Abstract: Components of a memory system, such as a memory controller and a memory device, that reduce delay in exiting self-refresh mode by controlling the refresh timing of the memory device. The memory device includes a memory core. An interface circuit of the memory device receives an external refresh signal indicating an intermittent refresh event. A refresh circuit of the memory device generates an internal refresh signal indicating an internal refresh event of the memory device. A refresh control circuit of the memory device performs a refresh operation on a portion of the memory core responsive to the internal refresh event, at a time relative to the intermittent refresh event indicated by the external refresh signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including a control signal generator and an internal refresh signal generator is provided. The control signal generator generates first and second control signals, one of which is selectively enabled in response to temperature code signals and mode set signals after a pulse of an internal refresh signal is outputted by the internal refresh signal generator. The temperature code signals are obtained from temperature signals. The internal refresh signal generator outputs a refresh command signal as the internal refresh signal when the first control signal is enabled. Further, the internal refresh signal generator outputs the refresh command signal as the internal refresh signal at a moment that the refresh command signal is inputted thereto by a predetermined number of times when the second control signal is enabled.

Abstract: A host device includes a voltage source which is connected to a voltage line via a host voltage switch and which supplies a first voltage to the voltage line, a host regulator which is connected to the voltage line and which outputs the first voltage or a second voltage that is lower than the first voltage, a host IO driver for driving a data line with the output of the host regulator as a power source, a host voltage detection circuit for detecting whether the voltage of the data line is the second voltage or a voltage that is higher than the second voltage, and a host control unit for detecting a mismatch of interface voltages between the host device and a memory card based on the output voltage of the host regulator and the detection result of the host voltage detection circuit.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, an electronic circuit comprises a digital output which is held to a logic one after the power supply was removed, for a time duration in a narrow range. The electronic circuit comprises a first array of elements comprising capacitors and discharging devices (diodes or transistors). A time constant detector detects which elements has the discharging time closest to the target. A second array of elements also comprises capacitors and discharging devices, with discharging durations proportional to the discharging durations of the first array. A decoder charges the appropriate element from the second array. After the power is removed, this charged element starts to discharge. During the discharge duration, a comparator outputs a logic one, and a logic zero after the discharge is completed.

Abstract: A method for storing data. The method includes providing an addressable memory including a memory space, wherein the memory space includes a plurality of memory cells. The method includes configuring the addressable memory such that a majority of the plurality of memory cells in the memory space stores internal data values in a preferred bias condition when a first external data state of one or more external data states is written to the memory space, wherein the first external data state is opposite the preferred bias condition.

Abstract: Methods of loading trim address and trim data pairs to a trim register array, and apparatus configured to perform such methods. The methods maintain a correspondence between the trim address and the trim data of each trim address and trim data pair in the trim register array. The trim address of a particular trim address and trim data pair corresponds to a storage location of a trim settings array containing trim settings used in performing operations on an array of memory cells. The trim data of the particular trim address and trim data pair corresponds to data to modify a value of the storage location of the trim settings array corresponding to the trim address of the particular trim address and trim data pair.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a semiconductor device that includes: a frequency dividing circuit dividing a frequency of a first clock signal to generate second clock signals that are different in phase from one another; a multiplier circuit multiplying the second clock signals to generate a third clock signal; a data input/output terminal; data buses; and a data input/output circuit coupled between the data input/output terminal and the data buses. The data input/output circuit includes a data output circuit and a data input circuit. The data output circuit outputs read data supplied in parallel from the data buses to the data input/output terminal in serial in synchronism with the third clock signal. The data input circuit outputs write data supplied in serial from the data input/output terminal to the data buses in parallel in synchronism with a predetermined one of the second clock signals.

