lower limit and is a maximum frequency for the relative movement of the driving member.

Abstract: A variable speed power converter controls the speed of a load in a material handling system as a function of the torque required to move the load. While the power converter is running, the torque being produced in the motor is determined. The power converter then determines the maximum rotational speed of the motor as a function of the torque currently being produced and of the torque-speed curve of the motor. The power converter then commands the motor to rotate at this maximum rotational speed. The power converter periodically monitors the torque being produced and adjusts the maximum rotational speed of the motor throughout the run.

Abstract: A fan control system includes a host device including a detecting unit for detecting a component so as to generate a detecting signal. The host device further includes BIOS for storing relationship information between the detecting signal and a rotational speed of a fan and for generating a rotational signal according to the detecting signal and the relationship information. The fan control system further includes a fan device including a fan and a fan driving unit for driving the fan. The fan device further includes a rotational speed modulating unit for controlling the fan driving unit to drive the fan to rotate at a second rotational speed outside a first range when a first rotational speed corresponding to the rotational signal according to the relationship information is within the first range.

Abstract: The invention in certain embodiments relates to a control circuit for an electric-motor-operated window lifter (10) of a motor vehicle (1), the control circuit having a first switch (11) for opening a vehicle window (7), a second switch (12) for closing the vehicle window (7), and a control device (15), which, when one of the switches (11, 12) is activated, actuates the window lifter (10) to move the vehicle window (7) in the opening direction or closing direction. The control device (15) monitors the lighting current (ILED) which flows across a lighting element (14) for the switches (11, 12), and generates a control signal (I12), if appropriate, for opening the vehicle window (7) if the lighting current (ILED) exceeds an overcurrent threshold value (IRef) thereby detecting inundation of the vehicle.

Abstract: A detection device for detecting a magnetic pole position of a synchronous motor includes a generating unit for generating a magnetic pole correction value based on the difference between a forward rotation d-phase voltage command and a reverse rotation d-phase voltage command, the d-phase voltage commands being used for rotating the synchronous motor and generated when the synchronous motor is driven in forward and reverse directions, respectively, by applying a prescribed d-phase current command after detecting a magnetic pole initial position at power-on of the synchronous motor, and a correcting unit for correcting the magnetic pole initial position based on the magnetic pole correction value and on a sensor reference position which defines a reference position of a sensor attached to the synchronous motor, and a control apparatus equipped with the detection device controls the rotation of the synchronous motor based on the corrected magnetic pole initial position.

Abstract: An angle detection apparatus for a rotor of a motor includes a period counter, a step period generator, and an angle generator. The period counter receives a rotor sensing signal, and calculates a plurality of time ranges of a plurality of pulses of the rotor sensing signal. The step period generator generates a ratio value and an error signal according to an average time range value of the time ranges and a set value. The step period generator further adjusts the ratio value according to the error signal, and generates a step time according to the adjusted ratio value and the average time range value. The angle generator receives the step time and the rotor sensing signal, and obtains an angle detection result according to the rotor sensing signal and the step time.

Abstract: A controller that controls ON/OFF of switching elements and opening/closing of an opening/closing unit based on currents detected by current detectors. The controller includes a fault detector that detects whether any of the switching elements has a short-circuit fault and outputs a signal indicating a detection result, an ON/OFF controller that sets one of the switching elements that constitutes a phase other than a first phase that involves the short-circuit fault to an ON operation state and outputs a signal for opening the opening/closing unit, and an opening/closing controller that opens an opening/closing unit connected to a third phase other than the first phase and the second phase in which one of the switching elements is set to the ON operation state by the ON/OFF controller.

Abstract: A ventilating system that can make an air flow rate variable includes a DC motor that drives blades and a control circuit that controls the DC motor. The control circuit includes a first current detecting unit that detects a current flowing in the DC motor, a rotating speed detecting unit that detects a rotating speed of the DC motor, and a control unit that controls the DC motor based on a rotating speed detected by the rotating speed detecting unit and a current detected by the first current detecting unit. The current detecting unit includes a plurality of low-resistance resistors, detects a motor current by using divided voltages of the low-resistance resistors, and calculates a ventilation air flow rate based on the rotating speed detected by the rotating speed detecting unit and the current detected by the first current detecting unit.

Abstract: When failure of an inverter or a coil set of one system of a motor drive apparatus having two systems, is detected, a power supply relay of the failing system is interrupted. At the same time, a control circuit sets a same maximum current limitation value as set before detection of failure. When an IG switch is in an ON-state and a steering toque detection value exceeds a predetermined threshold value thereafter, a vibration component, which has a predetermined amplitude and frequency, is added to a current command value so that a steering wheel is vibrated in a direction of rotation so that a driver is cautioned to notice the failure surely.

Abstract: In one implementation, an encoder assembly for a printer includes: an encoder scale having indicators thereon for determining a printing parameter; an encoder sensor for sensing indicators on the scale; and a mechanism configured to alternately attach an encoder part (either the scale or the sensor) to the substrate and detach the encoder part from the substrate. In another implementation, a method includes: attaching an encoder part to a print substrate, the encoder part being either an encoder scale or an encoder sensor; the sensor sensing indicators on the scale while advancing the substrate with the encoder part attached; and detaching the encoder part from the substrate.

