Abstract: A lighting fixture system for fluorescent lamps includes one or more fluorescent lamps and one or more ballasts configured to provide controlled power to the one or more fluorescent lamps. The lighting fixture further includes a controller wired to the fluorescent lighting fixture. The controller includes one or more relays configured to turn power provided to the one or more ballasts on and off such that the one or more fluorescent lamps turn on and off with the switching of the one or more relays. The controller further includes a logic circuit configured to control the switching of the one or more relays, wherein the logic circuit is configured to log usage information for the fluorescent lighting fixture in memory. The controller yet further includes communications electronics configured to output the logged usage information.

Abstract: A control unit sets a first control value for causing a charge accumulation unit to execute a first accumulation and obtaining first image data and a second control value for causing the charge accumulation unit to execute a second accumulation and obtaining second image data, depending on whether an operation mode set by a setting unit executes image recognition processing based on image data obtained through accumulation by the charge accumulation unit. If the operation mode set by the setting unit does not execute the image recognition processing, the control unit sets the first and second control values to be different from each other, even if an object field has a constant luminance.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a focal plane array is provided. The focal plane array may comprise a plurality of pixels. Each pixel may include one or more capacitors operable to collect charge corresponding to an amount of light received at the respective pixel. Each pixel may further include a present state register operable to store a present state value of the respective pixel. The present state value indicates an amount of charge collected by the one or more capacitors of the respective pixel. The focal plane array may further include a logic circuit coupled to each present state register of the plurality of pixels. The logic circuit is operable to compute a next state value of each pixel based on the present state value of the respective pixel. The logic circuit may be time shared by the pixels.

Abstract: A solid state image pickup device may include a pixel unit that includes a photoelectric conversion element, the pixel unit including a plurality of pixels that are arranged in a form of a two-dimensional matrix in the pixel unit, each of the plurality of pixels outputting a reset signal and a pixel signal, an analog signal processing unit that includes a first capacitor and a second capacitor, a delay circuit that includes a plurality of delay elements that are connected in a ring form, an A/D converter that detects the number of stages in which the pulse signal has propagated through the delay elements in the delay circuit during a sampling time period and generates a digital signal based on the detected number of stages, and a switching circuit that switches a connection of the first capacitor.

Abstract: An image sensor includes a substrate with a front side and a back side, the substrate having a sensor array region and a peripheral region defined thereon, a plurality of sensor device disposed in the sensor array region, a first metal layer disposed on the front sides within the peripheral region, a bonding pad disposed on the backside within the peripheral region, and at least a connecting element penetrating the substrate and substantially connect to the first metal layer and the bonding pad, wherein parts of the substrate is between the bonding pad and the first metal layer.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for detecting ambient light with reduced sensitivity to infrared sources. An electronic device may include an infrared sensor, an ambient light sensor, a decoder, and a processor. The infrared sensor may detect an intensity of infrared light. The ambient light sensor may be configured to detect incident light and to generate an electronic signal indicative of an intensity of visible light. The decoder may be configured to receive the intensity of infrared light and to generate an intensity of decoded infrared light. The processor, which may be coupled to the decoder and the ambient light sensor, may be configured to substitute an alternate electronic signal for the electronic signal if the intensity of infrared light exceeds a threshold amount.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for forming a digital image are disclosed. The apparatus includes a plurality of pixel sensors and a controller. Each sensor includes a photodiode, a floating diffusion node that can be selectively connected to said photodiode or a reset voltage, and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) connected to the floating diffusion node, the ADC converting a voltage on the floating diffusion node to a digital value. Each pixel sensor also includes an output circuit that connects the ADC to a bus. The apparatus also includes a controller that causes the ADCs to operate in parallel to convert the voltages on the floating diffusion nodes to the digital values in a time that is less than the time needed for the floating diffusion node to acquire ten electron equivalents of noise. The optional apparatus includes circuitry that allows correlated double sampling to be performed in each sensor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a multi-channel detector having a reduced number of output channels and including: a linear amplifier linearly amplifying an input signal; an offset correcting unit configured by a circuit that is independent from the linear amplifier, including an operational amplifier inside, and correcting an offset level that changes in accordance with an amplification rate of the operational amplifier; a uniformity correcting unit reducing a non-uniform characteristic of the input signal by finely adjusting a gain of an output signal of the linear amplifier; a signal delay unit delaying an output signal of the uniformity correcting unit until a time point when output signals are generated from a comparison unit and a signal determining unit, and a switch circuit receives a trigger from the signal determining unit; a comparison unit comparing the output signal of the uniformity correcting unit with a signal of a predetermined level with each other; a signal determining unit receiving a tr