Abstract: An ultrasonic imaging system for generating an ultrasonic image of a motion status of an object according to at least an ultrasonic motion signal generated by detecting the motion of the object is provided. The ultrasonic imaging system includes a demodulation module, an analog sub-array beamformer, a filter, an analog-to-digital converter and an image processing module. The demodulation module receives and demodulates the ultrasonic motion signal so as to generate and send at least a demodulated signal. The analog sub-array beamformer receives the demodulated signal, generates and sends an analog sub-array beam signal according to the demodulated signal. The filter receives and filtering the analog sub-array beam signal. The analog-to-digital converter converts the analog sub-array beam signal filtered by the filter into a digital sub-array beam signal. The image processing module receives the digital sub-array beam signal so as to generate an ultrasonic image of the motion of the object.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to determining or executing a survey pattern for a marine seismic survey vessel. The survey pattern may be determined based on a determined subsurface illumination area. The subsurface illumination area may be identifiable from primary reflections and higher-order reflections detected by sensors disposed in a sensor streamer configuration that may be towed behind the survey vessel. The sensor streamer configuration may include a plurality of streamers.

Abstract: Techniques and devices are disclosed for utilizing passively received audio signals to determine proximity of devices to other objects. In one embodiment, a method of passive proximity detection is provided that includes sensing a first sound wave using a first audio transducer and generating a first signal representative of the first sound wave. A second sound wave is also sensed and a second signal is generated. The method includes comparing characteristics of the first and second signals using a processor to determine if differences between the first and second signals indicate the first audio transducer is proximately located to another object.

Abstract: An ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus characterized by comprising, a probe which has a transducer and which transmits and receives ultrasonic waves, an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus main body; and a cable through which signals are transmitted and received between the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus main body and the probe, wherein the probe includes a transmission signal generator that generates an ultrasonic transmission signal, a transmission circuit that amplifies the generated transmission signal, and a transmission phasing circuit that adjusts the timing of the transmission signal.

Abstract: A clamp type ultrasonic processor comprises a transducer assembly and a functional gripper. The transducer assembly comprises a transducer (1) and an amplitude transforming shaft (2) attached thereto. At least one transducer assembly is connected to the functional gripper. The functional gripper comprises an irradiation front line shaft-approximal block (3) and an irradiation front line tube-supporting block (4), and a functional gripper chamber (8) is provided in the functional gripper for accommodating an ultrasonic irradiation receiver. The irradiation front line shaft-approximal block (3) and the irradiation front line tube-supporting block (4) are connected to grip tightly the ultrasonic irradiation receiver to be irradiated. Irradiation front line shaft-approximal block (3) and/or the irradiation front line tube-supporting block (4) are connected to the amplitude transforming shaft (2). An application of the clamp type ultrasonic processor and its application in metal production are also provided.

Abstract: Provided is a signal generation device used for an information input method using an ultrasonic signal. Contact electrodes which are formed in a flexible printed circuit board to be in contact with an ultrasonic wave generation unit and reference signal generation units are disposed in a row, so that a length of the flexible printed circuit board can be reduced. Accordingly, in comparison with a signal generation module in the related art, a length of the signal generation module can be reduced, so that the signal generation device can be miniaturized. In addition, in order to maintain the contact between contact electrodes of the flexible printed circuit board and the ultrasonic wave generation unit, the contact electrodes which are in contact with the ultrasonic wave generation unit and the flexible printed circuit board are surrounded by a contact maintaining member which is constructed with a cylindrical elastic member.

Abstract: A medicine station or stand-alone alert device has a processor having access to memory, wherein the memory stores a control module, and the processor is configured to execute the modules stored in the memory. The medicine station or stand-alone alert device also includes one or more indicators. The control module is configured to periodically check for an external notification from a primary alert device that it is time to take a medication. Upon receiving the external notification, the control program is configured to cause the medicine station or stand-alone alert device to enter an amplified alert mode with respect to the primary alert device via the one or more indicators.

Abstract: An electronic timepiece includes a GPS receiving section, which captures a satellite signal emitted from a positional information satellite and receives the satellite signal, and is capable of obtaining at least one of time information and positioning information, and a reception mode setting section adapted to set a reception mode selectively to at least a time measurement mode and a positioning mode. The GPS receiving section is provided with a base band section as a correlation section, and the correlation section is capable of changing the frequency resolution in a plurality of levels. Further, the correlation section sets the minimum value of the frequency resolution to be changed in the time measurement mode to a value larger than the minimum value of the frequency resolution to be changed in the positioning mode.

