Abstract: A toner includes a polyester resin including a polyester resin component A (A) insoluble in tetrahydrofuran; and a polyester resin component B (B) soluble in tetrahydrofuran. The toner has a first glass transition temperature (Tg1st) of from 20° C. to 50° C., measured at a first temperature rising in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and satisfies the following formulae (1) and (2): T=1/{a/(TgA+273)+b/(TgB+273)}?273??(1) T?TgAB>30×a??(2) wherein a and b represent weight ratios of (A) and (B) to a total weight of (A) and (B), and satisfy the equation a+b=1; and TgA, TgB and TgAB represent second glass transition temperatures (Tg2nd), measured at a second temperature rising in differential scanning calorimetry, of (A), (B), and a mixture of (A) and (B), respectively.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a toner for electrostatic charge image development containing a binder resin, wherein the binder resin contains a hybrid crystalline polyester resin in which a crystalline polyester resin segment and a segment of an amorphous resin other than a polyester resin are chemically bonded, and an amorphous resin, the hybrid crystalline polyester resin and the amorphous resin having a specific phase-separated structure; and the hybrid crystalline polyester resin is a graft-copolymer having a specific structure, the toner having the specific thermal properties. According to the present invention, a means capable of providing an excellent low temperature fixability even to uneven media, and of improving both of image storability and heat-resistant can be provided.

Abstract: Provided is a means to exhibit excellent low temperature fixability and to improve all of the heat-resistant storage property of a toner, charging uniformity, and transferability under a high temperature and high humidity condition. A toner for developing electrostatic charge image which contains at least a binder resin, in which the binder resin has a core-shell structure having a core portion which contains a hybrid crystalline polyester resin formed by chemical bonds of a crystalline polyester resin unit with an amorphous resin unit other than a polyester resin and an amorphous resin and a shell portion which contains a hybrid amorphous polyester resin formed by chemical bonds of an amorphous polyester resin unit with an amorphous resin unit other than a polyester resin.

Abstract: A charging member includes a force receiving portion that receives a force in a direction in which the charging member is moved in a longitudinal direction of the charging member while rotating. The charging member is in contact with a brush member at a place different from the place of the force receiving portion. A component of the force received by the charging member at the force receiving portion in the longitudinal direction and a component of a force received by the charging member resulting from tilting of bristles in the brush member are in the same direction.

Abstract: Voltages are applied to an image bearing member using at least three application voltage values which are larger than a discharge start voltage value and which have different magnitudes, at least one of the application voltage values having a value at which a direction of a current corresponding to the one of the application voltage values is reverse to those of currents corresponding to the other application voltage values. A relation between the application voltage value and the detection current value in a discharge area is calculated based on at least three application voltage values Vd1, Vd2, Vd3 and at least three detection current values Id1, Id2, Id3 detected by a current detection portion in relation to at least three application voltage values Vd1, Vd2, Vd3 and a voltage value V0 at which the detection current value is zero is calculated based on the relation in the discharge area.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a first electric pathway connects a charging portion and a power supply unit, a second electric pathway is formed in the photoconductor unit and connects the first electric pathway and the photoconductor. An electrical component is disposed on the second electric pathway and has predetermined electrical property in accordance with the type of the photoconductor unit. A current detection portion is configured to detect current flowing through the second electric pathway when a detection voltage is applied on the first electric pathway. A determination processing portion is configured to determine the type of the photoconductor unit and existence of usage of the photoconductor unit, based on a current value detected by the current detection portion. The blocking portion is configured to block the second electric pathway after determination by the determination processing portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a potential detection portion that determines a surface potential of an image bearing member on the basis of an applied voltage value of a detection voltage applied to a voltage application member by a voltage application portion and a detected current value detected by a current detection portion in response to the applied voltage, and a control unit that sets an image formation condition for performing image formation in order to form a toner image on the image bearing member on the basis of the surface potential determined by the potential detection portion. When the surface potential is determined by the potential detection portion, the voltage application portion applies the detection voltage after applying, to the voltage application member, a voltage having an opposite polarity to an image formation voltage that is applied to the voltage application member during image formation.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member, a charging member, a charging voltage source, an exposure device, a developing device, a developing voltage source, a transfer member, a transfer voltage source, a detecting member, a setting portion for setting, a transfer voltage applied to the transfer member on the basis of a detection result of the detecting member, and an adjusting portion for increasing a potential difference between the potential of the photosensitive member charged and the developing voltage so as to be large when an absolute value of the transfer voltage set by the setting portion is a first threshold or more and an absolute value of the current flowing at the time of application of the transfer voltage to the transfer member is a second threshold or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a development unit configured to develop, using a developer, the electrostatic latent image formed on an image carrier and form a developer image in a region where the image carrier faces the development unit; a supply unit configured to output a supply bias, supply the developer to the development unit, and collect the developer from the development unit; a reception unit configured to receive image data; an analysis unit configured to analyze a non-image region where the developer image is not formed from the image data; and a control unit configured to control the supply bias in accordance with a length of the non-image region where the developer image is not formed in a rotation direction of the image carrier.

