Abstract: A stainless steel material having compositions which contain on the basis of percent by mass, C from 0.04 to 0.12%, Ni from 0 (including a case of no addition) to 5.0%, Cr from 12.0 to 17.0%, N from 0.0 to 0.10%, Si from 0.2 to 2.0%, Mn at 2.0% or less, Cu from 0.0 to 2.0%, P at 0.06% or less, S at 0.006% or less, with residue being Fe and unavoidable impurities. Further, a parent phase has any one of a single phase structure of ferrite phase or martensite phase and a diploid phase structure of ferrite phase and martensite phase. An end of the base material is melt-welded as a joint to form a pipe. The parent phase is provided with carbide uniformly separated at grain boundaries and within grains, with a dissolved amount of C being 0.03% by mass or less.

Abstract: A welding method includes the following steps: (a) determining a martensite tempering temperature of the at least two workpieces based, at least in part, on the chemical composition and microstructure of the woworkpieces; (b) applying sufficient energy to the workpieces to melt the workpieces at a target location, thereby creating a weld pool; (c) determining, via the control module, a target temperature and cooling range of a coolant and cooling range based, at least in part, on the martensite tempering temperature and HAZ width; and (d) cooling the first and second workpieces with the coolant such that a temperature of the workpieces at heat-affected zones is controlled below the martensite tempering temperature in order to minimize softening at the heat-affected zones. The present invention also relates to a welding system for minimizing HAZ softening.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuous annealing of a strip comprises: a first heating zone configured to firstly heat a strip; a first cooling or constant temperature maintaining zone configured to cool the strip firstly heated in the first heating zone or to maintain the strip at a constant temperature; a second heating and soaking zone configured to secondarily heat and soak the strip cooled or remaining at the constant temperature in the first cooling or constant temperature maintaining zone; and a second cooling zone configured to cool the strip heated and soaked in the second heating and soaking zone.

Abstract: A device for additive manufacturing of an object. The device includes: a first probe configured to form the object; and a work-hardening second probe, where the work-hardening second probe is an ultrasonic probe, and further where the second probe is configured to emit ultrasonic energy to modify a substructure of the object during manufacture; wherein the first probe is configured to increase a temperature of at least a portion of a first layer of the object facing the first probe, to a first depth; and wherein the second probe is configured to work-harden the at least a portion of the first layer of the object facing the first probe, to a second depth, the second depth being greater than the first depth.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing metal oxide(s) by sulfatizing a sulfide-free ore and/or concentrate comprising the steps of providing a sulfide-free ore and/or concentrate comprising sulfide-free mineral(s); and contacting the sulfide-free ore and/or concentrate with gaseous SO3 for sulfatizing the sulfide-free mineral(s) thereby forming metal sulfate(s) and metal oxide(s).

Abstract: A method of selectively leaching a metal such as nickel from an ore or ore processing intermediate comprising the metal and cobalt. The ore or ore processing intermediate is contacted with an acidic leach solution comprising an amount of an oxidising agent sufficient to oxidise a major portion of the cobalt to thereby cause it to be stabilised in the solid phase while a major portion of the metal is dissolved for subsequent recovery.

Abstract: Provided are a method for crushing hard tungsten carbide (WC) scraps which is a pre-step of alkaline leaching and acid leaching processes for recycling of tungsten and cobalt, the method including mixing hard tungsten carbide (WC) scraps such as chips, wires, bolts, drills, etc., that are metalworking tools to be discarded after being used, with aluminum, followed by heating to a high temperature, to form an intermetallic compound, metal oxides, or mixtures thereof in a sponge form, and crushing the intermetallic compound, the metal oxides, or the mixtures thereof in a sponge form.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy used for a die casting process and a method for casting the aluminum alloy are provided. The aluminum alloy exhibits excellent internal quality, high elongation, and high strength. The aluminum alloy includes 6.0 to 9.0 mass % of Si, 0.4 to 0.8 mass % of Mg, 0.25 to 1.0 mass % of Cu, 0.08 to 0.25 mass % of Fe, 0.6 mass % or less of Mn, 0.2 mass % or less of Ti, and 0.01 mass % or less of one element selected from the group consisting of Sr, Sb, Ca, and Na, with the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: The invention relates to a martensitic stainless steel for plastic forming moulds requiring a high hardness and a good corrosion resistance. The stainless steel consists of in weight % (wt. %): C 0.56-0.82, N 0.08-0.25, C+N 0.60-1.0, Si 1.05-2.0, Mn 0.2-1.0, Cr 12-16, Mo 0.1-0.8, V 0.10-0.45, Al?0.3, P?0.05, S?0.5, optional elements, and balance Fe impurities.