Abstract: An illumination device with wake-up and/or fall-asleep functionality is disclosed. The illumination devices comprises at least one controllable light source; a control device for controlling the light source, wherein in a STEADY mode, color and intensity of the output light are maintained constant at a steady colour value and a steady intensity value and in and a WAKE-UP mode, the intensity of the output light is gradually increased from zero to the steady intensity value and in a FALL-ASLEEP mode, the intensity of the output light is gradually decreased from the steady intensity value to zero.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention relates to glass for a magnetic recording medium substrate, which includes essential components in the form of SiO2, Li2O, Na2O, and one or more alkaline earth metal oxides selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO, wherein a molar ratio of a content of MgO to a combined content of MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO (MgO/(MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO)) is equal to or greater than 0.80, and which has a Young's modulus of equal to or greater than 80 GPa, and a glass transition temperature of equal to or greater than 620° C.

Abstract: An apparatus for energy assisted magnetic recording of a storage disk include a plurality of dielectric waveguide cores configured to direct received incident light energy to a target, and a near field transducer (NFT) configured to focus light energy received from the plurality of waveguide cores and to transmit the focused light energy onto the storage disk surface to generate a heating spot on the storage disk. The NFT includes a plurality of propagating surface plasmon polariton (PSPP) elements that are energized by the light energy from the waveguide cores. Each of the PSPP elements has a plasmonic metal bar disposed above a single waveguide core in a longitudinal alignment. Each metal bar has a width at least twice the width of the heating spot generated on the storage disk.

Abstract: A thermally assisted magnetic recording medium (1) includes a substrate (101), an underlayer (3) that is formed above the substrate (101), and a magnetic layer (107) that is formed on the underlayer (3) and contains an alloy having an L10 structure as a main component. The underlayer (3) is formed by continuously laminating a first underlayer (104) having a BCC structure with a lattice constant that is 0.302 to 0.332 nm, a second underlayer (105) that has a NaCl structure including C, and a third underlayer (106) that is composed of MgO.

Abstract: An optical head device (11) provided with: an optical element (36) for transmissively diffracting a light beam emitted from a semiconductor laser (34), generating a zero-order diffracted light beam and ±1-order diffracted light beams; and a photodetector (40) for receiving the zero-order diffracted light beam and the +1-order diffracted light beam after reflection from an optical disc (2). The photodetector (40) includes a primary light receiving section (400) for receiving the zero-order diffracted light beam, and a first secondary light receiving section (401) disposed outward from the primary light receiving section (400). The first secondary light receiving section (401) is positioned to detect an outer portion of the received light spot of the +1-order diffracted light beam, performs photoelectric conversion of this portion, and outputs a secondary detected signal.

Abstract: Technologies are described herein for utilizing a head heater to test temperature stability of a head of a storage device and to prevent the head from operating in an unstable temperature condition. A first power level may be applied to a head heater of a head in a storage device, the first power level configured to simulate a temperature condition in the head. An instability of the head is determined and the temperature condition and the instability of the head are recorded in a memory. The process may be repeated to develop a range of temperature conditions in which the head exhibits instability. The range of temperature conditions and the head heater may then be utilized to prevent the head from operating in an unstable temperature condition during normal operation.

Abstract: An optical recording medium includes a recording and reading layer that is previously staked or formed afterword and has no concavo-convex pattern for tracking control, and a servo layer in which a concavo-convex pattern or a groove for tracking control is formed. Information can be recorded in the recording and reading layer while tracking is performed using the servo layer.

Abstract: The present technology relates to an optical recording medium for realizing an optical recording medium capable of high-capacity recording. A groove and a land are formed, the groove being concave and the land being convex when seen from a side of a laser light incident surface, both of the groove and the land being recording tracks where recording or reproduction of information is performed. According to this recording layer, a pitch between the groove and the land that are adjacent recording tracks is within a range of 250 nm to 200 nm. Moreover, recording or reproduction of information is performed with respect to the recording tracks by irradiation of laser light whose wavelength is 400 nm to 415 nm by an optical system whose NA is 0.85±0.1.

Abstract: A method for transmitting and receiving uplink signals using an optimized rank 3 codebook is disclosed. The optimized rank 3 codebook includes 6 precoding matrix groups, each of which has 1 variable having an amplitude of 1. Preferably, the optimized 4Tx rank 3 codebook has 12 precoding matrix, two precoding matrixes are selected from each the above 6 precoding matrix groups considering chordal distance and the number of precoding matrix.