Abstract: Objects are to suppress reduction in current output from a photoelectric conversion device and to prevent ESD from occurring in the photoelectric conversion device without greatly increasing the number of steps for manufacturing the photoelectric conversion device. The photoelectric conversion device includes a photodiode generating current by light irradiation; an amplifier circuit including at least one MOS transistor for amplifying the current; and at least one diode which is connected in series with the photodiode in a path of the current generated in the photodiode or a path of the current amplified by at least one MOS transistor so that a bias direction of the diode is opposite to that of the photodiode. Each of the photodiode and the diode includes a stack of a plurality of semiconductor films.

Abstract: Generally described, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to pulse oximeter test instruments for testing pulse oximeters. The pulse oximeter test instruments are configured to linearize a relationship between an input signal and an output signal of a light emitting diode (LED). In some embodiments, the linearized relationship may be obtained by minimizing an amount of ambient light detected by a photosensor in a feedback loop. The photosensor may be located in a housing that limits the amount of ambient light that may be detected.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to borehole logging methods and apparatuses for estimating at least one parameter of interest of a volume of interest of an earth formation using nuclear radiation. The method may include obtaining an energy spectrum; using at least one processor to remove at least one energy spectrum component using a method selected from a spectral decomposition and spectral windows method; and estimating the concentration of at least one radionuclide using the energy spectrum after the removal. The estimation of the at least one radionuclide concentration may include using the other of the method selected form the removal. The apparatus may include at least one processor configured to perform the method.

Abstract: An ion source includes a cathode emitting primary electrons, a cathode grid downstream of the cathode, a reflector electrode downstream of the cathode grid, a reflector grid radially inward of the reflector electrode, and an extractor electrode downstream of the reflector electrode. The cathode and the cathode grid have a voltage difference such that the electric field accelerates the primary electrons on a trajectory toward the extractor electrode. The reflector grid and the extractor electrode have a voltage difference such that the electric field repels the primary electrons on a trajectory away from the extractor electrode and toward the reflector electrode. The cathode and reflector electrode have a voltage difference such that some primary electrons strike the reflector electrode, creating secondary electrons. The reflector grid has a positive potential such that the electric field attracts the primary and secondary electrons into the ionization region where they interact with ionizable gas.

Abstract: A radiation detector may include a housing and a scintillator body carried by the housing. The scintillator body may have an exterior surface with a plurality of surface scratches spiraling around the exterior surface. A photodetector may be coupled to the scintillator body.

Abstract: An ion guide that transports ions from an ion source at generally a high-pressure level to a mass analyzer at generally a low-pressure level has a plurality of identical electrodes fabricated with protruding elements that forming an ion tunnel or an ion funnel, when the electrodes are assembled around a common longitudinal axis. The protruding elements allow the generation of the radio frequency field necessary to radially confine ions. Each electrode may be machined from a solid block of conductive material, such as metal. The disclosed arrangement greatly simplifies the manufacturing process, reducing cost, and improving robustness and reliability of the ion guide itself.

Abstract: A mass spectrometer is disclosed comprising an Electron Transfer Dissociation cell. Positive analyte ions are fragmented into fragment ions upon colliding with singly charged negative reagent ions with the cell. The cell comprises a plurality of ring electrodes which form a spherical trapping volume. Ions experience negligible RF heating over the majority of the trapping volume which enables the kinetic energy of the analyte and reagent ions to be reduced to just above thermal temperatures. An Electron Transfer Dissociation cell having an enhanced sensitivity is thereby provided. Fragment ions created within the cell may be cooled and may be transmitted onwardly to an orthogonal acceleration Time of Flight mass analyser enabling a significant improvement in the resolution of the mass analyser to be obtained.

Abstract: Provided are methods for determining the amount of lacosamide in a sample using mass spectrometry. The methods generally involve ionizing lacosamide in a sample and detecting and quantifying the amount of the ion to determine the amount of lacosamide in the sample.

