Abstract: A system and method for sharing a communications link between multiple protocols is described. A system includes a communications interface configured to exchange information with other systems using at least one of a plurality of protocols; a protocol select register that stores a value that selects a protocol from among the plurality of protocols to become an active protocol; and a state machine accessible to the communications interface, the state machine used to control the exchange of information through the communications interface according to the active protocol. The active protocol is used by the communications interface to exchange information while the remaining protocols of the plurality of protocols remain inactive. The state machine sequences through a series of states that cause the communications interface to operate according to the active protocol, and that are designated as inert sequences under the remaining protocols.

Abstract: A latch circuit having a master latch and a slave latch includes a device used to short either the master latch or the slave latch. The device includes a transistor and a global control used to assert a signal, and is positioned to short an inverter of the master latch or the slave latch. When the signal is asserted by the global control, the inverter is shorted such that the output value of the inverter is the same as the input value. The assertion of the signal is facilitated by another device connected to the master latch and the slave latch that includes the global control and a transistor.

Abstract: A method for masking scan chains in a test circuit of an integrated circuit is disclosed. A test pattern to be fed into the test circuit of the integrated circuit is generated. The generated test pattern can be used for detecting a primary fault, one or more secondary faults, and one or more tertiary faults. A mask to mask the output of the scan chains of the test circuit is generated. If a condition is not met, a mask that increases the total number of detectable faults is generated. If the condition is met, a mask that protects the primary fault of the test pattern is generated.

Abstract: A network of storage units has a data path, which is at least a portion of the network. The network also has a dynamic time-varying or cycle-varying code generation unit and a code comparator unit that together make up an unlock signal generation unit; and a gateway storage unit. If the gateway storage unit does not store an unlock signal or the unlock signal generation unit does not generate and transmit an unlock signal, the gateway storage unit does not insert a data path segment in the data path. If the unlock signal generation unit is operated such that it generates an unlock signal, and it transmits that unlock signal to a gateway storage unit, and the gateway storage unit stores the unlock signal value, then the gateway storage unit inserts a data path segment into the data path.

Abstract: A sensor circuit for sensing a circuit change, e.g. circuit break, is described. It comprises a permanent or electro magnet for generating a magnetic field, a sensing system comprising one or more magnetic sensors configured for sensing an at least one dimensional magnetic field from the permanent magnet and for providing an output signal representative of said at least one dimensional magnetic field. The circuit also comprises a controller for detecting an event by comparing said output signal with reference data, said reference data comprising for at least one direction of said magnetic field a reference range having an upper boundary and a lower boundary wherein the upper boundary and lower boundary are magnetically unipolar.

Abstract: A system for monitoring characteristics of an energy storage device including the energy storage device, an optical fiber cable having a first end and a second end, the optical fiber cable embedded within the energy storage device, and a sensor interrogation system, the sensor interrogation system connected to at least one of the first end or second end of the optical fiber cable.

Abstract: A fuel gauge system for measuring the amount of current in a battery is provided. The fuel gauge system includes a first resistive element connected in series to the battery, a second resistive element connected in series to the first resistive element, a first switch connected in parallel to the second resistive element to control a current flowing in the second resistive element, a second switch connected in series to the second resistive element to control the current flowing in the second resistive element, a controller configured to output a first switching signal to the first switch and output a second switching signal to the second switch, and a fuel gauge circuit configured to measure a battery current flowing in the first resistive element and the second resistive element.

Abstract: An electronic battery sensor and a method for determining an internal resistance of a battery, including at least one first detector for detecting measured values, and a battery model for ascertaining the internal resistance. Each measured value includes simultaneous information concerning at least two corresponding measured variables, in particular battery current and battery voltage, and every two successive measured values represents a measuring pair. The battery sensor includes at least one selector which is configured for selecting from a specified number of measuring pairs at least one measuring pair as a selection pair, and for providing the selection pair to the battery model in order to ascertain the internal resistance, the number of measuring pairs being greater than the number of selection pairs.

Abstract: A battery state detection device detects a battery state and includes: a first permissible current calculating unit configured to calculate a first permissible current of a battery based on a voltage of the battery detected by a voltage detecting unit; a second permissible current calculating unit configured to calculate a second permissible current of the battery without using the voltage of the battery; and a correction unit configured to compare the first permissible current and the second permissible current and to perform a predetermined correction process on the basis of the comparison result.

