Abstract: An interior solar energy collector system includes an interior heat exchanger unit for mounting on, or integral with, an interior surface of a roof or wall of a building. A heat transfer fluid system transfers collected heat from the interior heat exchanger to heat storage and heat disposal tanks from which the heat can be used or disposed as desired.

Abstract: A system for solar assisted water heating provides hot water to a user at a lower cost, higher energy efficiency, and with a quicker response time than conventional systems, reducing energy losses, and improving user comfort. The basic architecture includes four main components: a solar collector, a heat exchanger, an in-line heater, and a control system. A transient heat profile of a first temperature in a primary loop is measured while a first flow generator G1 is active for the primary loop. Solar assisted heating of water in a secondary loop is provided based on: a flow of water in the secondary loop; a current first temperature; and the transient heat profile of the first temperature by activating: the first flow generator in the primary loop and an in-line water heater in the secondary loop.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for heating a liquid (20) in a heater (100), wherein the heater (100) comprises a heating element (110) and a counter electrode (120), wherein the method comprises (i) heating the liquid (20) in the heater (100) by heating the heating element (110) to a temperature in the range of 120-250° C., and (ii) applying an AC potential difference between the heating element (110) and the counter electrode (120), wherein the AC potential difference varies with an AC frequency (f) in the range of 200-2500 Hz and has an amplitude in the range of 1-5 V, and wherein the liquid flows in the heater (100) between the heating element (110) and the counter electrode (120).

Abstract: A hot water supply and heating system 1a includes a heating flow rate changing valve 44 that changes the flow rate of hot water flowing through a heating pipe 46 and a priority controller 53a that carries out hot water supply priority control whereby to reduce the flow rate of the hot water flowing through the heating pipe 46 by the heating flow rate changing valve 44 in the case where the total of the amount of heat consumed in a heating operation and the amount of heat consumed in a hot water supply operation is equal to or more than a maximum amount of heat that can be applied by the heat source machine 10 during a simultaneous operation of the heating operation and the hot water supply operation.

Abstract: A compact air conditioner is provided, the air conditioner having a housing with an internal cavity and an outer surface, an evaporator assembly arranged within a front portion of the internal cavity of the housing, a condenser assembly arranged within a back portion of the internal cavity of the housing, and a compressor associated with the evaporator and condenser assemblies. The evaporator assembly includes an evaporator fan, a front motor that drives the evaporator fan, and an evaporator arranged adjacent to the evaporator fan. The condenser assembly includes a condenser fan, a back motor that drives the condenser fan, and a condenser arranged adjacent to the condenser fan. The compressor includes a coolant adapted to circulate between the evaporator and the condenser.

Abstract: An insulated cooler unit that produces cooled air is disclosed. The cooler unit includes, within a thermally-insulated housing chamber, an inlet for introducing air to be cooled, an outlet for exiting of cooled air, an air heat exchanger for cooling air, a first fan. The cooler unit additionally includes a first track member having a first channel member, at least one first sliding member configured to slide within the first channel member. The first fan is connected to the first sliding member and is slidably mounted in the first track member by the at least one first sliding member, and is capable of being slidably moved over a portion of a first length of the first track member.

Abstract: A compressor manifold includes a primary section having a primary inlet port, a first primary outlet port, and a second primary outlet port, the primary section configured to receive a fluid from the primary heat exchanger through the primary inlet port and direct the fluid to at least one compressor through the first and second primary outlet ports. A secondary section includes a first secondary inlet port, a second secondary inlet port, and a secondary outlet port, the secondary section configured to receive the fluid from the at least one compressor through the first and second secondary inlet ports and direct the fluid to the secondary heat exchanger through the secondary outlet port. A bypass valve is positioned between the primary section and the secondary section to fluidly couple the primary section and the secondary section to bypass the at least one compressor.

Abstract: A regenerative air conditioning system for a vehicle includes a condenser, a compressor, an evaporator subsystem, an expansion valve, and a solenoid controlled expansion valve arranged and coupled together in a direct expansion cooling circuit. The evaporator subsystem has a main evaporator and a storage evaporator. The storage evaporator has a phase change material therein surrounding refrigerant passages in the storage evaporator. The storage evaporator in a charge state when the vehicle is decelerating wherein refrigerant flows through the storage evaporator to cool the phase change material to cause it to change phases to store thermal cooling potential. The storage evaporator in a discharge state when the vehicle is stopped and an engine of the vehicle is off to cool cabin cooling air flowing across the storage evaporator by the phase change material absorbing heat from the cabin cooling air flowing across the storage evaporator.

