Abstract: A method of removing a metal detail from a dielectric material of an article may include placing the article in an electrolyte bath such that at least a portion of the metal detail is submerged. The metal detail may be coupled to a dielectric material. The method may further include positioning at least one cathode in the electrolyte bath in spaced relation to the metal detail, and passing electrical current through the metal detail. The method may additionally include deplating the metal detail from the dielectric material in response to passing the electrical current through the metal detail.

Abstract: An electrolytic machining system includes a controller, a feeding device coupled to the controller, a platform coupled to the controller and positioned opposite the feeding device, an electrolysis cell installed on the platform and configured to receive a workpiece, a cathode coupled to the drive member, a power supply module electrically coupled to the controller and the cathode, a processing tank communicating with the electrolysis cell, a pump communicating with the processing tank, and an electro-hydraulic servo valve communicating with the pump and the cathode and coupled to the controller. The controller can control the feeding device to translate in a direction toward and away from the workpiece in a processing gap, simultaneously control the electro-hydraulic servo valve to adjust a flux of the electrolytes passing through the electro-hydraulic servo valve to enable the electrolytes received in a machining area of the workpiece to have a stable hydraulic pressure.

Abstract: An equipment for disposal of cyanobacteria in stagnant waters has a float structure, to which two types of bipolar electrodes (1 and 6) are mounted under the surface of water, interconnected and supplied with electric direct current via an alternator (10). The equipment comprises a supporting float (5) having the shape of a hollow body, in which there is a transversely positioned rib (4) with an attached suspended electrode (1), interconnected to supplies of photovoltaic cells (8) and alternator (10), fixed on the rib (4) there is the device (9) for utilizing wind power, connected to an alternator (10), driving the water pump (2), which is placed in the delivery pipe (3) and is connected directly to the axis of the device (9), for utilization of wind power. Fixed on the supporting float (5) there is the upper float (7) with the anchored grid electrode (6) and with the stored photovoltaic cells (8), interconnected with the electrodes (1) and (6).

Abstract: A wastewater treatment process by an electrochemical apparatus, said apparatus having at least an electrochemical electrode (30), and said electrochemical electrode (30) having suitable electrode plates comprises the following steps: passing high concentration wastewater containing undesirable solutes through at least one electrochemical electrode (30) to which a DC electrical current is applied to destroy the undesirable solutes in the water intake, so as to output water having a lower concentration of the undesirable solutes; the DC current applied to the electrochemical electrode (30) comprises at least a constant potential difference stage exerted on both ends of the electrochemical electrode (30), and followed by a constant current stage through the electrochemical electrode (30).

Abstract: A catalytic conversion characteristic of a catalyst, which indicates a relationship between an air-to-fuel ratio and a catalytic conversion efficiency of the catalyst, includes a second air-to-fuel ratio point, which is a point of starting an outflow of NOx from the catalyst and is located on a rich side of a first air-to-fuel ratio point that forms an equilibrium point for a rich component and oxygen. A constant current circuit, which induces a flow of an electric current from an exhaust side electrode to an atmosphere side electrode through a solid electrolyte layer in a sensor element, is connected to the sensor element. A microcomputer controls a current value of the electric current, which is induced by the constant current circuit, based on a difference between the first air-to-fuel ratio point and the second air-to-fuel ratio point at the catalyst.

Abstract: A system and method for compositional sample analysis includes a fluid sample handler having a sample pathway extending in a downstream direction from an input port to an output port, to transport a fluid sample therethrough. A sample conditioner is disposed within the sample pathway, to maintain the fluid sample within a predetermined temperature range. A fuel cell is disposed in serial fluid communication with said output port to receive the fluid sample, the fuel cell configured to use an oxidizer and the fluid sample to generate an electric potential corresponding to a concentration of a constituent of the fluid sample. A controller is communicably coupled to the fuel cell, and configured to capture and use the electric potential to calculate the concentration of the constituent.

Abstract: A method for shielding an electrical signal without substantially degrading the system speed or substantially increasing the bulk of the system is provided. The method includes applying a first signal to a conductor coupled to the electrode, applying a second signal to a shield substantially surrounding the conductor, blocking electrical interference to the first signal, and increasing an effective impedance on the electrode coupled to the conductor. The second signal may be a buffered and compensated version of the first signal.