Abstract: The disclosure involves a method and an apparatus for implementing preamble generation. The method comprises: obtaining a first parameter value according to a root sequence number of a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence; obtaining an initial value of a first sequence, according to a length and a cyclic shift value of the ZC sequence and the obtained first parameter value; performing iterative calculations on the first sequence according to the initial value of the first sequence and the first parameter value; performing iterative calculations on a second sequence according to the iteratively calculated values of the first sequence and a preset initial value of the second sequence; performing Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on the iteratively calculated values of the second sequence. The method and apparatus in the disclosure can achieve low complexity and high calculation precision in the calculation process and greatly reduce the amount of calculation and storage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a communication method comprising: determining the length, N, of a random access sequence on the basis of system configuration information, where N is less than or equal to the number of available subcarriers; determining a cyclic shift parameter collection and a cyclic prefix on the basis of a system coverage area as designed; acquiring and on the basis of a MAC address of a central access point (CAP), or of a physical layer identifier thereof, and of a predetermined generator polynomial, generating a PN sequence of length N, then constellation-mapping and subcarrier-mapping the PN sequence; cyclically shifting, on the basis of the cyclic shift parameter, the constellation-mapped and subcarrier-mapped sequence, then orthogonally transforming the cyclically shifted sequence; acquiring the sequence needed, adding the cyclic prefix thereto, acquiring a random access signal; and performing subsequent processing then transmitting to a receiving-end.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for uplink MIMO transmissions in a wireless communication system. In some particular aspects, scheduling of the uplink MIMO transmissions may make a determination between single stream, rank=1 transmissions and dual stream, rank=2 transmissions based on various factors. Further, when switching between single and dual stream transmissions in the presence of HARQ retransmissions of failed packets, the scheduling function may determine to transmit the HARQ retransmissions on a single stream transmission or to transmit the HARQ retransmissions on one stream while transmitting new packets on the other stream.

Abstract: Provided are a communication device and a communication system capable of specifying a failure part in a network in which a time server and a communication path are made redundant. A communication device acquires time-related information from a plurality of time servers over a plurality of networks and compares the information to specify the failure part in the time servers or in the networks. A remote apparatus acquires time-related information from the communication device over the plurality of networks and compares the information to determine the failure of the communication device.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed that assures component circuits transported in aggregated circuits restore correctly after an aggregated circuit fault. The system and method implements component circuit tail segment integrity checks whenever an aggregated circuit is restored in a higher level of a network hierarchy. Switches at both ends of an aggregated circuit perform circuit integrity checks of the tail segments of every component circuit. A failure of the component circuit integrity check on any component circuit causes that component circuit to be released and restored end-to-end.

Abstract: A system and method for determining a state of a communications system. A determination is made whether a communications path is fully functional, impaired, or non functional. A maximum capacity available to the communications path is determined in response to determining the communications path is impaired. The communications path is limited to a maximum capacity available in response to determining the maximum capacity of the connection as impaired.

Abstract: A method for protecting a bi-connected network against a dual link failure, the method comprising finding a plurality of cut-pairs for a data flow, finding a work path and a primary backup path for the data flow, determining the cut-pairs that overlap both the work path and the primary backup path, merging the cut-pairs that overlap the work path and the primary backup path into a plurality of cut-groups, wherein each cut-group comprises a first half and a second half, and constructing a plurality of partially disjoint backup paths based on the cut-groups, wherein one of the partially disjoint backup paths protects against the dual link failure that causes a failure on the second half of a first cut-group and a failure on the first half of a second cut-group.

Abstract: Layered third-party (enhanced) application software redundancy is provided in a non-homogeneous virtual chassis including two or more switches coupled via a virtual fabric link. A virtual chassis management module within at least one of the switches discovers the other switches within the virtual chassis, determines a base master switch from all of the switches in the virtual chassis, detects an enhanced application installed on at least one enhanced switch and determines an enhanced master switch from the enhanced switches.

Abstract: A method and apparatus dynamically pair a user's communication devices with a personal survivability gateway. The gateway can support the establishment of communication services in case of a network failure between a site where the user's communication devices are located and the site that provides the user's communication services. Preferably, the survivability gateway is configured so that if a network failure occurs, the user does not experience service degradation, or at least significant service degradation. For instance, the user's inbound and outbound communications during such an outage may be routed through his personal survivability gateway and a survivability proxy to limit, if not eliminate such service degradation.