Abstract: A method of controlling an air conditioner includes a step of sensing the capacitance of condensed water through a plurality of electrode pads to sense the level of condensed water stored in a condensed water storage part during cooling, a step of comparing the sensed level of the condensed water with a drainage level stored in a memory, and a step of, upon determining that the sensed level of the condensed water is within an error range of the drainage level, operating a drainage pump. A water level detecting device of the air conditioner more accurately senses the level of condensed water based on the capacitance of the condensed water, thereby effectively controlling the drainage pump.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of controlling an air conditioner including a step of sensing the capacitance of condensed water through any one of a plurality of electrode pads to sense the level of the condensed water during cooling, and a step of operating a drainage pump based on the level of the condensed water sensed through any one of the electrode pads to drain the condensed water stored in the condensed water storage part. A water level detecting device of the air conditioner more accurately senses the level of condensed water based on the capacitance of the condensed water, thereby effectively controlling the drainage pump.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus for automation control for personalized ambient temperature management are disclosed. First input corresponding to a first set of sensors may be processed. A location of a first occupant of a home may be determined based on the first input. Second input corresponding to a second set of sensors may be processed. A first temperature in the location may be determined based on the second input corresponding to the second set of one or more sensors. A first state of the first occupant in the location may be determined based on third input corresponding to the first set of sensors or corresponding to a third set of sensors. An adjustment may be determined based on the location, the first temperature, and the first state of the first occupant. One or more components of the home may be caused to adjust based on the adjustment.

Abstract: A data providing method is carried out by a computer (460) built in a data processing system (1) which is designed to collect log information from electronic devices through a network (30) and provide services based on that log information for authenticated users.

Abstract: A method for controlling a climate parameter in a room of a building, the method comprising obtaining information regarding the climate parameter, the information including room specific measurements of the climate parameter during at least one climate control process, based on the room specific measurements of the climate parameter providing or amending a correspondence indicator CI, such that the correspondence indicator comprises information indicative of a rate of change of the climate parameter within the at least one room during the at least one climate control process, obtaining climate setting information including a desired climate parameter value C and a corresponding desired time t1, obtaining a starting value V1 of the climate parameter of the at least one room, based on the correspondence indicator CI, the desired time t1, the starting value V1 and the desired climate parameter value C1 calculating a measure M1 for an amount of time ?t needed to 1 change the climate parameter from the starting va

Abstract: An intelligent air-conditioning controlling system at least comprises an intelligent controlling device, an air-conditioning, and a plurality of beacons respectively arranged at different zones of a space for sensing environment information in the space. The intelligent controlling device receives the environment information from the beacons, and determines if the space is a comfortable environment based on the environment information. If the entire space is determined an uncomfortable environment, the intelligent controlling device controls the air-conditioning to directly set a target temperature to a comfortable range. If only a specific zone of the space is determined the uncomfortable environment, the intelligent controlling device controls the air-conditioning to execute an adjusting operation in accordance with a position of the specific zone.

Abstract: A thermostat for controlling an HVAC system in an enclosure may include a passive infrared sensor, an active infrared sensor, and an electronic display having a first mode and a second mode. The thermostat may also include one or more processors programmed to change a setpoint temperature of the thermostat to an energy-saving temperature upon detection of a non-occupancy condition for the enclosure. The processor(s) may detect the non-occupancy condition based at least in part on readings received from the passive infrared sensor. The processor(s) may also be programmed to change the electronic display from the first mode to the second mode upon detection of a person approaching the thermostat. The processor(s) may detect a person approaching the thermostat based at least in part on readings received from the active infrared sensor.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid heater including: a conduit; a circuit for carrying a DC current; and a wire mesh segment disposed in the conduit and configured to receive the current, wherein the wire mesh segment has a conically shaped surface. There is provided a liquid heater kit including: a DC power supply; and a wire mesh segment configured to be disposed in a conduit and to receive a current from the DC power supply, wherein the wire mesh segment has a conically shaped surface.