Abstract: Aspects of a biosensor platform system and method are described. In one embodiment, the biosensor platform system includes a fluidic system and tunneling biosensor interface coupled to the fluidic system. The tunneling biosensor interface may include a transducing electrode array having at least one dielectric thin film deposited on an electrode array. The biosensor platform system may further include processing logic operatively coupled to the transducing electrode array. In operation, the application of an electromagnetic field at an interface between an electrode and an electrolyte in the system, for example, may result in the transfer of charge across the interface. The transfer of charge is, in turn, characterized by electromagnetic field-mediated tunneling of electrons that may be assisted by exchange of energy with thermal vibrations at the interface. By analysis of the transfer of charge, the identify of various analytes, for example, or other compositions.

Abstract: A biosensor manufacturing method including a sheet material forming process and a dicing process. In the sheet material forming process a sheet material with plural biosensor forming sections is formed. Each of the biosensor forming sections includes a first base plate, a second base plate stacked on the first base plate and forming a capillary between the second base plate and the leading end portion of the first base plate for sucking in sample liquid, and a hydrophilic layer formed on the second base plate at least in a region facing the capillary. In the dicing process plural biosensors are obtained by dicing the sheet material with a blade from the first base plate side at the leading end of each of the biosensor forming sections, such that the leading end of the capillary opens onto the leading end face of the first base plate and the second base plate.

Abstract: An outer sleeve includes first and second opposed side panels edges, hinge panels interconnecting the first and second side panels such that at least one chamber is defined between the first and second side panels, at least one of the hinge panels being hingedly connected to at least one of the first and second side panels along one of the opposed side edges of the at least one side panel, and at least one inner panel positioned at least in part inside the at least one chamber. The at least one inner panel includes a slide card locking mechanism for releasably locking at least one slide card in a locked position within the at least one chamber. The at least one side panel includes a release button positioned proximate the slide card locking mechanism of the at least one inner panel. The at least one inner panel is hingedly connected to one of the end edges of the at least one panel.

Abstract: A protective jacket or sleeve for data storage cards. The jacket includes a planar body having an open side edge leading into an interior space for accommodating and protecting a data storage card, such as a debit or credit card. The jacket is constructed from a flexible, clear or transparent non-ferromagnetic or non-magnetically attractive sheet of material configured to allow passage/transmission of magnetic signals from the data storage card to a data storage card reader.

Abstract: A case for a portable electronic device and a keyboard includes a first cover portion, an engagement member secured to the first cover portion and configured to support the portable electronic device, a second cover portion configured to support the keyboard, and a spine portion connecting the first cover portion to the second cover portion. The spine portion allows movement of the first cover portion relative to the second cover portion so that the case is positionable in a closed position and in an operating position. The case also includes a rigid spine component coupled to the second cover portion adjacent the spine portion. The rigid spine component includes a groove configured to receive a portion of at least one of the engagement member and the portable electronic device when the case is in the operating position.

Abstract: A case for use with a portable electronic device includes: an inflatable base; a sleeve on the base, with at least a portion of the sleeve being translucent to permit a user to view the portable electronic device therethrough; and a closure mechanism on the sleeve for sealably enclosing an electronic device in the sleeve. When inflated, the base has opposing upper and lower surfaces with the sleeve on the upper surface, and the upper surface is at a tilt angle with respect to the lower surface.

Abstract: A presentation package for providing a “mixed drink”, such as a gift, wherein the mixer or base beverage is contained in a first container, such as a 12 ounce soda can, and the liquor is provided in a second container, such as a small single serving liquor bottle, is described. The two containers are joined together by the presentation package. The package further includes indicia relative to the occasion associated with the giving or presentation of the “mixed drink” combination.