Abstract: In a developing device, a developing roller has a circumferential surface and an axial end portion. A thickness-regulating blade includes a pressing part protruding to contact the circumferential surface. A first sealing member is provided between a housing and the axial end portion, and includes a first layer; and a second layer. The first layer has a first layer surface disposed to contact the circumferential surface. The second layer supports the first layer and has a protruding part protruding inward of the first layer in an axial direction of the developing roller and having a second layer surface opposing the circumferential surface. The housing has a wall part disposed between the pressing part and the protruding part in the rotating direction of the developing roller. The wall part has an opposing surface opposing the circumferential surface. A lubricant is applied to the first layer surface and the second layer surface.

Abstract: A container for developer detachably mountable to an image forming apparatus body includes a container body, a discharge member, a resistive member, and a resistance reduction mechanism. The container body contains developer and is rotated when drive is transmitted from the image forming apparatus body. The discharge member supports the container body rotatable relative to the discharge member and has a discharge port through which the developer is discharged. The resistive member is brought into contact with the container body so as to apply resistance to the rotation of the container body. The resistance reduction mechanism changes a contact state between the resistive member and the container body so as to reduce the resistance between the resistive member and the container body when the container is mounted to the image forming apparatus body.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid storing body for preventing a liquid containing a sedimentous component with a predetermined concentration or more from being supplied to a liquid jetting apparatus. An ink tank is provided with an ink storing part in which an opening provided on a side surface of a case is sealed with a film. An ink injection port is formed in an upper portion wall of the case. A plug member is provided with a sealing part that can seal the ink injection port, an operation part that is inserted in an ink reservoir chamber via the ink injection port, and a stirring portion provided at the lower end of the operation part. Ink in the ink storing part can be stirred by a user moving the plug member up and down with their hand.

Abstract: Disclosed is a developing apparatus including a first auger and a second auger for respectively conveying a developer in a first direction and a second direction, an opening for delivering the developer from the first auger to the second auger, a discharger located in the first direction from the opening to discharge the developer conveyed by the first auger, and a retention means provided on at least one of the first auger and the second auger to retain the developer circulated by the first and second augers.