Abstract: Handling to a subsequent step of cell examining/testing can be performed as keeping the same shape owing to that a sheet-shaped cell is alternately folded and an electrode terminal is inserted to a gap of the folded sheet-shaped cell, and test space can be saved by lessening a size of a testing device for a cell. A testing device for a sheet-shaped cell and a testing method for a sheet-shaped cell according to the present invention includes a folding unit that folds a sheet-shaped cell having electrode layers on both faces while alternately changing a folding direction, and a testing unit that performs a predetermined test as supplying power to electrode terminals in a state that the electrode terminals are inserted respectively to folded portions of the sheet-shaped cell.

Abstract: A method to determine if at least one electrochemical cell is in a late-life stage of a life of the at least one electrochemical cell is provided. the method includes monitoring a voltage of the at least one electrochemical cell while powering at least one load; and determining a lowest voltage of the at least one electrochemical cell measured while powering the at least one load.

Abstract: A method of determining a level of deterioration in a battery, the method comprising: deriving a value of capacitance for the battery; and using the derived value of capacitance, deriving the level of deterioration of the battery.

Abstract: A battery degradation degree estimation device includes a total degradation degree detection unit configured to detect a present total degradation degree of a battery, a cycle degradation estimation unit configured to estimate a future cycle degradation degree due to charge/discharge of the battery, a storage degradation estimation unit configured to estimate a future storage degradation degree over time inside the battery, and a battery degradation estimation unit configured to estimate a future battery degradation degree on the basis of the present total degradation degree, the future cycle degradation degree and the future storage degradation degree.

Abstract: A method of remote sensing a charge includes charging or discharging a first capacitor of a first RC circuit and a second capacitor of a second RC circuit to a predetermined threshold voltage using a power source. When each of the capacitors reach the predetermined threshold voltage, a response signal is provided from a communications module to a handheld computing device comprising a reader system. An amount of time between the response signals is determined. The amount of time is indicative of charge information.

Abstract: A sensor including a sensing device and a processor. The sensing device can be configured to sense one or more environmental conditions, such as one or more magnetic fields, and generate a sensor signal based on the sensed environmental condition(s). The processor can be configured to determine a gain mode and/or a zero-point mode of the sensor. Based on the determined gain and/or zero-point modes and the sensor signal, the processor can generate an output signal. The processor can include a voltage generator configured to generate a ratiometric voltage and/or a regulated voltage based on a supply voltage of the sensor. The processor can receive an external voltage. The gain mode and/or the zero-point mode can be independently determined based on the ratiometric, regulated, or external voltages. The ratiometric or regulated voltage can be output as a second output to form a differential output.

Abstract: An angle sensor may comprise a first primary sensing element and a second primary sensing element. The first primary sensing element may be positioned adjacent to the second primary sensing element in a plane substantially parallel with respect to a face of a magnet. The angle sensor may comprise a first auxiliary sensing element and a second auxiliary sensing element. The first primary sensing element and the second primary sensing element may be positioned between the first auxiliary sensing element and the second auxiliary sensing element in the plane substantially parallel with respect to the face of the magnet.

Abstract: Thin film resistive sensors typically include a number of resistive components. These components should be well matched in order for the sensor to provide accurate readings. When a sensor is incorporated within an integrated circuit, the resistive components may be formed over, or under, metallic traces that form part of other components. As a result, the thin film resistive components are subjected to different levels of stress. This disclosure provides a structure that is arranged to mitigate the effects of stress.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound exhibiting Giant Magneto-Impedance (GMI) properties. The general chemical formula of the compound is (FeXCo100-X)100-(?+?+?)Cr?Si?B?, characterized in that ?<? and ?<?, wherein ? is preferably in the range of 2 to 4% by weight, ? is preferably in the range of 11.5% to 13% by weight, and ? is preferably in the range of 11% to 13% by weight, and X is preferably about 6% by weight. The chemical formula more preferably is (Fe6%Co94%)72.5%Cr2% Si12.5%B13%. The present invention also relates to a giant magneto-impedance (GMI) based sensing device for non-destructive contactless detection of carburization in austenitic stainless steel samples in field.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging system (10) comprising a scanner unit (12) including a main magnet with a magnet bore (16), and a bore region lighting unit (28) comprising lighting members (32, 36), which is configured for generating lighting conditions at a bore region (26) by using the lighting members (32, 36), for influencing the subject of interest's optical perception regarding a radial dimension (b) of the magnet bore (16) by at least one out of detracting the subject of interest's attention, generating an optical illusion in connection with the radial dimension (b) of the magnet bore (16) and camouflaging the magnet bore (16); and a bore region lighting unit (28) for use in a magnetic resonance imaging system (10).