Abstract: A cap with a storage space for containing a secondary material includes a storage portion having a storage space and provided with a seal plate formed on a lower end of the storage space, an outer cap foldably formed on the storage portion and coupled to a spouting portion, a spouting member inserted in the spouting portion, and an operational member for breaking the seal plate when the spouting member is in operation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a packaging for smoking products that comprises an area with a warning relating to the health hazards of smoking thereon. The area comprises at least one marking that is suitable for identification and/or authentication and/or track and/or trace purposes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a resealable package (106) for consumer goods. The package (106) has an access opening (114) through which consumer goods can be removed, and an adhesive label (108) covering the access opening of the package and extending beyond the periphery of the access opening of the package. The adhesive label (108) is at least partially releasably affixed to the package by a resealable adhesive provided on the inner surface of the label extending about at least a sealing portion of the package located at the periphery of the access opening (114). At least the sealing portion of the package is provided with a plurality of formations (116), the plurality of formations being adapted to reduce the effective area of the sealing portion. A hinge lid container (100) is also provided that comprises a box (102) having such a resealable package (106), and a lid (104) hinged to the box along a hinge line extending across a rear wall of the container.

Abstract: A staple cartridge for use with a surgical stapling apparatus includes a cartridge body, a plurality of staples disposed within the cartridge body, a tissue contacting surface on the cartridge body defining staple retaining slots dimensioned to releasably retain a staple, and a buttress material including at least one weld joining the buttress material to the tissue contacting surface of the cartridge body. The at least one weld is positioned to at least partially overlie a staple retaining slot.

Abstract: A medical instrument holding apparatus (stand) that holds a medical instrument having a functional unit, includes: an instrument housing unit capable of housing at least a part of the instrument; and a coordination unit which coordinates with the functional unit when at least apart of the instrument is housed in the instrument housing unit. Thus, as the medical instrument is housed in this medical instrument holding apparatus, coordination between the two is possible.

Abstract: A handling system for use in the manufacture of syringe barrels includes a tray having an array of apertures with a tubular upstand around each aperture, each upstand at the upper end thereof defining a support surface for a syringe barrel. Each syringe barrel comprises a cylindrical part and an enlargement at or adjacent the rear end of the barrel and carries at its forward end a safe needle device or a needle shield of a greater diameter than the syringe barrel. At least one of the enlargement of the syringe barrel or the support surface has a profile tapering or rounded inwardly in the downward direction so that when the tray is supported generally horizontally and a syringe barrel is lowered into an upstand, the syringe barrel is centred by co-operation between the enlargement and the support surface. The enlargement may be a flange at the rear end of the syringe barrel or could be a further component fitted to the barrel.

Abstract: A pencil holder for storing a pencil includes a hollow basic body which has an elongated interior that opens out in an insertion opening for partially receiving the pencil. In the region of the insertion opening the basic body merges into a least one retaining tongue which juts out from the basic body in the longitudinal direction and which is set up for the purpose of holding the pencil on the basic body as a result of clamping.

Abstract: A multi-compartment container for the secure storage of therapeutic agents comprises at least a base portion having at least two cavities, said at least two cavities serving as the location where said therapeutic agents are stored, and a child resistant device. Said child resistant device allows for the secure storage of said therapeutic agents. Said child resistant device may be in the form of a typical prescription pill container cap or may be more complex, such as a combination lock. Other features may include covers to keep said therapeutic agents in place, hinges to open said multi-compartment container, and labels corresponding to related cycles for said therapeutic agents.

Abstract: The invention provides a packaging device for liquid crystal panel, including: first main body, further including bottom, and a plurality of side walls connected to sides of bottom, wherein side wall forming an opening; second main body, further including bottom and a plurality of side walls connected to sides of bottom, wherein side walls forming an opening; wherein opening of second main body slightly smaller than opening of first main body, and facing towards opening of first main body; second main body able to move adjustably into first main body; bottom and side walls of first and second main bodies forming loading space for loading liquid crystal panel. The packaging device can be expanded when in use for loading large-sized panels, and size of packaging device can be reduced when idled or recycled to enhance efficiency.

Abstract: A front opening wafer container suitable for large wafers such as 450 mm utilizes componentry with separate fasteners to lock the componentry together in an expedient manner providing robust connections and cost efficiencies. A container portion has an open front and receives on a bottom surface a base plate secured by twist lock connectors that also provide recesses for purge grommets. Kinematic coupling components readily and robustly lock onto the base plate. Interior wafer support components latch onto brackets on the side walls utilizing a separate locking insert with holding tabs and locking detents. A wafer retainer provides support and counters enhanced wafer sag associated with 450 mm wafers when the door is installed and seated.