Abstract: A container for developer detachably mountable to an image forming apparatus body includes a rotating body that contains developer and is rotated about a rotational center when drive is transmitted from the apparatus body, a discharge member that supports the rotating body such that the rotating body is rotatable relative to the discharge member and has a discharge port through which the developer is discharged, an anti-leakage member that is disposed in one of the rotating body and the discharge member and suppresses leakage of the developer, and a compressing portion that has a first side and a second side farther from the rotational center than the first side, is disposed in the other of both, and is pressed against the anti-leakage member to compress the anti-leakage member such that a compressing amount is larger on the second side than on the first side.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer bearer, an end seal, and an inlet seal. The end seal is disposed in contact with a circumferential surface of each end of the developer bearer in a longitudinal direction of the developer bearer. The inlet seal includes a center portion in the longitudinal direction disposed in contact with the developer bearer and each end in the longitudinal direction disposed in contact with the end seal. The end seal includes a cutout portion at a side closer to the center portion in the longitudinal direction and at an upstream side in a direction of rotation of the developer bearer. The inlet seal covers an edge of the cutout portion in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A liquid supply device includes a reservoir that stores a liquid developer, a rotating supply member that holds a portion of the liquid developer in the reservoir in concave sections formed in a surface, and supplies the liquid developer to a target supply member, and a regulating member having an edge portion which is positioned on a lower side in a gravitational direction than a liquid surface of the liquid developer stored in the reservoir, and a lower surface of the regulating member contacts with the liquid developer in the reservoir, the regulating member regulating an amount of a liquid developer held on a surface of the rotating supply member by contacting with the rotating supply member at a position where a surface of the rotating supply member moves from a lower side to an upper side in the gravitational direction.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt includes a thermoplastic resin and a fibrous material. The fibrous material has an orientation angle Fa of from 5° to 30° in a direction perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the intermediate transfer belt.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an intermediate transfer body rotated in a rotating direction, downstream and upstream image forming sections, and a transfer unit. The downstream image forming section includes image forming units transferring toner images onto the intermediate transfer body and arranged so that lightness of toners reduces toward a downstream side along the rotating direction. The upstream image forming section includes at least one image forming unit using a toner and transferring a toner image onto the intermediate transfer body. The transfer unit transfers the toner images. When a volume mean diameter of the toner of the at least one image forming unit of the upstream image forming section is Dt and a largest volume mean diameter out of volume mean diameters of the toners used in the image forming units of the downstream image forming section is Dmax, Dt>Dmax.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a toner image forming unit, an intermediary transfer member, a first driving source, a second driving portion, a speed instruction value changing portion, an executing portion for executing an operation in a detecting mode in a first detection period in a first state and in a second detection period in a second state larger in frictional force than in the first state, and a setting portion. In each of the first and second detection periods, the speed instruction value of the second driving source is set at a fixed value and the speed instruction value of the first driving source is successively changed to different values, and the setting portion sets the speed instruction value of the first driving source used during the image formation on the basis of a detection result in the detecting mode.

Abstract: An electrophotographic member includes a rubber layer having a lightness of 15 or less and including a marked portion formed so as to have a depth of 35 ?m or more and 100 ?m or less, a fluorine-based resin layer having a light transmittance of 60% or more, and an adhesive layer disposed between the rubber layer and the fluorine-based resin layer. The adhesive layer has a lightness of 60 or more and has a thickness of 3 ?m or more and 10 ?m or less in a portion surrounding the marked portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: an intermediate transfer belt to which a toner image is transferred in a primary transfer process; a transfer roller configured to transfer the toner image onto a long paper sheet in a secondary transfer process by following rotation of the intermediate transfer belt when pressed by the intermediate transfer belt; and a fixing device configured to fix the toner image transferred in the secondary transfer process by the transfer roller, onto the paper sheet; a temperature estimating unit; and a speed control unit, wherein the fixing device includes: a heating conveyance roller provided on a lower surface side of the paper sheet; and a fixing roller provided on an upper surface side of the paper sheet, the fixing roller facing the heating conveyance roller.

Abstract: An image forming system includes: an image forming apparatus that forms an image on a sheet; one or more sheet carrying devices successively disposed on the downstream side of the image forming apparatus; and a control device that controls the image forming apparatus and the one or more sheet carrying devices based on a job that designates a page configuration containing a page order and sheet types, wherein the sheet carrying device includes a bypass conveyance path along which the sheet output from an upstream device is conveyed toward a downstream device, and a sheet tray unit that temporarily stores the sheet output from the upstream device and discharges the sheet toward the bypass conveyance path, and the control device divides the job into sheet types and determines a printing order of the divided sheet types and sheet types to be stored in the sheet carrying device.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus having a part of a current detecting circuit configured to detect current to a heater in a fixing unit so that a main body of the image forming apparatus may have one configuration for 100 V and 200 V and provides an equal resolution of current detection for an apparatus for 100 V and an apparatus for 200 V.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a fixing device includes a fixing belt, a press roller, a nip pad and a friction reducing member. The fixing belt is endless. The press roller is arranged on an outer peripheral side of the fixing belt. The nip pad is arranged on an inner peripheral side of the fixing belt and faces the press roller through the fixing belt. The friction reducing member is sandwiched between the nip pad and the fixing belt. A thermal conductivity of the friction reducing member is larger than a thermal conductivity of the nip pad.