Abstract: Provided is a rail vehicle axle having an excellent fatigue limit and notch factor. A rail vehicle axle according to the present embodiment has a chemical composition consisting of, in mass %, C: 0.20 to 0.35%, Si: 0.20 to 0.65%, Mn: 0.40 to 1.20%, P: 0.020% or less, S: 0.020% or less, Cu: 0 to 0.30%, Ni: 0 to 0.30%, Cr: 0 to 0.30%, Mo: 0 to 0.08%, Al: 0 to 0.100%, N: 0.0200% or less, V: 0 to 0.060%, and Ti: 0 to 0.020%, with the balance being Fe and impurities, and satisfying Formulae (1) and (2): 0.58?C+Si/8+Mn/5+Cu/10+Cr/4+V?0.67??(1) Si+0.9Cr?0.50??(2) where, each element symbol in Formulae (1) and (2) is substituted by the content (mass %) of a corresponding element.

Abstract: A welded joint is obtained by using a welding material having a composition: Cr: 15.0 to 30.0%; and Ni: 40.0 to 70.0%, including: a base material having a composition: C: 0.03 to 0.075%; Si: 0.6 to 2.0%; Mn: 0.05 to 2.5%; P: up to 0.04%; S: up to 0.015%; Cr: more than 16.0% and less than 23.0%; Ni: not less than 20.0% and less than 30.0%; Cu: 0.5 to 10.0%; Mo: less than 1%; Al: up to 0.15%; N: 0.005 to 0.20%; O: up to 0.02%; Ca: 0 to 0.1%; REM: 0 to 0.15%; V: not less than 0% and less than 0.5%; and Nb: 0 to 2%, a balance being Fe and impurities and a first-layer weld metal including Fe content from 10 to 40%, all % by mass.

Abstract: Exposing nitinol to a shape setting temperature while the nitinol is in an unstrained or minimally strained condition. The nitinol is then substantially deformed in shape while at elevated temperature. After deformation, the nitinol remains at the elevated temperature for a time to shape set the material. The nitinol is then returned to approximately room temperature 20° C. by means of water quenching or air cooling for example.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing an aluminum-copper-iron quasicrystal and silicon carbide mixed reinforced aluminum matrix composite, where the aluminum-copper-iron quasicrystal and silicon carbide mixed reinforced aluminum matrix composite is prepared with an aluminum alloy serving as a matrix and with aluminum-copper-iron quasicrystal and silicon carbide serving as reinforcement agents via smelting in an intermediate-frequency induction melting furnace through the process of intermediate-frequency induction heating, vacuumizing, bottom blowing argon, and casting molding in view of low hardness and low tensile strength of aluminum matrix materials. The prepared aluminum-copper-iron quasicrystal and silicon carbide mixed reinforced aluminum matrix composite has a hardness of 80.3 HB which is improved by 50.64% and tensile strength of 285 Mpa which is improved by 60.42%, and corrosion resistance thereof is improved by 40%.

Abstract: To provide an aluminum alloy plastic worked article in which an aluminum texture state having preferable corrosion resistance and preferable mechanical characteristics in terms of, for example, the strength, the proof stress, and the elongation is formed. In an aluminum alloy plastic worked article including a plastic worked portion which is formed of a thinned portion 22 formed by plastic working and rib portions 21 formed at two ends of this thinned portion 22 and which has an approximately H-shaped or U-shaped cross-section, the plastic worked portion is a plastic worked portion 2 having strain portions 23 in each of which an equivalent strain of up to 4.