Abstract: A system and method for mass spectrometry including a curtain gas chamber defined by a curtain plate having an aperture for receiving ions from an ion source and an orifice plate having an inlet into a mass spectrometer. At least one barrier separates the curtain chamber into a first curtain gas chamber region and a second curtain gas chamber region. At least one gas source provides a gas inflow into the second curtain gas chamber region and a gas outflow into the first curtain gas chamber region, a portion of the gas outflow directed out of the aperture. A heating element heats the gas inflow, a portion of the heated gas inflow directed into the inlet of the mass spectrometer wherein the portion of the heated gas inflow can be at a substantially higher temperature than the portion of the gas outflow.

Abstract: Metrology is performed using multiple registered images derived from one or more charged particle beams. Measurements combine features from one image that may not be visible in a second image to determine relationships that cannot be determined from a single image. In one embodiment, measurements use features from different element maps to determine a relationship between features, such as a distance or angle between two features in the first image at a location determined by a distance from a feature on the second image.

Abstract: An interface, a scanning electron microscope and a method for observing an object that is positioned in a non-vacuum environment. The method includes: passing at least one electron beam that is generated in a vacuum environment through at least one aperture out of an aperture array and through at least one ultra thin membrane that seals the at least one aperture; wherein the at least one electron beam is directed towards the object; wherein the at least one ultra thin membrane withstands a pressure difference between the vacuum environment and the non-vacuum environment; and detecting particles generated in response to an interaction between the at least one electron beam and the object.

Abstract: A defect review apparatus includes: an electron scanning part which irradiates and scans an electron beam over an observation region on a surface of a sample; four electron detectors arranged around the optical axis of the electron beam with 90° intervals; and a signal processing unit which generates multiple pieces of image data of the observation region on the basis of detection signals from the electron detectors, the multiple pieces of image data respectively taken in different directions. When a pattern in the observation region is a line-and-space pattern, the defect inspection unit performs defect detection on the basis of a subtract between two pieces of the image data respectively taken in two predetermined directions with the optical axis of the electron beam in between.

Abstract: Provided is a charged particle beam device that prevents the increase in processing trouble caused by deterioration in the reviewing performance (e.g., overlooking of defects) by detecting an operation abnormality affecting the performance of the device or a possibility of such an abnormality in the middle of a processing sequence of a sample and giving a feedback in real time. In each processing step of the charged particle beam device, monitoring items representing the operating status of the device (control status of the electron beam, an offset amount at the time of wafer positioning, a defect coordinate error offset amount, etc.) are monitored during the processing sequence of a sample and stored as history information. In the middle of the processing sequence, a comparative judgment between the value of each monitoring item and the past history information corresponding to the monitoring item is made according to preset judgment criteria.

Abstract: An optical proximity sensor is provided that comprises an infrared light emitter an infrared light detector, a first molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component disposed over and covering the light emitter and a second molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component disposed over and covering the light detector. Located in-between the light emitter and the first molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component, and the light detector and the second molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component is a substantially optically non-transmissive infrared light barrier component. The infrared light barrier component substantially attenuates or blocks the transmission of undesired direct, scattered or reflected light between the light emitter and the light detector, and thereby minimizes optical crosstalk and interference between the light emitter and the light detector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting the presence and concentration of organic and inorganic acids by their infrared absorption characteristics in a refrigeration unit while running. Acids of interest, such of those formed upon decomposition of refrigerant or refrigerant oil, are volatilized and subjected to infrared radiation. Optical filtering is used to limit the infrared radiation to relevant wavelengths. Organic acids are detected by the absorbance of energy between 4-6 microns while inorganic acids are detected by the absorbance of energy between 2-4 microns.

Abstract: The invention relates to a chemical species optical sensor comprising: a fluorescent source (3) of incoherent infrared rays, including a chalcogenide glass matrix, doped with rare earth ions and combined with a pump source by means of a first optical fiber (2); and at least one infrared ray detector (5), provided with a spectral selection device (50) and set up to detect the rays that are emitted by said fluorescent source and have passed through a detection area (6), said detector including a fluorescent element (510) formed by a chalcogenide glass matrix that is doped with rare earth ions and combined with a second pump source (530) by means of a second optical fiber (520). Such a sensor can be used for differentially detecting a chemical species, and in particular CO2.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a scintillator panel including a scintillator layer which converts a radiation into light, includes a growing step of growing a scintillator including a plurality of columnar crystals on a first substrate; a fixing step of fixing a second substrate to a surface of the scintillator that is opposite to a surface on a side of the first substrate; a separation step of separating the first substrate from the scintillator; and a removal step of removing, from the scintillator, a portion of a predetermined thickness from an exposed surface of the scintillator that is exposed in the separation step, to form the scintillator layer.