Abstract: A power supply circuit for an electric motor, the circuit comprising a plurality of inverter bridge arms, each having means for connection to a respective winding of the motor, each inverter bridge arm comprising in series a first insulated gate bipolar transistor and a junction field effect transistor that are connected to a controller, the circuit including a second insulated gate bipolar transistor connected in series with each field effect transistor and connected to the controller, and a damping resistor connected in parallel with the second bipolar transistor. An aircraft flight control member including a movable airfoil associated with at least one drive motor connected to such a power supply circuit.

Abstract: A control device divides 360° corresponding to one cycle of a resolver angle into N zones, and determines whether or not a resolver angle ? in the current cycle exceeds a division border. When determined that resolver angle ? in the current cycle exceeds a division border, the control device calculates a time difference ?T[n] between a calculation time T[n] in the immediately preceding resolver cycle and a calculation time T in the current cycle. The control device also calculates a resolver angle variation ??[n] with time difference ?T[n] by adding 360° to the difference between resolver angle ? obtained in the current cycle and a resolver angle ?[n] obtained in the immediately preceding resolver cycle. The control device then calculates a rotation speed NM by multiplying, by a coefficient K, a value obtained by dividing ??[n] by ?T[n].

Abstract: An image display apparatus having a function of charging an external device and a charging method thereof are provide. The image display apparatus includes a universal serial bus (USB) interface which is connected to an external device through a power supply line and a data transmission line, and a main controller which, if the external device is connected, activates one of the power supply line and the data transmission line according to a type of the external device. Accordingly, the image display apparatus controls a USB terminal to selectively perform a charging operation or a data transmission operation.

Abstract: A system and method include detecting whether a fast charger module is coupled to a system having a processor and a memory device. If the fast charger module is coupled to the system, a fast charging current is provided from the fast charger module at multiple selectable voltage levels via an internal charger. If the fast charger module is not detected as coupled to the system, a charging current is provided from an AC adapter via the internal charger.

Abstract: An electrical charging system is provided, and includes a voltage supply and a conductive coupling element. The conductive coupling element includes a pilot circuit, a resistance element, a light-emitting diode (“LED”), and a switching element. The pilot circuit has a primary control contact and a ground contact. The pilot circuit is configured to be in communication with and receive voltage from the voltage supply. The pilot circuit is configured for supplying a control pilot voltage. The resistance element is electrically connected to the ground contact. The resistance element includes a resistance value. The LED is electrically connected to the resistance element and the ground contact, and has a forward voltage drop. The switching element is actuated to selectively connect the resistance element and the LED element to the primary control contact.

Abstract: The inventive subject matter provides a circuit and a method for efficiently charging a battery. In one aspect of the invention, the circuit includes an oscillator that generates a series of current pulses at a frequency that corresponds to a resonant frequency of the battery. Each pulse in the series includes ringing oscillations that includes a main pulse and a group of ringing decaying pulses. The group of ringing decaying pulses includes pulses with gradually smaller amplitudes over time until the pulses completely die out.

Abstract: There are provided an electric charging system, an electric vehicle and an electric charger. Upon charging a battery, power supply lines of an electric charger are connected to the power receiving lines of an electric vehicle 12. The power receiving lines have a relay. The electric charger has a voltage sensor that measures a voltage between the power supply lines. The electric charger has a voltage processing portion that applies filtering to the voltage. Upon charging when charging power is supplied from the electric controller, a filtering process with a stability-oriented first filter is applied to the voltage. Upon a relay failure diagnosis that performs a failure diagnosis of the relay based on a change in the voltage due to opening and closing of the relays, a filtering process with a second filter that has a higher responsiveness is applied to the voltage.

Abstract: A vehicle charging system includes: a vehicle (14) provided with a battery (13) and a charging control unit (53); an external power source (11); a charging cable (12) provided with an electric power line (12L) and a first communication control unit (33); an external power source line (11L); a second communication control unit (24); a consumed power acquiring unit (23) acquiring consumed power (PIF); a charging-allowable power calculating unit (23) calculating charging-allowable power (PEV), and transmitting unit (43) and a control unit (34) provided at the charging cable.

Abstract: A battery management system (BMS) manages a battery for a hybrid vehicle including an engine control unit and a motor generator controlled by the engine control unit and connected to a battery including at least one battery pack, each pack including a plurality of battery cells. The BMS includes a sensor and an MCU unit. The sensor detects temperature, current, and open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery. The MCU receives the detected temperature, current, and OCV, calculates a key-off time period which is a period between a time point when a battery key-on state ends and a time point when a subsequent battery key-on state begins, calculates an OCV error range corresponding to an SOC error range detected at the key-off time point, and infers an initial SOC of the battery.

Abstract: A battery pack, a charging system including the battery pack, and a method of controlling the charging system are disclosed. The battery pack includes a plurality of rechargeable battery cells and a protection circuit for protecting the battery cells. The protection circuit includes an analog front end (AFE) integrated circuit (IC) and a microcomputer. The AFE IC is for supplying an operating voltage of a microcomputer to the microcomputer and to a charging device. Thus, when the battery pack is charged, an abnormal operation of the AFE IC can be detected by the charging device and the charging of the battery pack stopped, thereby preventing an explosion of the battery pack.