Abstract: Described herein are novel aluminum-containing alloys. The alloys are highly formable, exhibit high strength and corrosion resistance, and are recyclable. The alloys can be used in electronics, transportation, industrial, and automotive applications, just to name a few. Also described herein are methods for producing metal ingots and products obtained by the methods.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing an aluminium alloy product including the steps of: creating a bath of liquid metal in an aluminium-copper-lithium alloy, casting said alloy by vertical semi-continuous casting so as to obtain a plate with thickness T and width W such that, during solidification, the hydrogen content of said liquid metal bath (1) is lower than 0.4 ml/100 g, the oxygen content above the liquid surface (14, 15) is less than 0.5% by volume.

Abstract: This invention provides a high-strength and high-toughness metal which has strength and toughness each high enough to be put to practical use in expanded applications of magnesium alloys, and a process for producing the same. The high-strength and high-toughness metal is a magnesium alloy comprising a crystal structure containing an hcp-structure magnesium phase and a long-period layered structure phase. At least a part of the long-period layered structure phase is in a curved or flexed state. The magnesium alloy comprises a atomic % of Zn and b atomic % of Gd with the balance consisting of Mg.

Abstract: Aluminum can be used as a fuel source when reacted with water if its native surrounding oxide coating is penetrated with a gallium-based eutectic. When discrete aluminum objects are treated in a heated bath of eutectic, the eutectic penetrates the oxide coating. After the aluminum objects are treated, the aluminum objects can be reacted in a reactor to produce hydrogen which can, for example, react with oxygen in a fuel cell to produce electricity, for use in a variety of applications.

Abstract: The present invention is provided with: a duct of which one end interconnects to a wiping nozzle (22, 23) and the other end is open; a first valve (17) that controls the actual gas pressure (P1?) of the wiping nozzle (22, 23); a second valve (18) that controls the gas flow rate (Q2) dissipating to outside the system from another branched duct; a wiping pressure setting unit (11) that sets the set gas pressure (P1) of the wiping nozzle (22, 23); a first valve aperture setter (13) that sets the valve aperture of the first valve (17); a second valve aperture setter (14) that sets the valve aperture of the second valve (18); and a computation processing unit (12) that presents to the first valve aperture setter (13) the valve aperture at which the gas pressure (P1?) matches a set gas pressure (P1), and presents to the second valve aperture setter (14) the valve aperture at which the total gas flow rate (QT) supplied from a gas supply device (15) becomes uniform.

Abstract: Provided are: a high-strength steel sheet which is improved in both elongation and local formability and thus exhibits excellent workability; and a manufacturing method thereof. The high-strength steel sheet contains C, Si, Mn, Al, P and S with the remainder including iron and unavoidable impurities, and has a metal structure which includes polygonal ferrite, bainite, tempered martensite, and retained austenite. In the metal structure, (1) the bainite has a composite microstructure including both a high-temperature-formed bainite having an average distance between adjacent regions of retained austenite and/or carbide of 1 ?m or more and a low-temperature-formed bainite having an average distance between adjacent regions of retained austenite and/or carbide of less than 1 ?m each identified upon observation with a scanning electron microscope; and (2) the retained austenite is present in a volume percentage of 5% or more of the entire metal structure as determined by a saturation magnetization measurement.

Abstract: An air seal for use in a gas turbine engine. The seal includes a thermally sprayed abradable seal layer. The abradable material is composed of aluminum powder forming a metal matrix, and co-deposited methyl methacrylate particles and/or hexagonal boron nitride particles embedded as filler in the metal matrix.