Abstract: Scintillators of various constructions and methods of making and using the same are provided. In some embodiments, a scintillator comprises at least one radiation absorption region and at least one spatially discrete radiative exciton recombination region.

Abstract: A radiation detector module for use in nuclear medical imagers employing radiation transmission or radiopharmaceuticals includes a rigid, optically opaque grid defined around a plurality of scintillator crystals. The grid defines a plurality of cells in which each scintillator crystal is completely disposed within in such a manner that an air layer exists between the scintillator crystal and the walls of the grid. A plurality of photoelectric detectors, each of which is associated with a corresponding scintillator crystal, are optically coupled to corresponding scintillator crystals by an optical coupling layer disposed within the cell.

Abstract: A method of correcting a timing signal that represents an arrival time of a photon at a positron emission tomography (PET) detector includes receiving a timing signal that represents an arrival time of a photon at a PET detector, receiving an energy signal indicative of an energy of the photon, calculating a timing correction using the energy signal, modifying the timing signal using the timing correction, and generating an image of an object using the modified timing signal. A system and non-transitory computer readable medium are also described herein.

Abstract: A scintillation detection unit for the detection of back-scattered electrons for electron and ion microscopes, in which the scintillation detection unit consists of body and at least one system for processing the light signal, where the body is at least partly made of scintillation material and is at least partly situated in a column of an electron or ion microscope and is made up of at least one hollow part. The height of the body of scintillation detection unit measured in the direction of longitudinal axis is greater than one-and-a-half times the greatest width measured in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the hollow part with the greatest width. The walls of the hollow parts are vacuum-sealed in the areas outside bottom holes and top holes and make up part of a vacuum-sealed jacket which is passed through by the primary beam of electrons.

Abstract: A radiation detection apparatus comprising a sensor panel and a scintillator panel is provided. The scintillator panel including a substrate, a scintillator disposed on the substrate, and a scintillator protective film that has a first organic protective layer and an inorganic protective layer, and covers the scintillator. The scintillator protective film is located between the sensor panel and the scintillator. The first organic protective layer is located on a scintillator side from the inorganic protective layer. A surface on a sensor panel side of the scintillator is partially in contact with the inorganic protective layer.

Abstract: Described herein is a method for determining the presence or absence of anomalous radioactive materials in a target in a detection zone. In the method, a target gamma ray spectrum is obtained from the target and a target data set is prepared from the target gamma ray spectrum. This data set comprise a plurality of intensity values, each intensity value being associated with an energy bin representing a gamma ray energy or range of gamma ray energies in the target gamma ray spectrum. The target data set is then pre-processed and projected into a principal component space which contains a pre-processed data library projected into the principal component space. A distance is then determined between the projected pre-processed target data set and one or more clusters of the projected pre-processed data library in the principal component space and this distance is compared with a predetermined threshold distance so as to determine if an anomalous radioactive material is present in the target.

Abstract: A radiation detector is provided with a scintillator 2A containing a plurality of modified regions 21 and a plurality of photodetectors or a position-sensitive photodetector optically coupled to a surface of the scintillator 2A. The plurality of modified regions 21 are formed by irradiating an inside of a crystalline lump which will act as the scintillator 2A with a laser beam and three-dimensionally dotted and have a refractive index different from a refractive index of a surrounding region within the inside of the scintillator 2A.

Abstract: A radiation image pickup apparatus includes a base which transmits ultraviolet rays, a plurality of image pickup elements, a scintillator, at least one ultraviolet peelable adhesive arranged between the base and the image pickup elements so as to fix the base and the image pickup elements in a predetermined position with respect to each other, and a heat peelable adhesive arranged between the image pickup elements and the scintillators so as to fix the image pickup elements to the scintillator.

Abstract: A radiation detection apparatus includes a scintillator panel having a scintillator layer which converts radiation into light and a scintillator protective layer which protects the scintillator layer, and a sensor panel having a sensor array in which a plurality of photoelectric converters which detect light from the scintillator layer are arranged and a sensor protective layer which protects the sensor array. The scintillator panel is bonded to the sensor panel by making the scintillator layer adhere to the sensor protective layer by using the scintillator protective layer as an adhesive material. A principal component of the scintillator protective layer is the same as a principal component of the sensor protective layer.