Abstract: In a method (400) for routing packets between a plurality of top switches (110a-110n) and a plurality of leaf switches (120a-120n) using a balancing table (204, 208, 210) in a fat tree network (100), a failed link between at least one top switch (110n) and at least one leaf switch (120n) is detected (402). In addition, the balancing table (204, 208, 210) is modified (406) based on the detected failed link, and the packets are routed (408) between the plurality of top switches (110a-110n) and the plurality of leaf switches (120a-120n) in the fat tree network (100) based on the modified balancing table (204, 208, 210).

Abstract: A method may include receiving a number of calls and identifying destinations associated with the calls, where a first portion of the calls are associated with a first destination. The method may also include determining whether failure responses associated with calls forwarded toward the first destination indicate a problem or a possible problem associated with forwarding calls toward the first destination. The method may further include blocking, when the failure responses indicate a problem or a possible problem, at least some of the first portion of calls from being forwarded toward the first destination.

Abstract: A method of simplifying the encoding of a predetermined number of bits of data into frames including adding error coding bits so that a ratio of the frame length times the baud rate of the frame times the bit packing ratio of the data divided the total bits of data is always an integer. The method may also convolutionally encode the bits of data so that the same equation is also always an integer.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to the allocation of bandwidth on a global large scale network. Systems and methods are provided to base bandwidth allocation on the predicted bandwidth demands of the network users. In allocating bandwidth, each user is assigned a user weight value, and is to be allocated bandwidth in proportion to that value. In addition, the bandwidth allocation is enforced so as to ensure that bandwidth allocation policies are maintained.

Abstract: A system may receive a connection request, from a user device, that includes information identifying a particular application; identify that the particular application is associated with a group of classes of traffic; establish a group of bearer channels that are associated with the group of classes of traffic, the group of bearer channels being associated with a group of different levels of quality of service (“QoS”); process, via a first bearer channel and according to a first level of QoS, first traffic associated with the user device and the particular application; and process, via a second bearer channel of the group of bearer channels, according to a second level of QoS, second traffic associated with the user device and the particular application, the second bearer channel being different from the first bearer channel, and the second level of QoS being different from the first level of QoS.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless backhaul network for a communications system. The network comprises a congregate node connected to the communications system; a plurality of access points, each access point having associated amounts of incident bidirectional traffic to be conveyed to and from the congregate node; and a plurality of bidirectional wireless links adapted to convey the traffic between the access points and the congregate node. The congregate node is configured to allocate spectrum to each directional component of each link within a predetermined available spectrum for the conveyance of the traffic, wherein the allocation is dependent on the amounts of traffic at the respective access points.

Abstract: A method and apparatus controlling, either individually or in the aggregate, traffic flows associated with a plurality of queues by transmitting traffic source FlowON messages at first times selected to avoid queue underflow conditions, and traffic source FlowOFF message at second times selected to avoid queue overflow conditions, where the first and second times are determined as a function of delay time D of a link supporting the traffic source.

Abstract: A data frame is received at a network switch, the data frame containing congestion status information for at least a first traffic class and a second traffic class associated with packets being transmitted by the network switch to a network interface device. When the network switch determines, in response to the data frame containing congestion status information, that the congestion status information indicates congestion corresponding to the first traffic class, the network switch reduces a rate of transmission of packets (i) corresponding to the first traffic class and (ii) destined for the network interface device.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a network system that includes several non-edge switching elements that are each for forwarding network data to other non-edge switching elements. The network system includes several edge switching elements that are each for (1) coupling to a set of network hosts and (2) forwarding network data to the non-edge switching elements and to the set of network hosts. Each of the non-edge switching elements of the several non-edge switching elements is further for forwarding network data to the several edge switching elements. The network system includes a set of network controllers for (1) receiving a definition of a logical switching element that couples to the sets of network hosts and (2) managing the several edge switching elements by configuring the several edge switching elements to forward network data between the sets of network hosts based on the definition of the logical switching element.