Abstract: A material blend for deposition of an abrasion-resistant overlay onto a metal substrate comprising a first metal particle component, a second metal particle component, and a carbide particle component and a method for the application thereof, wherein the overlay process conditions and the homogeneity of tungsten carbide distribution in the overlay are improved.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a vacuum evaporation device, including: a substrate driving mechanism for supporting and moving a substrate; a first mask plate driving mechanism for supporting and moving a first mask plate located below the substrate; a second mask plate driving mechanism for supporting and moving a second mask plate located below the first mask plate, the second mask plate driving mechanism cooperating with the first mask plate driving mechanism so as to change an overlapping state of mask plate pattern regions of the first mask plate and the second mask plate; and an evaporation source located below the second mask plate.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide methods and apparatus for monitoring film properties on a substrate in-situ. In one embodiment, a deposition system is provided. The deposition system includes at least two deposition chambers, and a patterned mask designed specifically for each of the deposition chambers, wherein a first mask of the patterned masks has a first opening formed therethrough outside of a pattern formed thereon, and a second mask of the patterned masks has a first opening formed therethrough outside of a pattern formed thereon, the first opening of the second mask having a position on the second mask that is different than a position of the first opening on the first mask.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide an evaporation source device and an evaporation apparatus. The evaporation source device includes: a crucible having an opening, configured for accommodating a material; a stirring unit, configured for stirring the material in the crucible; and a driving unit, configured for driving the stirring unit to rotate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Zn—Mg alloy-coated steel sheet with excellent blackening resistance and excellent coating adhesion and to a method for manufacturing same. Provided are a Zn—Mg alloy-coated steel sheet with excellent blackening resistance and excellent adhesion and a method for manufacturing same, the steel sheet comprising: a substrate steel sheet; a Zn—Fe intermetallic compound layer formed on the substrate steel sheet; a first Zn—Mg coating layer formed on the Zn—Fe intermetallic compound layer and comprising a Zn—Fe intermetallic compound in which the content of Zn is 95% by weight or higher; a second Zn—Mg coating layer formed on the first Zn—Mg coating layer and comprising a Zn—Mg intermetallic compound in which the content of Zn is 80 to 95% by weight; and an oxide film formed on the second. Zn—Mg coating layer and comprising a metallic oxide.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for aligning large susceptors in batch processing chambers are described. Apparatus and methods for controlling the parallelism of a susceptor relative to a gas distribution assembly are also described.

Abstract: A film forming apparatus includes: a mounting table that is lifted/lowered between a processing location and a delivery location below the processing location; an encompassing member for encompassing the mounting table positioned at the processing location and to divide an inside of a processing container into a processing space of an upper space and a space of a lower side; an exhaust part for evacuating the inside of the processing container through the processing space; a purge gas supply unit configured to supply a purge gas to the lower side space; a clamp ring stacked on an upper surface of the encompassing member when the mounting table is positioned at the delivery location; and a guiding part formed at the encompassing member to be extended between an upper side of the mounting table and a lower side of the clamp ring and to guide a flow of the purge gas.

Abstract: A plating method includes: providing a work piece which is metal or non-metal; forming a printed layer on a predetermined region of a surface of the work piece through printing electrical conductive material on the predetermined region; forming a plated layer through plating the printed layer and the surface of the work piece.

Abstract: Provided is an article having a metal oxide coating employing a novel configuration exhibiting both color and metallic luster. The article having a metal oxide coating disclosed herein is provided with a base material including a metal material and a metal oxide coating including a metal oxide coated onto the surface of the base material. The metal oxide coating is formed by polishing the surface of the base material, using particles composed of the metal oxide.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide, producing a first product which may include carbon monoxide or an alkli metal formate. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a sulfur-based reactant and producing a second product including oxygen and sulfur dioxide. Further, the method may include a step for introducing the separated oxygen from second region of the electrochemical cell with a hydrogen sulfide stream in a catalyst reactor bed, converting the hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: A method for the operation of an SOEC stack reactor (Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell), according to which, in the absence of electricity, synthesis gas H2+CO or a mixture H2+CO2 is injected at the cathode inlet of the reactor in such a way as to produce methane inside the reactor. Since the catalytic methanation reaction is exothermic, the stack reactor can therefore be held at temperature, without loss of fuel. The fuel used for the methanation (synthesis gas or hydrogen) can advantageously be that which has been previously produced during the operating phases with available electricity.

Abstract: A method and system for producing carbon dioxide and electricity from a gaseous hydrocarbon feed using a solid oxide fuel cell, a water-gas shift reactor and a reformer.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electrochemical cell includes an anode, a cathode and an electrolytic membrane interposed therebetween. At least one of the anode and the cathode is formed of an integral solid conductive plate and includes a first surface in contact with the electrolytic membrane and a second surface apart from the first surface in a thickness direction. The at least one of the anode and the cathode includes a plurality of first pores opened in the first surface and a plurality of second pores opened in the second surface, the second pores communicating with a part of the first pores. The first pores are smaller than the second pores, and the concentration of pores in the first surface is higher than that in the second surface.