Abstract: An apparatus and method operable for the continuous monitoring of a gas stream including an optical sensor operable to monitor and/or measure Hg concentrations in a flue gas by calculating the absorbance of the ultraviolet light thereby at a range of wavelength 253.7 nm+/?0.05 nm. The apparatus therefore provides as a spectrally narrow UV light source, a mercury lamp. The spectrally broad UV light source includes a UV LED. A 2×2 coupler is provided to mix the narrow and broad UV light energy which is propagated through the gas stream. The invention recognizes that measurement of radiation absorption at the 254 nm+/?1.5 nm range will result in not only from Hg0, but also from the SO2 component in the flue gas. To compensate for sulphur dioxide, measurement of energy absorption for both specially narrow radiant energy in the 253.7 nm+/?0.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for dosimetry monitoring of a hadron beam, comprising successive ionization chambers obtained by a series of parallel detector plates separated from each other by a gas filled gap, each detector plate having a collecting part comprising a collecting side insulated from a bias voltage part comprising a bias voltage side and arranged in such a way that the collecting side is facing the bias voltage side of a subsequent detector plate, the resulting assembly of these detector plates forming a plurality of ionization chamber cells, the thicknesses and the choice of the materials of each layer constituting each detector plate as well as the gap of an ionization chamber cell have been selected in order to satisfy the condition that the water equivalent thickness of cell is equal to the length of said cell.

Abstract: The state of an emitter can be determined by measurements of how the current changes with the extraction voltage. A field factor ? function is determined by series of relatively simple measurements of charged particles emitted at different conditions. The field factor can then be used to determine derived characteristics of the emission that, in the prior art, were difficult to determine without removing the source from the focusing column and mounting it in a specialized apparatus. The relations are determined by the source configuration and have been found to be independent of the emitter shape, and so emission character can be determined as the emitter shape changes over time, without having to determine the emitter shape and without having to redefine the relation between the field factor and the series of relatively simple measurements, and the relationships between the field factor and other emission parameters.

Abstract: An image pickup unit includes: a plurality of pixels each including a photoelectric conversion device and a field-effect transistor; and a readout control line and a signal line that are disposed in a peripheral region of the photoelectric conversion device and are connected to the transistor. The readout control line includes a first wiring layer and a second wiring layer that are laminated and are electrically connected to each other. The first wiring layer is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the transistor, and the second wiring layer is provided in a same layer as the signal line.

Abstract: There is provided an electron beam detector including an electron beam scatterer which is disposed at a predetermined distance below a shield including a plurality of openings formed therein, and a beam detection element disposed at a predetermined distance below the scatterer and configured to convert an electron beam into an electric signal. In the electron beam detector, the scatterer is disposed at an equal distance from any of the openings in the shield, and the beam detection element is disposed at an equal distance from any of the openings in the shield. Thus, the electron beam detector can suppress a variation in detection sensitivity depending on the position of the opening.

Abstract: An acquisition method of a charged particle beam deflection shape error includes writing a plurality of figure patterns, each smaller than a deflection region of a plurality of deflection regions, with charged particle beams, at a pitch different from an arrangement pitch of the plurality of deflection regions to be deflected by a deflector that deflects the charged particle beams, synthesizing writing positions of the plurality of figure patterns into one virtual deflection region of the same size as the deflection region, based on a positional relationship between the deflection region including a position where a figure pattern concerned of the plurality of figure patterns has been written and the position where the figure pattern concerned has been written, and calculating, to output, a shape error in the case of writing a pattern in the deflection region, using a synthesized writing position of each of the plurality of figure patterns.

Abstract: An ion beam device according to the present invention includes a gas field ion source (1) including an emitter tip (21) supported by an emitter base mount (64), a ionization chamber (15) including an extraction electrode (24) and being configured to surround the emitter tip (21), and a gas supply tube (25). A center axis line of the extraction electrode (24) overlaps or is parallel to a center axis line (14A) of the ion irradiation light system, and a center axis line (66) passing the emitter tip (21) and the emitter base mount (64) is inclinable with respect to a center axis line of the ionization chamber (15). Accordingly, an ion beam device including a gas field ion source capable of adjusting the direction of the emitter tip is provided.

Abstract: An aperture unit for a particle beam device, in particular an electron beam device, is disclosed. Deposit supporting units are arranged at the aperture unit, with which deposit supporting units contaminations can be bound in such a way that the contaminations can no longer deposit at an aperture opening of the aperture unit. Coatings which can be arranged on the aperture unit make it possible to reduce interactions which cause contaminations to deposit at the aperture opening.