Abstract: In an MRI apparatus, RF shimming is performed with high precision in a short time irrespective of an object and an imaging mode. A database storing the shim parameter according to a change from a criterion state in advance is included when a state in which an shim parameter is calculated is set as the criterion state of the objet in order to obtain a high-quality image. At the time of imaging, the shim parameter registered in the database in association with a change amount closest to a change amount from the criterion state is used. In the database, the shim parameter calculated from a previously measured result is registered.

Abstract: In a method for actuating a shim coil arrangement of a magnetic resonance data acquisition scanner that has a shim controller that operates said shim coil arrangement, and a gradient coil arrangement operated by a gradient controller, the gradient controller determine a gradient pulse shape, in accordance with specifications of a magnetic resonance data acquisition sequence, that is activated by the gradient coil arrangement, when the sequence is executed in said scanner. A modifies the gradient pulse shape and provides the modified gradient pulse shape to the shim controller and the shim controller generates shim settings dependent on the modified gradient pulse shape, and actuates said shim coil arrangement according to the shim settings during activation of the gradient pulse shape by the gradient coil arrangement during execution of the sequence in said scanner.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to an embodiment includes first processing circuitry and second processing circuitry. The first processing circuitry executes a pulse sequence in a acquisition pattern set such that sampling densities of a plurality of pieces of k space data are made different in accordance with a predetermined imaging parameter when the pieces of k space data having different values of the imaging parameter are acquired while changing the values of the imaging parameter. The second processing circuitry generates an image based on the pieces of k space data.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus, including a scanner configured to emit at least one radio frequency (RF) signal to an object during one repetition time (TR), and to receive echo signals emitted from the object; and a controller configured to transmit one or more control signals to the scanner to control the scanner, wherein the controller may be further configured to control the scanner to emit an RF excitation pulse and a refocusing pulse to the object during the one TR, control the scanner to receive a first echo signal corresponding to a first line of a k-space before an echo time (TE), and to receive a second echo signal corresponding to a second line of the k-space after the TE, and reconstruct a magnetic resonance (MR) image based on the k-space.

Abstract: The application discloses a method for estimating a pseudo CT Hounsfield Unit value for a volume element within a subject from a plurality of magnetic resonance images having different contrasts. The method comprising the steps of: determination of a relative prevalence of a first tissue class and second tissue class within the volume element from a first magnetic resonance image and second magnetic resonance image respectively. Then a relative prevalence of a third tissue class is determined within the volume element based on substraction of a relative prevalence of the first and/or second tissue class from a total tissue prevalence. A reference Hounsfield Unit value is provided for the first, second and third tissue class. Finally, a pseudo Housfield value is estimated for the volume element by determining a weighted sum of the first, second and third reference Hounsfield unit value, with weight factors which are based on the determined relative prevalences of the first, second and third tissue class.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to an embodiment includes sequence control circuitry and processing circuitry. The sequence control circuitry executes a first pulse sequence and a second pulse sequence, the first pulse sequence including a first spoiler pulse serving as a dephasing gradient pulse of a first amount, the second pulse sequence including a second spoiler pulse serving as a dephasing gradient pulse of a second amount being different from the first amount or the second pulse sequence not including a spoiler pulse serving as a dephasing gradient pulse. The processing circuitry performs a subtraction operation between a first data obtained from the first pulse sequence and a second data obtained from the second pulse sequence, thereby generating an image.

Abstract: An MRI apparatus includes a controller configured to acquire, based on a gradient echo sequence, an MR signal from an object; and an image processor configured to acquire a first image corresponding to a time point when the MR signal has a largest phase variation, acquire a second image corresponding to a time point when the MR signal has a smallest phase variation, and obtain an arterial image including an artery of the object by using the first image and the second image.