Abstract: The invention provides a support stand for an expansion tank that is mounted directly atop a hot water heater system.

Abstract: A water heater includes an electrical junction box that receives a voltage supply. The electrical junction box includes at least one cover plate for providing access to an internal portion of the water heater. The voltage supply passes through the at least one cover plate and connects to internal wiring of the water heater. A method for providing a control module on the water heater includes routing service wiring for providing the voltage supply to the water heater into an electrical connection portion of the control module, routing the internal wiring of the water heater into the electrical connection portion of the control module, and connecting the service wiring to the internal wiring of the water heater within the electrical connection portion of the control module.

Abstract: There is disclosed a wireless space heater (10) with a switch operated valve assembly (19) having a gas inlet (21), a gas outlet (22) coupled to a gas burner (30), a gas outlet (26) coupled to a pilot gas nozzle (28), a thermopile (31), a thermocouple (33), an igniter (35), and a wireless receiver (40) which receives instruction signals from a thermostat (50). The thermostat includes a wireless receiver/transmitter (51) so that it may communicate to a home wireless router (60) or alternatively a gateway (61) coupled to a router. As such, a smart phone, computer, tablet, PDA or any other similar electronic device may be utilized to communicate with the wireless space heater through the home router or gateway, and through the thermostat, with the use of a software application placed on the device.

Abstract: A central solar receiver (1) is provided having a heat exchanger assembly with walls that form an inlet chamber (2) and a generally juxtaposed outlet chamber (3) connected to each other by way of a multitude of tube assemblies (4). Each tube assembly (4) has an inner tube (6) and an outer tube (7) with the tube assemblies (4) extending away from the inlet and outlet chambers (2, 3). A remote end (8) of the outer tube (7) is closed and the inner tube (6) terminates short of that closed end (8). The interior of each inner tube (6) communicates with one of the inlet and outlet chambers (2, 3) and a space between each of the inner and outer tubes (6, 7) communicates with the other of the inlet and outlet chambers (2, 3) to form a passageway connecting the inlet and outlet chambers (2, 3) by way of the inner tube (6) and the space between the inner and outer tubes (6, 7) with a change in direction of flow of about 180°.

Abstract: A vapor compression system (20) comprises a compressor (22) having one or more bearing systems (66, 68) supporting a rotor and/or one or more working elements (44). One or more bearing feed passages (114) are coupled to the bearings to pass fluid along a supply flowpath to the bearings. A mechanical pump (130; 330) is positioned to drive fluid along the supply flowpath. An ejector (140, 150) has a motive flow inlet (142, 152) coupled to the mechanical pump to receive refrigerant from the mechanical pump.

Abstract: An air conditioner and a method of controlling the same are provided.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide an air conditioning system which includes a convective indoor machine and a radiant indoor machine to prevent separation of lubricating oil in refrigerant and consequently prevent damage to a compressor, and can prevent lowering in reliability of the compressor. [Solution] The air conditioning system includes: an air conditioner having a compressor 3, an outdoor heat exchanger 4, an expansion valve 5, a convective indoor machine 2 and a refrigerant piping connecting them; and a radiant indoor machine 10 which is arranged between the convective indoor machine 2 and the compressor 3 and has a refrigerant pipe having an inner diameter smaller than that of the refrigerant piping.

Abstract: For more efficient operation of an air cooled chiller, a refrigerant pump and bypass valve connected in parallel feed refrigerant from the condenser to a receiver. The pump is activated in response to pressure in the condenser; the bypass is used otherwise. Further efficiency is provided by controlling the condenser fan based on power consumption by the air cooled chiller and/or resetting a set point of the evaporator to meet load conditions. An expansion valve for the evaporator is controlled based on chilled water temperature, such as Delta T, or information from an air handling unit. Feedback of valve setting or position, air temperature, valve size, and/or importance of an air handling unit may be used to control the flow of chilled water. In addition to or an alternative to control of the chilled water flow, the refrigerant temperature may be controlled based on information from the air handling unit.