Abstract: The within disclosure provides devices, methods and systems for use in authenticating hydrogen fuel tanks or cartridges utilizing unique identifier elements, physical conformations and combinations of same. A user may place a hydrogen cartridge with a hollow body and a shaped body and/or dispensing end in a carriage having a fluid communication means and said fluid communication means matching said shaped body and/or dispensing end, whereby a tank mating to the carriage is limited to matching shaped cartridge and carriage.

Abstract: Tubes for storing unit doses of drugs are disclosed, the tubes may include an elongate outer casing having two open ends, an inner structure inside said casing, which includes two opposite symmetrical walls connected at the ends thereof and ribbed on the inner surfaces thereof such as to enable the insertion and fastening of a blister pack containing a unit dose of a drug in channels opposite to said walls, and a pulling means for inserting and extracting the inner structure from the outer casing. Devices and methods for filling the tube with unit doses of drugs is also disclosed, along with cabinets for dispensing unit doses of drugs from said storage tube.

Abstract: The pillbox comprises a pill receptacle comprising a number of pill compartments and a cover sheet attached to the pill receptacle that has a number defined by borders above each pill compartment. Tearable tab tearing lines are provided on the sealing sheet to form tearable tabs, and each comprises main portion side segments that define a tearable tab main portion therebetween; tongue portion side segments that define a tearable tab tongue portion therebetween, the tearable tab tongue portion linking the tearable tab main portion to one of the cell borders; and a main portion end segment that links the main portion side segments to each other spacedly from the tongue portion.

Abstract: The pillbox comprises a pill receptacle comprising a number of pill compartments; and a cover sheet attached to the pill receptacle. The cover sheet has a sealing sheet with cells defining borders above each pill compartment. The cover sheet also has a protective sheet removably attached to the bottom surface of the sealing sheet. Protective tab tearing lines are provided on the protective sheet that allow portions of the protective sheet to be removed from the sealing sheet while other portions of the protective sheet remain attached to the sealing sheet in the form of protective tabs. Tearable tab tearing lines are provided on the sealing sheet that are disposed to form tearable tabs on the sealing sheet, the protective tabs corresponding to respective the tearable tabs. The tearable tab tearing lines define, for each the tearable tab, a tearable tab main portion and a tearable tab tongue portion linking the tearable tab main portion to one of the cell borders.

Abstract: A container for holding product therein during shipment and being returned for reuse has a body, horizontal and vertical tracks attached to opposite sides of the body, and a plurality of dunnage supports extending between the tracks. Each dunnage support may be a unitary member or a multi-piece member including sliders or end members located at the ends of a tubular support. The dunnage supports support dunnage for supporting products for storage or shipment.

Abstract: A substrate container includes an enclosure and an access structure formed in the enclosure and providing fluid access through the enclosure to an interior of the substrate container. The access structure includes an opening and an inner surface. A grommet is situated against the inner surface of the access structure.

Abstract: A wafer container utilizes a rigid polymer tubular tower with slots and a “getter” therein for absorbing and filtering moisture and vapors within the wafer container. The tower preferably utilizes a purge grommet at the base of the container and may have a check valve therein to control the flow direction of gas (including air) into and out of the container and with respect to the tower. The tower is sealingly connected with the grommet. The tower may have a getter media piece rolled in an elongate circular fashion forming or shaped as a tube and disposed within the tower and may have axially extending. The media can provide active and/or passive filtration as well as having capabilities to be recharged. Front opening wafer containers for 300 mm sized wafers generally have a pair of recesses on each of the left and right side in the inside rear of the container portions.

Abstract: A substrate storage container includes a body including a bottom surface and a plurality of sidewalls extending perpendicularly from the bottom surface in a first direction to cooperatively provide an accommodating space for receiving a substrate, a first engaging portion provided in at least one sidewall of the plurality of sidewalls of the body and including a plurality of first positioning latching members which is arranged toward the accommodating space in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a first positioning block detachably engaged with the first engaging portion and including a second positioning latching member which is engaged with any one of the plurality of first positioning latching members to adjust a capacity of the accommodating space corresponding to an engagement position of the second positioning latching member in the second direction.

Abstract: A packaging system for personal care products is provided including a package including an external surface and a package circumference, and a concealment element circumscribing the package at the package circumference and being positionable between a first position in which the packaging system exhibits product-identifying graphics and a second position in which the packaging system is substantially bereft of product-identifying graphics.