Abstract: A photoanode, photochemical cell and methods of making are disclosed. The photoanode includes an electrode at least partially formed of hematite and having a surface doped with at least one of nickel, cobalt and manganese. The electrode surface may be doped with nickel. The surface may be doped with cobalt. The electrode surface may be doped with manganese. An aqueous solution may surround the photoanode and a cathode, the photoanode being configured to generate holes upon light absorption and the cathode being configured to emit electrons to the aqueous solution. A voltage source may be electrically coupled between the photoanode and the cathode.

Abstract: Disclosed are cathodes comprising a conductive support substrate having a catalyst coating including Ni5P4 nanocrystals. The conductive support substrate is capable of incorporating a material to be reduced, such as water or hydrogen cations. Also disclosed are methods for generating hydrogen gas from water via an electrolysis reaction or from the reduction of hydrogen cations, wherein the catalyst is part of a conductive support within a cathode, including (a) placing an anode and the inventive cathode in an electrolyte, (b) placing the anode and cathode in conductive contact with an external source of electricity, (c) providing a source of water to the cathode, and (d) using the external source of electricity to drive an electrolysis reaction at the cathode, whereby the hydrogen gas is generated from water. In certain embodiments, the reaction uses a free catalyst, wherein the catalyst is placed in proximity to the cathode.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process and system for recovery of one or more metal values using solution extraction techniques and to a system for metal value recovery. In an exemplary embodiment, the solution extraction system comprises a first solution extraction circuit and a second solution extraction circuit. A first metal-bearing solution is provided to the first and second circuit, and a second metal-bearing solution is provided to the first circuit. The first circuit produces a first rich electrolyte solution, which can be forwarded to primary metal value recovery, and a low-grade raffinate, which is forwarded to secondary metal value recovery. The second circuit produces a second rich electrolyte solution, which is also forwarded to primary metal value recovery. The first and second solution extraction circuits have independent organic phases and each circuit can operate independently of the other circuit.

Abstract: A process for superimposing AC over DC, which feeds a group of electrolytic cells for electrowinning or electrorefining copper and other products, characterized by (a) incorporating an inductor which is connected between the terminals of two consecutive middle cells of the group of electrolytic cells, wherein the inductor functions are to act as a filter for the AC and as conducting means for the DC; (b) incorporating a capacitor connected in parallel to the original DC source, wherein the capacitor functions are to act as conducting means for the AC and as a filter for the DC; and (c) incorporating an AC source connected to the terminals of an inductor installed in the middle point of the group of electrolytic cells.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and apparatus for electroplating metal into recessed features. The techniques described herein utilize a polarization stabilizer compound to increase the stability of polarization at the substrate-electrolyte interface over time. Polarization stabilizers minimize changes in polarization to achieve improved plating results for a single substrate, and more uniform plating results over the course of several substrates. Furthermore, the polarization stabilizers discussed herein may be used to extend the lifetime of a particular electrolyte, thereby reducing manufacturing costs.

Abstract: An electrodeposited nano-twins copper layer, a method of fabricating the same, and a substrate comprising the same are disclosed. According to the present invention, at least 50% in volume of the electrodeposited nano-twins copper layer comprises plural grains adjacent to each other, wherein the said grains are made of stacked twins, the angle of the stacking directions of the nano-twins between one grain and the neighboring grain is between 0 to 20 degrees. The electrodeposited nano-twins copper layer of the present invention is highly reliable with excellent electro-migration resistance, hardness, and Young's modulus. Its manufacturing method is also fully compatible to semiconductor process.

Abstract: Electric potential, current density, agitation, and deposition rate are controlled to deposit metal alloys, such as tin based solder alloys or magnetic alloys, with minimal variations in the weight ratios of alloying metals at different locations within the deposited metal alloy feature. Alternative embodiments include processes that form metal alloy features wherein the variation in weight ratio of alloying metals within the feature is not necessarily minimized, but is controlled to provide a desired variation. In addition to metal alloys, alternative embodiments include processes for improving the deposition of single metal features.

Abstract: Nanofluidic passages such as nanochannels and nanopores are closed or opened in a controlled manner through the use of a feedback system. An oxide layer is grown or removed within a passage in the presence of an electrolyte until the passage reaches selected dimensions or is closed. The change in dimensions of the nanofluidic passage is measured during fabrication. The ionic current level through the passage can be used to determine passage dimensions. Fluid flow through an array of fluidic elements can be controlled by selective oxidation of fluidic passages between elements.