Abstract: A compressor heating system may include a compressor drive controller electrically coupled to an outdoor controller configured to selectively implement a pulse width modulation algorithm to deliver a pulsed DC current from the compressor drive controller to at least one stator winding of a motor of a variable speed compressor to provide more efficient auxiliary heating to the compressor to prevent refrigerant migration to the compressor when the compressor remains idle with respect to operating in a cooling or heating mode. The compressor heating system may consume less off-cycle power than traditional compressor auxiliary heating systems, thus complying with regulatory requirements where off-cycle power must average below specific thresholds.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes a heat exchanger including a plurality of refrigerant tubes, a distributor disposed on one side of the heat exchanger to divide a refrigerant so that the refrigerant flows into a plurality of flow paths, a plurality of capillary tubes extending from the distributor toward the plurality of refrigerant tubes, a guide tube guiding an introduction of the refrigerant into the distributor, an inlet tube connected to an inlet-side of the distributor, and a bending part disposed between the guide tube and the inlet tube to switch a flow direction of the refrigerant. The inlet tube extends in a horizontal direction or an inclined direction to guide a liquid refrigerant of a two-phase liquid refrigerant so that the liquid refrigerant flows into a lower portion of the inlet tube.

Abstract: An air conditioner is provided that may include a heat exchanger including a plurality of refrigerant tubes, a distributor disposed at one side of the heat exchanger to divide a refrigerant into a plurality of flow paths, a plurality of capillary tubes that extends from the distributor toward the plurality of refrigerant tubes, and a bypass tube that extends from the plurality of refrigerant tubes. The bypass tube may allow the refrigerant to bypass the distributor, thereby guiding a flow of the refrigerant toward an outlet of the distributor.

Abstract: Systems and methods may include a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system having a heat exchanger and an expansion device disposed upstream and in fluid communication with the heat exchanger. The expansion device includes a pressure recovery portion. The expansion device may also include an isentropic expansion device and/or a substantially isentropic expansion device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a monitoring system with control of a refrigeration container and a refrigeration container connection socket box. A connection cable is connected to the compatible plug-in port commonly formed in refrigeration containers. The connection socket box connecting connection cables is used to collect the state information of each refrigeration container transferred to a management server, so that a monitoring system applicable to all kinds of refrigeration container is provided, and can transfer a control signal for the refrigeration container through the compatible plug-in port, thus making it possible to remotely control the refrigeration container. Hence the system is simplified so as to reduce the cost and improve the stability of the system. The function of monitoring the state information and the function of measuring the power consumption of the refrigeration container are also provided so as to reasonably calculate the cost of the actual power consumption.

Abstract: A system includes a compressor driven by a motor. A condenser receives working fluid from the compressor. An evaporator is in fluid communication with the condenser and the compressor. A first sensor produces a first signal indicative of one of current and power drawn by the motor. A second sensor produces a second signal indicative of a discharge line temperature. A processing circuitry processes the first signal and the second signal to determine a freeze time. The processing circuitry processes the freeze time, the current signal, and the discharge line temperature signal to determine a working fluid charge level.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a skating rink that includes a skating area, a wall at least partially surrounding the skating area, and a visible mark extending along a perimeter region of the skating area to indicate to a skater traveling head first toward the wall that the skater should look up and to related methods.

Abstract: An interior of a nozzle in an ejector is formed with a swirling space in which a refrigerant swirls, and a refrigerant passage in which the refrigerant that has flowed from the swirling space is depressurized. The refrigerant passage includes a minimum passage area part most reduced in the refrigerant passage area, and a divergent part that gradually enlarges in the refrigerant passage area from the minimum passage area part toward a refrigerant ejection port. Plate members, which reduce a velocity component of the refrigerant flowing into the minimum passage area part in a swirling direction, are disposed within the refrigerant passage.

Abstract: A refrigerator provided with an image capturing unit configured to capture an image of an interior of the refrigerator; a mist generator unit configured to spray; a spray port configured to feed the mist sprayed from the mist generator unit to the interior of the refrigerator. The image capturing unit is provided at a location not confronting the spray port.

Abstract: A refrigerator is provided that includes a low energy refrigerator heat source. The refrigerator includes a heat source positioned at a source of latent heat. The heat source harvested heat from the source of latent heat and stores said heat in a fluid within that heat reservoir or heat exchanger. The warmed fluid is then supplied via a fluid pathway to an application requiring a heat output. Thus, the heat reservoir provides heat to the application without use of an energy-consuming device, which reduces the energy consumption of the refrigerator.