Abstract: An abnormality diagnosis apparatus includes a power consumption estimation section that estimates power consumption of a motor, which is driven by power supplied from a power supply, and power consumption of an auxiliary unit using the power to calculate a power consumption estimate value, a power-supply voltage estimation section that calculates a power-supply voltage estimate value, which is an estimate value of voltage of the power supply, based on the power consumption estimate value and a power-supply current detection value, which is based on a detection value of a power-supply current sensor detecting a current of the power supply, and an abnormality determination section that determines an abnormality of a power-supply voltage sensor detecting a voltage of the power supply, based on a comparison result between the power-supply voltage estimate value and a power-supply voltage detection value, which is based on a detection value of the power-supply voltage sensor.

Abstract: In a diagnostic device, a determiner determines whether a rotational speed of an AC motor is within a low rotational-speed range in which its rotational speed is approximately zero. An input-voltage estimate calculator calculates, as an input-voltage estimate, an estimate of an input voltage to an inverter when it is determined that the rotational speed of the AC motor is within the low rotational-speed range. A malfunction determiner performs a diagnostic task. The diagnostic task calculates an absolute value of a difference between an input-voltage measurement value measured by an input voltage sensor and the input-voltage estimate. The diagnostic task determines whether the absolute value of the difference is higher than a predetermined voltage threshold. The diagnostic task determines that there is a malfunction in the input voltage sensor upon determining that the absolute value of the difference is higher than the predetermined voltage threshold.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure may compensate for a presence of phase ambiguity between transmit chains of a transmitting device when estimating angle of departure information of a wireless signal transmitted from the transmitting device. In some aspects, a receiving device may determine phase information of the wireless signal, and then determine whether there is a presence or absence of phase ambiguity between a number of transmit chains of the transmitting device. If there is presence of phase ambiguity in the transmitting device, then the receiving device may adjust the phase information of the received wireless signal. If there is an absence of phase ambiguity in the transmitting device, then the receiving device may not adjust the phase information. Thereafter, the receiving device may estimate the angle of departure of the wireless signal based on the selectively adjusted phase information.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure may compensate for movements of a transmitting device when estimating angular information of wireless signals transmitted by the transmitting device. In some aspects, a receiving device may detect a movement of the transmitting device, and determine the angular information of the wireless signals based at least in part on the movement of the transmitting device. The wireless signals may include a first signal received at a first time and a second signal received at a second time, and the angular information may be determined based on the movement of the transmitting device from the first time to the second time. For example, the receiving device may determine the angular information based on the first signal, and may adjust the angular information based on the second signal if the movement of the transmitting device exceeds a threshold distance.

Abstract: An access point, a terminal, and a Wireless Fidelity indoor positioning method are provided. The method includes: receiving, by a first access point, a first positioning signal sent by a terminal, and recording a moment for receiving the first positioning signal as a first moment t1; receiving, a second positioning signal sent by an ith second access point in n second access points, and recording a fourth moment ti4; sending, a response signal of the second positioning signal to the ith second access point, and recording a fifth moment ti5; receiving, a second moment ti2, a third moment ti3, and a sixth moment ti6 that are sent by the ith second access point; and determining, location coordinates of the terminal. In the embodiments of the present disclosure, clock synchronization is not required. In addition, terminal positioning accuracy is improved.

Abstract: An ultrawide band two-way ranging based positioning system includes a number of active tags each having a position, and a number of beacons configured for location of a position of a tag of the plurality of active tags. The active tags and the beacons are synchronized continuously to a common time base.

Abstract: An audio playback system receives digitally watermarked audio programming and distributes it to audio speakers in a venue, enabling a variety of location and product dependent services to be delivered to mobile devices in the venue. Mobile devices sense audio from speakers and decode digital identifying information, including characteristics to distinguish audio sources. The mobile device communicates with a networked computer to provide the identifying information, which in turn, triggers an alert for output on the mobile device.

Abstract: There is provided a radar device. A transmitting unit transmits a transmission signal in which an up period and a down period are repeated. A receiving unit receives reception signals from a target. A distance measuring unit computes the distance between the target and the radar device based on a reception signal corresponding to the up period, as an up-side distance, and computes the distance between the target and the radar device based on a reception signal corresponding to the down period, as a down-side distance. An aliasing determining unit determines whether velocity aliasing has occurred, based on the up-side distance and the down-side distance. A velocity measuring unit computes the relative velocity between the target and the radar device, based on the result of determination on velocity aliasing, and one of the reception signal of the up period and the reception signal of the down period.