Abstract: A system to improve a Fiber Channel over Convergence Enhanced Ethernet (FCoCEE) network may include a sender in an FCoCEE network in which data packets having different data link layer structures are transmitted by the sender on a single data link. The system may also include a receiver to receive the data packets at the data link layer and to transmit an ACK and/or NAK in response to a sequence number in the data packets. The system may further include a replay buffer to retransmit the data packets where the replay buffer is sized by the length of the data link, data rate of the data link, the ACK and/or NAK processing time at either the sender and/or the receiver, and/or a threshold time for transmission and/or reception of the data packets.

Abstract: A system to improve a Fiber Channel over Convergence Enhanced Ethernet (FCoCEE) network may include a sender in an FCoCEE network in which data packets having different data link layer structures are transmitted by the sender on a single data link. The system may also include a receiver to receive the data packets at the data link layer and to transmit an ACK and/or NAK in response to a sequence number in the data packets. The system may further include a replay buffer to retransmit the data packets where the replay buffer is sized by the length of the data link, data rate of the data link, the ACK and/or NAK processing time at either the sender and/or the receiver, and/or a threshold time for transmission and/or reception of the data packets.

Abstract: A system and method for forwarding network traffic includes receiving a first flow of network traffic at an ingress port on a switch, collecting flow control metrics for a plurality of egress ports assigned to a link aggregation group of the switch, selecting a first egress port from the plurality of egress ports using a hashing strategy based on at least information associated with the flow control metrics, assigning the first flow to the first egress port, directing the first flow to the first egress port, and transmitting network traffic associated with the first flow using the first egress port.

Abstract: An access terminal in a coverage area of an access network may be monitoring a level of loading on the coverage area's reverse link, such as by monitoring a series of reverse activity bits sent by the access network. The access terminal may then detect new data for transmission to the access network and responsively select a reverse-link data rate based on the monitored level of loading. In this respect, the access terminal may select (a) a first data rate (e.g., a reverse-link data rate at which the access terminal last transmitted data) if the access terminal detects a low load, and (b) a second data rate (e.g., a minimum available reverse-link data rate) if the access terminal detects a high load, where the second data rate is lower than the first data rate. The access terminal may also consider its location in selecting the reverse-link data rate.

Abstract: A system and method for remote and mobile patient monitoring service is provided using heterogeneous wireless access in which each patient is equipped with a remote monitoring device with a heterogeneous wireless transceiver. This can be a value-added service provided by a Healthcare service provider (i.e., a hospital or healthcare center) for which the Healthcare service provider can pay to the wireless network service provider (i.e., a network operator). With heterogeneous wireless access, a remote/mobile patient can use different types of wireless technologies (e.g., WiMAX-based WMAN and WiFi-based WLAN technologies) to transfer monitored bio-signal data to the healthcare center. The monitoring device can buffer and then transmit the bio-signal data to the healthcare center through the heterogeneous radio access network. In this device, there can be two buffers used to store bio-signal data, each with different priority. The scheduler in this device can make an optimal decision on data transmission.

Abstract: A network switch, in response to receipt from a source station of a Layer 2 reservation request, establishes a reservation for capacity of an ingress queue of the network switch for a data flow of the source station. In response to a queue overrun condition on the ingress queue of the network switch while the reservation is active, the network switch preserves data frames in the data flow of the source station transmitted pursuant to the reservation and discards other data frames.

Abstract: A system includes a network element. The network element includes multiple egress ports configured as a LAG, an ingress port, and a distributor. The ingress port is configured to receive multiple packets including at least one flood domain. Additionally, the distributor is configured to access a virtual local area network identifier (VID) of each flood domain. Based on the VID and the number of egress ports in the LAG, the distributor is configured to select a representative egress port from the multiple egress ports. The distributor additionally forwards packets of each flood domain to the egress port of the LAG which is selected as the representative egress port for that flood domain.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method and a system for implementing a direct interface between access network nodes. The method includes: establishing, by an access network node, a direct interface with a proxy node (300); exchanging, by the access network node, information with an access network node managed by the proxy node through the established direct interface (301). By establishing a direct interface between access network nodes and performing a direct interface flow through a proxy node, the disclosure simplifies the establishment and maintenance of the direct interface on the premise that the handover speed is increased and the signaling load of a core network is decreased, thereby reducing the complexity of the establishment and maintenance of the direct interface.