Abstract: Provided is a refrigerator, which includes a refrigerating compartment, a freezing compartment, and a door assembly. The freezing compartment is adjacent to the refrigerating compartment. The door assembly selectively opens the refrigerating compartment and the freezing compartment. The door assembly includes a glass member defining a frontal exterior thereof and allowing an inside of the refrigerating compartment or the freezing compartment to be seen therethrough when the door assembly is closed, a deposition treated layer formed on a rear surface of the glass member to allow light to partially pass through the glass member, and a transparent plate spaced a predetermined distance from the glass member. Gas for insulation is injected in a space formed between the glass member and the transparent plate, and the space is sealed.

Abstract: The embodiment relates to a refrigerator. In the refrigerator, a freezing compartment is selectively partitioned into a plurality of spaces and some of the plurality of spaces can be used as a convertible compartment that can be converted into the refrigerating compartment and the freezing compartment. In addition, the refrigerator has a structure that an operation unit is provided at a door that opens and closes the convertible compartment and a cable that extends from a main body to the operation unit is clearly processed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a refrigerator having a body having a storage compartment; a door to open or close the storage compartment; a cover plate disposed at an inside the storage compartment; a cooling space formed in between the cover plate and an upper wall of the body; an evaporator provided at the cooling space to generate cool air; a blower fan provided at the cooling space to forcedly circulate the cool air generated at the evaporator; a cool air supplying hole formed at the cover plate to supply the cool air of the cooling space to the storage compartment; and a cool air collecting hole formed at the cover plate to collect the cool air heated at the storage compartment to the cooling space, and a rear wall of the storage compartment of the refrigerator may be evenly leveled and usefulness of space may be increased.

Abstract: A thermal frame for an opening in a refrigerated enclosure includes a perimeter frame segment fixed to the refrigerated enclosure along a perimeter of the opening The thermal frame includes a first vacuum panel fixed relative to the perimeter frame segment and configured to reduce heat transfer through the perimeter frame segment. The thermal frame may include a mullion frame segment fixed to the refrigerated enclosure and dividing the opening into a plurality of smaller openings. The thermal frame may include a second vacuum panel fixed relative to the mullion frame segment and configured to reduce heat transfer through the mullion frame segment.

Abstract: The refrigerator includes a body having a storage space for storing a predetermined storage object, wherein the body includes an inner case having the storage space, an outer case having an inside surface spaced a predetermined gap from an inside surface of the inner case to house the inner case, a vacuum space provided between the inner case and the outer case enclosed to maintain a vacuum state for heat insulating between the inner case and the outer case, and a sealing unit for sealing a front of the vacuum space formed between a front of the inner case and a front of the outer case and reducing a heat transfer rate between the inner case and the outer case.

Abstract: A refrigerator may include guide members mounted to a storage chamber, with each guide member including a vertical guide hole and a vertical guide groove. A shelf may be mounted to the guide members, to be vertically movable, and switch members mounted to the shelf, to be movable forwards and rearwards. Each switch member may include a body, and a protrusion protruding from the body, to be guided along the guide groove of the corresponding guide member. A rotating shaft may be mounted beneath the shelf, to be guided along the guide holes. Pinions may be provided at the rotating shaft. Rack gears may be vertically mounted to the guide members, to be coupled to the pinions. A connecting device may transmit a force to vertically move a front half portion of the shelf to a rear half portion of the shelf such that the shelf is vertically movable while being maintained in a horizontal state.