Abstract: A laser device includes a transmitter that emits a light, a first reflector that pivotally reflects the light by a shaft, a light receiver provided apart from the transmitter in a first direction parallel to the shaft, a guide part that receives the light from the first reflector and changes a direction of the light in the first direction, and a second reflector that reflects a returning light from an object and pivots in sync with the first reflector.

Abstract: A lidar system may have a light source configured to emit a pulse of light and a scanner that scans a field of view of the light source in a forward-scanning direction across a plurality of pixels located downrange from the lidar system. The scanner can direct the pulse of light toward the second pixel and scan a field of view of a first detector. The first-detector field of view can be offset from the light-source field of view in a direction opposite the forward-scanning direction. When the pulse is emitted, the first-detector field of view can at least partially overlap the first pixel and the light-source field of view can at least partially overlap the second pixel. The first detector can be configured to detect a portion of the pulse of light scattered by a target located at least partially within the second pixel.

Abstract: A lidar system can include a light source that emits a pulse of light and a splitter that splits the pulse of light into two or more pulses of angularly separated light. The lidar system can also include a scanner configured to scan pulses of light along a scanning direction across a plurality of pixels located downrange from the lidar system. The lidar system can also include a detector array with a first detector and a second detector. The first and second detectors can be separated by a detector-separation distance along a direction corresponding to the scanning direction of the light pulses. The first detector can be configured to detect scattered light from the first pulse of light and the second detector can be configured to detect scattered light from the second pulse of light.

Abstract: An apparatus including a semiconductor substrate; an absorption layer coupled to the semiconductor substrate, the absorption layer including a photodiode region configured to absorb photons and to generate photo-carriers from the absorbed photons; one or more first switches controlled by a first control signal, the one or more first switches configured to collect at least a portion of the photo-carriers based on the first control signal; and one or more second switches controlled by a second control signal, the one or more second switches configured to collect at least a portion of the photo-carriers based on the second control signal, where the second control signal is different from the first control signal.

Abstract: A planar imaging sensor is provided. The planar imaging sensor includes a plurality of photo detectors divided into at least a first group of photo detectors and a second group of photo detectors, the first group of photo detectors having a first detection window and the second group of photo detectors having a second detection window, wherein the second detection window is configured to start later in time than the first detection window.

Abstract: A detector includes a frequency multiplier and a transceiving node. The frequency multiplier includes a first terminal, a second terminal and an output terminal. The first terminal is used to receive a first injection signal having a first frequency. The output terminal is used to output an output signal. The second terminal is used to receive a second injection signal having a second frequency. The frequency multiplier is used to output the output signal at a frequency substantially equal to a multiple of the first frequency by injection locking and pull the output signal to the second frequency by injection pulling. The transceiving node is coupled to the output terminal and the second terminal of the frequency multiplier. The transceiving node is used to transmit the output signal, and receive a received signal having a third frequency. The received signal is used to update the second injection signal.

Abstract: A MIMO FMCW radar sensor and a MIMO time multiplexing method for localizing a radar target, in which an FMCW radar measurement is performed with a transmitted signal whose modulation pattern encompasses, for different transmission switching states that differ in terms of the selection of antenna elements used for transmission, mutually temporally interleaved sequences of ramps; ambiguous values for the relative velocity of the radar target are determined from a position of a peak in a two-dimensional spectrum; phase relationships between spectral values of spectra are checked for agreement with phase relationships expected for several of the determined values of the relative velocity; on the basis thereof, an estimated value for the relative velocity of the radar target is selected from the determined periodic values of the relative velocity; and the angle of the radar target is determined on the basis of amplitudes and/or phase relationships between obtained baseband signals.

Abstract: An FMCW radar sensor and a method for localizing a radar target, in which FMCW radar measurements are performed with transmitting antennas having different fields of view which differ in terms of an aperture angle and/or a range, the measurements each encompassing temporally interleaved sequences of ramps, and measurements with different fields of view being temporally interwoven with one another; ambiguous values for the relative velocity of the radar target being determined from a position of a peak in a two-dimensional spectrum; phase relationships between spectral values of spectra being checked for agreement with phase relationships expected for several of the determined values of the relative velocity; and on the basis thereof an estimated value for the relative velocity of the radar target being selected from the determined periodic values of the relative velocity.