Abstract: A fixing device includes an endless belt, a heat source, a nip member, and a backup member. The endless belt has an inner surface. The nip member has a contact surface slidably contacting the inner surface. The nip member is configured to be heated by the heat source. The backup member is configured to pinch the endless belt in cooperation with the nip member while the backup member rotates together with endless belt. The contact surface includes a first portion receiving urging force from the backup member and a second portion other than the first portion. At least a part of the first portion is coated by a first material providing a slidability higher than that of the nip member. The second portion includes a region uncoated with the first material.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a pressure applying unit that is provided facing a heating unit. The pressure applying unit includes an endless belt-shaped member that rotates by being driven by rotation of the heating unit, and a retainer that retains the endless belt-shaped member in a movable manner. The retainer has an upstream adjuster that is located at an upstream side of the endless belt-shaped member in a rotational direction thereof and that has a curved shape with a center, in a longitudinal direction of the retainer, which is a most bulging area from which the upstream adjuster decreases in height toward opposite ends of the upstream adjuster.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming portion configured to form a toner image. The image forming portion includes: a photosensitive body; a charging device; an exposure device; a toner supply device; and a transfer device. A continuously printed amount, which has been attained by the image forming portion while the image forming portion has formed toner images continuously with a time interval between every two successive image-forming timings having a length shorter than or equal to a prescribed length, is determined. A charging voltage to be applied to the charging device is set based on a sum of a reference charging voltage and a correction value, the reference charging voltage being determined based on a target surface potential of the photosensitive body, the correction value being determined based on the continuously printed amount.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a first roller having an elastic part; a second roller configured to form a nip between the first roller and the second roller; a holding member configured to hold the second roller; and a control section configured to control the position of the holding member such that the center distance between the first roller and the second roller is maintained at a constant value when a sheet passes through the nip.

Abstract: A transmission unit transmits an ultrasonic wave by a drive signal being supplied to two terminals. A reception unit receives the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmission unit and to output a reception signal from two terminals in accordance with the received ultrasonic wave. A change unit changes a determination scheme for determining a type of a recording medium, based on information indicating a relation between a polar character of the transmission unit and a polar character of the reception unit, the information having been acquired from the reception signal.

Abstract: A control device drives a main driving device among driving devices each used to discharge recording material from a recording material container. A malfunction detector detects malfunction of the main driving device. When the malfunction detector has detected the malfunction, a recording material amount setting unit sets information indicating an amount of the recording material in the recording material container connected to the main driving device to a first value. A main driving device switching unit stops, when an amount of the recording material in the recording material container connected to the main driving device is the first value, driving the main driving device and then, when the driving devices other than the main driving device include one driving device having a recording material container connected thereto that contains a recording material an amount of which exceeds the first value, switches the main driving device to the one driving device.

Abstract: A sheet stacking apparatus includes a body, a stacking portion which a sheet is stacked, a width regulating portion configured to move between a first position and a second position closer to a center of the stacking portion in a width direction orthogonal to a sheet feeding direction than the first position, and including a regulating surface configured to regulate a position, in the width direction, of the sheet stacked on the stacking portion, and a supporting portion pivotably supporting the stacking portion. The supporting portion is disposed on the body and closer to the center of the stacking portion in the width direction, than the regulating surface of the width regulating portion positioned at the first position.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a sheet post-processing apparatus includes a standby unit, a processing unit, and a discharge unit. The standby unit puts a sheet on standby. The processing unit is disposed below the standby unit. The processing unit includes a conveyance reference plane, a distance between which and a conveyance reference plane for the sheet in the standby unit changes to decrease from an upstream side toward a downstream side in a conveying direction of the sheet. The processing unit processes the sheet supplied from the standby unit. The discharge unit is disposed on the downstream side in the conveying direction of each of the standby unit and the processing unit. The discharge unit is provided with an opening section for causing the sheet discharged from the standby unit or the processing unit to pass.

Abstract: Printing systems and methods for conditioning a recording medium are described. For example, to condition the recording medium, a property of a coating substance to be applied to the recording medium, such as the composition of the coating substance can be adjusted. Further, the quantity of the coating substance to be applied to the recording medium can be adjusted. The quality of a printed image created by the printing system can be improved by adjusting the property and/or the quantity of the coating substance.