Abstract: This invention relates to the reduction of charged particle loss by radially introducing sheath air from the porous wall. The corona-wire unipolar aerosol charger of the present invention includes a charging chamber, at least one aerosol inlet channel, a corona wire, an annular sheath air inlet opening, a porous tube defining a charging chamber, an annular sheath air outlet opening, and an aerosol outlet channel. The sheath air inlet opening is for radially introducing a sheath air flow into the charging chamber. The charged particles will not deposit on the wall surface of the charger if the radial velocity of the introduced sheath air at the wall is higher or comparable to the electrostatic velocity of charged particles. The dilution effect of charged particle due to the use of clean air can be further minimized by redirecting the excess clean air to the outside of the charger.

Abstract: Isotopically enriched silicon precursor compositions are disclosed, as useful in ion implantation to enhance performance of the ion implantation system, in relation to corresponding ion implantation lacking such isotopic enrichment of the silicon precursor composition. The silicon dopant composition includes at least one silicon compound that is isotopically enriched above natural abundance in at least one of 28Si, 29Si, and 30Si, and may include a supplemental gas including at least one of a co-species gas and a diluent gas. Dopant gas supply apparatus for providing such silicon dopant compositions to an ion implanter are described, as well as ion implantation systems including such dopant gas supply apparatus.

Abstract: A clean water dispensing device is disclosed. The device includes a pure water tank (10), a sterilization tube (20), a sterilization lamp (30) and a transit tube (32). The pure water tank is fitted into a cold water tank (5) in such a way that a closed space is defined between the cold water tank and the pure water tank. Drinking water is drawn into an inlet port of the sterilization tube and passes through the transit tube before being stored in the cold water tank through an outlet port of the sterilization tube. The closed space is prevented from making contact with outside air, and only drinking water that has been sterilized by the sterilization tube is supplied into the closed space. Therefore, even if cold water is stored in the closed space for a long period of time, there is little possibility of the propagation of bacteria.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a device and method is provided for covering and sterilizing a stethoscope or other medical instrument for safer use. The device comprises a closed housing for shielding the object to be sterilized, a means for receiving the object, a power supply, an ultraviolet light source within the housing, and a switch for controlling that lamp.

Abstract: The invention relates to an assembly for disinfecting/sterilizing surfaces and lumens of a device with a light source which emits disinfecting/sterilizing light. The assembly comprises a device (9) for transporting fluid having a lumen and a connector part (10), at least one light source (100) configured to emit light having disinfecting/sterilizing effect, and a separate unit (8); where the light source (100) comprises: a housing (1) comprising a light emitting unit (11) emitting light having disinfecting/sterilizing effect and a connector part (5).

Abstract: A method for detecting fluorochromes in a flow cytometer, including: receiving a sample including particles each tagged with at least one of a first fluorochrome and a second fluorochrome, in which the first and second fluorochromes having distinct spillover coefficients; detecting the particles, including detecting the first and second fluorochromes with a first detector and a second detector; forming a data set for detected particles based on the detection of the first and second fluorochromes; characterizing a detected spillover coefficient for each detected fluorochrome from the data set; and sorting the detected particles into predicted fluorochrome populations based on the detected spillover coefficients.

Abstract: An optical sensor is provided with reduced sensitivity toward external light influences, fluorophores, and radiation, more particularly gamma radiation. The sensor is suitable for determining at least one parameter in a medium. The sensor has a matrix that contains a fluorescent dye. The matrix is supported by a transparent substrate and has a precious metal layer on the side facing the medium. The precious metal layer provides protection against photobleaching and radiation. The optical sensor is suitable for implementation in containers and laboratory products that are sterilized by gamma radiation, such as disposable bioreactors.

Abstract: The detection method can include: exciting at least one fluorescent microsphere floating in said solution under test by exposing it to excitation light; measuring a fluorescence spectrum of said at least one fluorescent microsphere, said fluorescence spectrum comprising multiple whispering gallery modes; obtaining a set of predetermined fluorescence spectra corresponding to those of microspheres having varying external refractive index and varying radius, identifying a matching fluorescence spectrum of the set which more closely matches the measured fluorescence spectrum; comparing the matching fluorescence spectrum of the set to the measured fluorescence spectrum.