Abstract: A container blank includes a front panel, a first-end panel, a back panel, a second-end panel, a plurality of first-side flaps, a plurality of second-side flaps, and a door. Each of the plurality of first-side flaps and each of the plurality of second-side flaps extend from a respective one of the front panel, the first-end panel, the back panel, and the second-end panel. The door includes a door-front portion formed in the front panel, a first-door-side portion formed in the first-side flap extending from the front panel and a second-door-side portion formed in the second-side flap extending from the front panel. The first-door-side portion and the second-door-side portion include a first crushed zone on an interior surface of the blank. The first-side flap extending from the front panel and the second-side flap extending from the front panel each include a second crushed zone on an exterior surface of the blank.

Abstract: A container or box formed from an inner carton forming a bottom portion of the box and an outer carton forming a top portion of the box. The cartons can be formed from paperboard or a corrugated material.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for treating a hydroprocessing fraction. The process can include obtaining a bottom stream from a fractionation zone, and passing at least a portion of the bottom stream to a film generating evaporator zone for separating a first stream containing less heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds than a second stream.

Abstract: This disclosures provides an adsorbent which, on the basis of the total weight of the adsorbent, comprises: 1) a Si—Al molecular sieve having an A-FAU structure, wherein A represents a monovalent cation, in an amount of 1-20 wt %, 2) at least one binder selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, stannic oxide, zirconium oxide and alumina, in an amount of 3-35 wt %, 3) a silica source, in an amount of 5-40 wt %, 4) zinc oxide, in an amount of 10-80 wt %, and 5) at least one promoter metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, iron and manganese, based on the metal, in an amount of 5-30 wt %, wherein at least 10 wt % of the promoter metal is present in a reduced valence state. This adsorbent exhibits improved activity and stability, and at the same time, is capable of significantly improving the octane number of the product gasoline.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the field of petroleum processing and may find application in petroleum and petrochemical industries, in field of fuel power engineering. Method for processing of liquid hydrocarbon raw materials includes preliminary pre -treatment of raw materials flow and further processing with fractionation. The pretreatment is performed by means of forming of the primary flow with characteristics of a straight tubular laminar flow, whereupon the raw materials flow is forced into directed progressive rotary motion along vortex trajectory preserving laminarity, for this purpose it is directed to a spiral tubing while the primary flow the primary flow, is forced to move at a velocity the maximal value of which is on the boundary of vortex axile zone satisfies the conditions of achievement by the Reynolds number of critical values for tubular flow of liquid.

Abstract: The present invention provides new techniques related to magnetically controllable and/or steerable froth for use in separation processes of mineral-bearing ore and bitumen. Apparatus is provided featuring a processor configured to contain a fluidic medium having a material-of-interest and also having a surfactant with magnetic properties so as to cause the formation of a froth layer that contains at least some of the material-of-interest and is magnetically responsive; and a magnetic field generator configured to generate a magnetic field and provide non-mechanical mixing and steering/driving of the froth layer in the processor. The material-of-interest may be mineral-bearing ore particles or bitumen. The processor includes a flotation tank, a primary separation vessel (PSV), or a pipe, including a tailings pipeline.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of treating heavy crude oil on the surface or in situ. The methods of the present invention include: (a) mixing the heavy crude oil with a solvent; (b) subjecting the mixture to ultrasonic vibrations; and (c) subjecting mixture treated with ultrasonic vibrations to microwave energy.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for treating oil sands tailings. The tailings are conditioned with an aluminate and treated with a silicate-containing stream from a hydrocarbon operation or from a geothermal source to produce chemically-induced micro-agglomerates (CIMA) and water.

Abstract: A screening machine includes wall members, screen assembly guide members, a screen assembly and a compression assembly. The screen assembly includes a frame with a plurality of side members and a screen supported by the frame. The compression assembly is attached to at least one wall member and forms the screen assembly into a concave shape.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a diamond screening apparatus, comprising: a working platform comprising a working plane; a conveyer disposed on the working plane of the working platform for carrying a diamond matrix unit; an image capture device forming one or a plurality of captured images in different regions of the diamond matrix unit; a display device; and an image recognition module, which is electrically connected to the image capture device and the display device, performs a geometric feature parameter analysis on the captured images to determine one or a plurality of risk diamonds of the diamond matrix unit.