Abstract: A photoreceptor drum unit is provided with a cylindrical photoreceptor drum, and two end members which are respectively disposed at both ends of the photoreceptor drum in an axial direction. One of the end members is provided with an elastic member, is biased in the axial direction, and is extendable and contractable. The other of the end members is provided with a cylindrical bearing member and a shaft member held in the bearing member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrier, a drive mechanism, a rotating member, an urging member, and a retracting system. The retracting system includes first and second retracting mechanisms. The first retracting mechanism includes a first gap-maintaining member that maintains a gap between the image carrier and the rotating member, and cancels the retracted state at one end in an axial direction by moving the first gap-maintaining member and cancelling a gap-maintaining state established by the first gap-maintaining member. The second retracting mechanism includes a second gap-maintaining member that maintains a gap between the image carrier and the rotating member, and cancels the retracted state at the other end by enabling the rotating member to be rotated by the image carrier, moving the second gap-maintaining member, and cancelling a gap-maintaining state established by the second gap-maintaining member.

Abstract: A transfer-section contamination prevention device includes: a powder housing section that is disposed on an upstream side relative to a transfer section in a sheet conveyance direction, and is capable of holding powder at a position near an end portion of a sheet in a sheet width direction orthogonal to the sheet conveyance direction or capable of guiding the powder to the position near the end portion of the sheet, the sheet including a base material layer, a release layer and an adhesive layer containing adhesive agent disposed between the base material layer and the release layer, the transfer section being configured to transfer a toner image to the sheet; and a powder adhesion facilitation section configured to facilitate adhesion of the powder to the lateral end portion of the sheet from the powder housing section.

Abstract: A multilayered blade made of an elastic material includes an edge layer, having a contact edge to contact an object, and at least one backup layer laminated on the edge layer. The blade has a converted loss tangent tan ? of 0.23 or greater and 0.51 or smaller in a temperature range of from 0° C. to 50° C. The converted loss tangent tan ? is defined as: X = A A + B × L 1 + B A + B × L 2 , where X represents the converted loss tangent tan ?, A represents a thickness in millimeters of the edge layer, B represents a thickness in millimeters of the at least one backup layer, L1 represents a variation of a loss tangent tan ? of the edge layer in the temperature range of from 0° C. to 50° C., and L2 represents a variation of a loss tangent tan ? of the at least one backup layer in the temperature range of from 0° C. to 50° C.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a main assembly provided with an opening; a drawer movable while supporting an cartridge including a photosensitive drum between an inside position and an outside position; an optical unit in the main assembly to project light onto the drum a shutter member provided in the main assembly and movable between a closing position and an open position an operating portion to move the shutter member from the open position to the closing position in a process of movement of the drawer from the inside position to the outside position and to move the shutter member from the closing position to the open position in a process of movement of the drawer from the outside position to the inside position.

Abstract: A modification for an imaging cartridge is provided for use with certain aftermarket or non-OEM cartridge drive mechanisms. At least one wall of a cartridge guiding member is removed to increase a clearance between the guiding member and the cartridge drive mechanism.

Abstract: The scanning optical device (6) includes a light source, a deflector (30) configured to rotate on a horizontal surface around a rotating shaft extending in a vertical direction and an optical box (50) in which the light source, the deflector (30), and the optical components groups (40) are housed and supported by the frame (60). A heat sink (36) is disposed between the deflector (30) and the frame (60). A first protrusion (37) extending on an extension line of the rotating shaft of the deflector (30) is formed in the heat sink (36). A first engaging hole (61) with which the first protrusion (37) engages is formed in the frame (60).

Abstract: The present invention can realize both a transmission type and a reflection type, and provides a holographic microscope which can exceed the resolution of the conventional optical microscope, a hologram data acquisition method for a high-resolution image, and a high-resolution hologram image reconstruction method. In-line spherical wave reference light (L) is recorded in a hologram (ILR) using spherical wave reference light (R), and an object light (Oj) and an illumination light (Qj) are recorded in a hologram (IjOQR) using a spherical wave reference light (R) by illuminating the object with an illumination light (Qj, j=1, . . . , N) which is changed its incident direction. From those holograms, a hologram (JjOQL), from which the component of the reference light (R) is removed, is generated, and from the hologram, a light wave (hj) is generated.