Abstract: A method for a radar transmitter is described herein. In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, the method includes generating an RF transmit signal composed of at least one sequence of sub-sequent chirp pulses, wherein pseudo-randomly selected chirp pulses are blanked, and radiating the RF transmit signal via at least one antenna as radar signal.

Abstract: Examples described herein may detect gestures using multiple antennas and/or using reflected signals transmitted by the device which is also detecting the gesture. Multiple antenna detection may allow for classification of 3D gestures around a device. The use of reflected signals transmitted by the device itself may reduce a need for a separate signal source to be used for gesture detection. Accordingly, in some examples, devices (e.g. mobile phones) may detect gestures performed on or around the device without a need to transmit any signal specifically designed for gesture detection. Signals already transmitted by the device (e.g. GSM signals) may be used to detect the gestures.

Abstract: An FMCW radar sensor and method for determining a relative velocity of a radar target, in which an FMCW radar measurement is performed with a transmitted signal whose modulation pattern encompasses mutually temporally interleaved sequences of ramps; from the baseband signals a two-dimensional spectrum is calculated separately for each of the sequences; from a position of a peak in at least one two-dimensional spectrum of the baseband signals, values for the relative velocity of a radar target which are periodic with a predetermined velocity period are determined; a phase relationship between spectral values that are obtained respectively at the same position in the separately calculated two-dimensional spectra is checked for agreement with phase relationships expected for several of the determined periodic values of the relative velocity; and based thereon, an estimated value for the relative velocity of the target is selected from the determined periodic values of the relative velocity.

Abstract: A method for locating objects using an FMCW radar in which a ramp-shaped frequency-modulated radar signal is transmitted whose modulation pattern has a plurality of successive ramps having different gradients, received radar echoes are mixed down with the transmitted signal into a baseband, the baseband signal is recorded ramp-by-ramp and transformed into a respective spectrum, for each signal peak found in the spectrum, a noise estimation is carried out in order to distinguish between radar targets and noise or clutter, and by comparing the frequency positions of the mutually corresponding signal peaks in the spectra obtained for various ramp gradients, the distances and relative velocities of the radar targets are determined.

Abstract: A mobile device determines its location accurately by measuring the range to a position reflector as well as azimuth and elevation angles of arrival (AOA) at the reflector. The mobile can transmit a coded radar signal and process reflections to determine its location. The reflectors may include internal delays that can identify the reflector and provide transmit/receive separation for the mobile. The reflection can include a primary and further delayed secondary reflection. The mobile can determine the internal delay of the reflector based on the delay between primary and secondary reflections. The range and AOA information can be combined with information about the position, orientation, and characteristics of the reflectors to determine location. In some systems, the mobile device can determine its location in a three-dimensional space using reflections from only one reflector. The reflectors, which can be economically produced, can be unpowered and low profile for easy installation.

Abstract: A two-way coded aperture radar imaging system is disclosed. The system includes an antenna reflector and a radar signal transceiver configured to generate sequential radar transmission signals and receive a plurality of respective reflected radar signals. The system also includes a phase control component configured to phase-encode the sequential radar transmission signals via a plurality of phase-codes to generate a respective plurality of phase-coded radar pulses that are concurrently reflected at a respective plurality of sub-aperture portions of the antenna reflector to concurrently transmit the plurality of phase-coded radar pulses from the antenna reflector to a target. The transmitted phase-coded radar pulses can be reflected from the target as the respective plurality of reflected radar signals.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides aroad-surface detecting system and vehicle. The road-surface detecting system may include an anti-knocking radar system and a control system, wherein the anti-knocking radar system may be configured to measure distance data for the distance from the chassis of the vehicle and the road surface and transmit the distance data to the control system, and the control system may be configured to determine that the road is a bumpy road surface if change of the distance data is more than a preset distance changing value.The road-surface detecting system provided by the present disclosure may reduce the detecting cost by detecting the bumping conditions of the road surface on which the vehicle is currently riding by the anti-knocking radar system and control system mounted on the vehicle.

Abstract: A state of a vehicle, including a sensor for sensing another vehicle, is defined by determining a speed of the vehicle and determining the state in accordance with the sensing range of the sensor and the speed.