Abstract: A system and method for classification of materials employing a material fall path that is intersected by an air flow path, a first materials output located below the material fall path and a second materials output located distally of the first materials output.

Abstract: A method for obtaining gypsum using a flue-gas desulfurization system (FGD) having a gypsum suspension, which includes fine materials such as active carbon particles or residual carbonate particles for example, accumulates in the scrubber of a wet flue gas scrubber. The gypsum-containing suspension is thickened by at least one hydrocyclone, and the thickened gypsum suspension is discharged via the underflow of the hydrocyclone. Water is fed to the hydrocyclone in addition to the gypsum suspension via a dedicated feed line such that the content of fine material is thus reduced with respect to the suspension volume in the underflow.

Abstract: A micro fluid filtration system (100) preferably for increasing the concentration of components contained in a fluid sample has a fluid circuitry (1). The fluid circuitry (1) comprises the following elements: A tangential flow filtration element (7) capable for separating the fluid sample into a retentate stream and a permeate stream upon passage of the fluid, an element for pumping (3) for creating and driving a fluid flow through the fluid circuitry (1) and at least one element for obtaining information about the properties of the fluid sample within the circuitry. The circuitry further comprises a plurality of conduits (24) connecting the elements of the fluid circuitry (1) through which a fluid stream of the fluid sample is conducted. The circuitry (1) has a minimal working volume of at most 5 ml, which is the minimal fluid volume retained in the elements and the conduits (24) of the circuitry (1) such that the fluid can be recirculated in the circuitry (1) without pumping air through the circuitry (1).

Abstract: The invention provides an integrated water treatment system suitable for use in the treatment of contaminated water, wastewater, potable water, aquaculture, industrial water and polluted water bodies. An integrated water treatment system according to at least one embodiment of the invention comprises a plurality of modules adapted to float in a body of water integrating a plurality of different attached growth biofilm media types positioned within a plurality of water flow paths and circulations. The conditions provided by a multiple of media types and plurality of flow paths creates a multiplier effect increasing the number of treatment zones and an increased diversity of interconnected treatment process zone types.

Abstract: A hemodialysis machine including a cartridge which defines a fluid pathway for delivering a dialysate solution base to a mixing pump, a main body having a platen which, in use, abuts the cartridge, the cartridge having a chassis with a platen side covered by a deformable membrane which, in use, abuts the platen, the chassis and membrane defining the flow path, the flow path including a dialysate base solution pump chamber, the platen having a dialysate base solution pump cavity which, collectively with the dialysate base solution pump chamber, forms a dialysate base solution pump for pumping dialysate base solution to the mixing pump by actuation of the membrane, wherein the volume of the dialysate base solution pump cavity is variable so as to allow a variation in the volume of dialysate base solution pumped from the dialysate base solution pump chamber to the mixing pump chamber on each stroke of the solution pump.

Abstract: A device for purification of water sink is provided to remove radioactive substances in a water sink of nuclear facilities. The device for purification of water sink of the present invention relates to a detachable structure for repeating process, changing the height of the device according to the water level, and moving the device. The device is filled with filter agent or adsorbent in each basket assemblies and put into a water sink for purification process. After purification process of water sink, the highly contaminated waste filter agent or waste adsorbent within the basket assemblies is easy to be removed from the device for drying. The number of basket assemblies is able to be reduced in accordance with the water level drop for draining fluid from the water sink at lower level water.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide underground bioretention systems that capture and treat surface water runoff. Such underground bioretention systems have a chamber formed by a chamber floor, a chamber ceiling, and at least one chamber wall; an access opening in the chamber ceiling fitted with an access opening cover; an influent opening in the chamber ceiling or the at least one chamber wall; an effluent opening positioned in the chamber floor or the at least one chamber wall beneath the influent opening; a filtration media positioned in the chamber beneath the influent opening; and an underdrain system positioned in proximity with the chamber floor. Also in such bioretention systems, the chamber floor, the chamber ceiling, and the at least one chamber wall are comprised of a material and a design adapted to form the chamber in a manner that withstands pressure applied thereon by subterranean and ground surface materials.