Abstract: A device that creates visible light in space comprises of a light source and optics system that result in irradiated visible spectrum light rays with a low intensity such that the light is not visible by the normal observer. Multiple rays of visible-spectrum low-intensity non-visible light intersect. When the constructive intensity of the intersecting light is above the threshold for being visible then light appears at that place. The light rays to and from the visible light remain non-visible. The addition of irradiated visible light results in additional visual effects. The visible light can be moved in space, and form multi-dimensional images and holograms. User and programmable controls, with communication abilities and data storage, can mediate the light source and optics to control the visible image.

Abstract: An exemplary mechanical watch has a face including an indicator of current time and one or more indicators of physical activity of a wearer of the mechanical watch. The watch further includes a mainspring to store energy and transfer the energy to a balance wheel and gear train to measure the passage of time, a rotor to rotate about a pivot point in response to movements of a wrist of the wearer of the mechanical watch, a rotor gear coupled to the rotor, and an activity-tracking wheel coupled to one of the one or more indicators of physical activity. Movement of the rotor causes the rotor gear to translate the movement of the rotor into winding of the mainspring and into an indication of physical activity of a wearer of the mechanical watch by causing or controlling rotation of the activity-tracking wheel.

Abstract: A micro push-button assembly includes a pin which has a head, a shoulder, a neck and a chamfer at the distal end. Other elements include a spring, a washer, and a seal. This unitized push-button assembly has two opposing ends each with distinct functionalities. One end of the assembly includes means extending above the head for press-in captivation with an exterior button while the other end has means for press in captivation with a support member such as a wrist watch chassis. The assembly is provided to the watch manufacturer as a pre-assembled unit with the spring and seal already set onto the operating pin. The final press-fit assembly can be accomplished by hand.

Abstract: An electronic device has a housing and a rotatable and translatable input mechanism. The housing has an aperture and the rotatable and translatable input mechanism has a shaft positioned at least partially within the aperture and a manipulation structure coupled to the shaft. The manipulation structure may be manipulated to rotationally and translationally move the shaft to provide rotational and translational input to the electronic device. A compressible seal is positioned in a gap between the housing and the rotatable and translatable input mechanism. The compressible seal may resist and/or prevent passage of contaminants into the aperture and/or obscure one or more internal components. The compressible seal may be configured to collapse or bend when the rotatable and translatable member translates.

Abstract: An electronic device has a reception device; a display device; an input device; a display controller that controls the display device to display the set time zone data when a first operation of the input device instructing displaying time zone data is detected; a positioning driver that operates the reception device to run a reception process and acquire positioning information when a second operation of the input device instructing starting reception in the navigation mode is detected while time zone data is displayed on the display device; and a time zone setter that sets time zone data based on the acquired positioning information.

Abstract: The fixed-time reception control section carries out the reception process at first time to acquire first reception time data and compares the acquired first reception time data with the internal time. When a difference in time between the first reception time data and the internal time is greater than or equal to a first threshold, the fixed-time reception control section carries out the reception process at second time different from the first time to acquire second reception time data. The time correction section compares the acquired second reception time data with the internal time and corrects the internal time based on the second reception time data when a difference in time between the second reception time data and the internal time is smaller than a second threshold.

Abstract: An electronic timepiece has a reception unit that receives satellite signals; a power supply including a battery; a remaining battery capacity detector that detects the remaining battery capacity of the power supply; an interface member; a timekeeping reception controller; and a positioning reception controller. If the user performs a positioning reception operation, the positioning reception controller does not execute a positioning reception process if the remaining battery capacity is less than a first threshold. If the timekeeping reception operation is performed, the timekeeping reception controller executes a timekeeping reception process if the remaining battery capacity is less than the first threshold.

Abstract: A display device and a method for regulating a viewing angle of a display device are provided and can realize the automatic regulation of angle.

Abstract: When printing 3D objects designed by a particular designer, authentication information such as a serial number and a digital signature of the designer are inserted into a CAD file for printing the object. The authentication information is represented as physical structures in or on the 3D-printed object. The physical structures (e.g., pits, cavities of one or more shapes, etc.) can be detected by a scanner (e.g., an ultrasound or the like), and the detected authentication information can be transmitted to an authentication server that determines the authenticity of the 3D-printed object and transmits the authenticity determination to a user.