Abstract: Nanofluidic passages such as nanochannels and nanopores are closed or opened in a controlled manner through the use of a feedback system. An oxide layer is grown or removed within a passage in the presence of an electrolyte until the passage reaches selected dimensions or is closed. The change in dimensions of the nanofluidic passage is measured during fabrication. The ionic current level through the passage can be used to determine passage dimensions. Fluid flow through an array of fluidic elements can be controlled by selective oxidation of fluidic passages between elements.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for forming a ceramic, metal, or cermet includes: providing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a first material to a device including an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) chamber; applying a voltage difference across a first electrode and a second electrode of the device; electrophoretically depositing the first material above the first electrode to form a first layer; introducing a second solution including a second solvent and a second material to the EPD chamber; applying a voltage difference across the first electrode and the second electrode; and electrophoretically depositing the second material above the first electrode to form a second layer. The first layer has a first composition, a first microstructure, and a first density, while the second layer has a second composition, a second microstructure, and a second density. At least one of the foregoing features of the first and second layers are different.

Abstract: It is used a crucible containing a flux and a source material, a reaction vessel containing the crucible, an intermediate vessel containing the reaction vessel, and a pressure vessel containing the intermediate vessel and used to fill a gas comprising at least a nitrogen atom. When the flux and the source material are melted by heating to grow the nitride crystal, a vapor of an organic compound is provided in a space outside of the reaction vessel and inside of the intermediate vessel.

Abstract: A molecular beam epitaxy apparatus includes a radical generator for generating a radical species, a molecular beam cell for generating a molecular beam or an atomic beam, and a vacuum chamber for accommodating a substrate therein, in use, the substrate being irradiated with the radical species and the molecular beam or the atomic beam in vacuum, to thereby form, on the substrate, a crystal of a compound derived from the element of the radical species and the element of the molecular beam or the atomic beam.

Abstract: An approach for heating a susceptor during an epitaxial growth process of semiconductor layers in an epitaxial growth chamber is described. A main heating unit heats a region of the susceptor supporting a wafer. An auxiliary heating unit supports the main heating unit in heating the susceptor when the temperature distribution over the surface of the wafer fails to satisfy a target temperature distribution. The control unit monitors the temperature distribution over the surface of the wafer while the susceptor is heated by both the main heating unit and the auxiliary heating unit and adjusts at least one of a multitude of operating parameters for the auxiliary heating unit in response to determining that the temperature distribution over the surface of the wafer while the susceptor is heated by the main heating unit and the auxiliary heating unit is failing to satisfy the target temperature distribution.

Abstract: An epitaxy base including a substrate and a nucleating layer disposed on the substrate. The nucleating layer is an AlN layer with a single crystal structure. A diffraction pattern of the nucleating layer includes a plurality of dot patterns. Each of the dot patterns is substantially circular, and a ratio between lengths of any two diameters perpendicular to each other on each of the dot patterns ranges from approximately 0.9 to approximately 1.1. A semiconductor light emitting device, a manufacturing method of the epitaxy base, and a manufacturing method of the light emitting semiconductor device are further provided.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a silicon carbide epitaxial substrate includes: a step of placing a silicon carbide single crystal substrate within a chamber and reducing a pressure within the chamber; a step of increasing a temperature within the chamber to a first temperature; a step of introducing hydrogen gas into the chamber and adjusting the pressure within the chamber; a step of introducing hydrocarbon gas into the chamber; a substrate reforming step of increasing the temperature within the chamber to a second temperature and holding the temperature at the second temperature for a predetermined time, with the adjusted pressure within the chamber and a flow rate of the hydrogen gas being maintained and the hydrocarbon gas being introduced; and a step of growing an epitaxial layer on the silicon carbide single crystal substrate by introducing silane gas into the chamber with the second temperature being maintained.

Abstract: Coforming processes for commingling two or more separate materials, for example solid additives, for example fibers and/or particulates, and filaments, and equipment; namely, forming boxes, useful in such coforming processes and more particularly to coforming processes for commingling filaments with one or more fibers, such as pulp fibers, and forming boxes useful therein are provided.