Abstract: Methods and systems for operating a refrigeration system for refrigerating a product are provided. A first temperature of the refrigerant downstream of a condenser and upstream of an evaporator may be obtained. A first pressure of the refrigerant downstream of the condenser and upstream of the evaporator may be obtained. A second pressure of the refrigerant downstream of the evaporator and upstream of a compressor and/or a temperature of the product being refrigerated may be obtained. A first valve, disposed between the condenser and the evaporator, may be controlled based on the first temperature and the first pressure to maintain a pre-determined cooling set-point for the refrigeration system. A second valve of the refrigeration system, coupled to the compressor, may be controlled based on the second pressure or the temperature of the product to optimize a capacity of a compressor of the refrigeration system.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention are directed to a cryogenic dynamic cooling apparatus and a cooling method for heat assisted magnetic recording media substrate. The cooling apparatus includes a chamber that is configured to receive a substrate. A substrate holder secures the substrate inside the chamber. The apparatus has a cooling plate that is movable between a retracted position and an extended position inside the chamber. The cooling plate provides clearance for movement of the substrate holder inside the chamber in the retracted position, and the cooling plate cools the substrate in the extended position. Also, the cooling plate is substantially parallel to and spaced apart from the substrate. The apparatus further includes a cryogenic cooling element operatively coupled to the cooling plate that is cooled by the cryogenic cooling element.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the efficient cooling within air liquefaction processes with integrated use of cold recovery from an adjacent LNG gasification process are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and systems for reducing moisture in coal and mineral slurries, particularly slurries containing small diameter particles, using a granular drying material. The invention also relates to novel products and intermediates useful in connection with the process. The method and system reduced moisture by contacting the slurry with the granular drying material. The granular drying material is selected to be readily separated from the dried coal or minerals using a size separation technique such as a sieve screen. The granular drying material is the regenerated, preferably using a process involving heat exchange and cross-flow air. The granular drying material is preferably capable of regeneration and recycling in a continuous process with minimal attrition.

Abstract: The invention is based on a star-shaped rotation dryer (1) for segmenting a fluidizing chamber 4) into process compartments (11), whereby the star-shaped rotation dryer (1) is pivot mounted and features dividing wall (9) or similar for the conveyance of solid particles along a conveyance path, whereby a flow-receiving base (10) is detachably mounted below the star-shaped rotation dryer (1); the invention further relates to a method of spray-coating solid particles for the purpose of agglomeration, coating, layering, spray granulation or pelletization, whereby the retention time spectrum of the solid particles inside the fluid-bed apparatus (2) has a margin of at least 1:3 (alternatively tRTD90?S 3 tRTD10).

Abstract: The present invention proposes a drying tower with grain flow in parallel and sinuous in combination with reverse and radial crossed air flows in form of “Z” oblique for the implementation in the drying of grains, seeds, fodder, and fruit. Therefore, the grains are firstly submitted to a first stage of parallel grains flow and reverse crossed air flow in order to standardize the different degrees of humidity of the grains and of their impurities. In a second moment, these grains are submitted to a sinuous grains flow and radial air flow in the form of oblique “Z”. Such implementation in drying processes of grains upgrades substantially the drying time and the energy spent for such process, generating in this way profit for the food industries.

Abstract: An oxygen lance assembly that is at least capable of moving towards or away from the object to be lanced, said assembly including a supply of gaseous oxygen and metallic tubing wherein the oxygen supply is continuously feed through the said tubing when the lance is in use, and the said lance assembly includes a reel, and the said metallic tubing is coiled upon and carried by the said reel, and when in use, the metallic tubing is continuously uncoiled from the said reel as the said metallic tubing is consumed during use.

Abstract: Disclosed are degassers, couplings, impeller shafts and impellers for use in molten metal. One such coupling transfers gas into an impeller shaft, the coupling having a smooth, tapered internal surface to align with a corresponding surface on the impeller shaft and help prevent gas leakage and to assist in preventing damage to the impeller shaft. Improved impellers for shearing and mixing gas are also disclosed, as is a degasser including one or more of these components.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a waste heat recovery and conversion system are disclosed. In one exemplary embodiment, the waste heat recovery system may include a heat exchanger for transferring heat from a first fluid to a second fluid and a power conversion unit configured to convert the energy transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid into usable energy. The heat exchanger may include an outer duct defining an inlet and an outlet through which the first fluid flows in and out, respectively, of the outer duct. The heat exchanger may also include an inner duct disposed inside the outer duct and defining an inner channel inside the inner duct and an outer channel between an outer surface of the inner duct and an inner surface of the outer duct. The inner duct may define an internal flow channel through which the second fluid flows to exchange heat energy with the first fluid.

Abstract: A heat dissipating assembly includes a substrate configured to support at least one heat producing component and a thermally conductive cooling fin extending from the substrate, wherein heat is conducted away from the heat producing component.