Abstract: An automated lesson generation learning system extracts text-based content from a digital programming file. The system parses the extracted content to identify a sentence, and key words within the sentences, to use as prompts in the lesson. The system also automatically generates a clip from the digital programming file, so that the clip is the portion of the file in which the sentence is spoken. The system then automatically generates and outputs a lesson containing the prompt and the clip.

Abstract: Surgical systems and methods facilitate simulation of a prior use of a surgical instrument. Such surgical systems include a surgical instrument having a memory storing prior usage data of the surgical instrument in a usage data file(s), a processor configured to generate a simulation of the prior use based upon the usage data file(s), and a display configured to visually display the simulation of the prior use. Such methods include obtaining usage data from the prior use, storing the usage data in a usage data file(s), transmitting the usage data file(s), generating a simulation of the prior use based upon the usage data file(s), and displaying the simulation of the prior use.

Abstract: A new and improved training module is describe herein. One embodiment of the invention includes a training combat knife. The training combat knife includes: at least one contact surface of the system; a microprocessor that processes a count relating to the amount of times the at least one contact surface touches another surface outside of the mobile training system; a storage that records the count; and a communications module that transmits the count.

Abstract: A printed circuit card assembly (PCBA) configured for retrofitting a conventional electromagnetic locator device (ELD) for a simulator system is provided. The PCBA includes a printed circuit board (PCB), data connectors, each data connector configured for communicatively coupling with a separate one of antenna amplifiers on the conventional ELD, a low-power radio frequency (RF) receiver for receiving emulated electromagnetic (EM) field data, a processor for reading the emulated EM field data that includes constituent parts, wherein each constituent part corresponds to EM field data for a specific one of the antenna amplifiers on the conventional ELD, disassembling the emulated EM field data into its constituent parts, and transmitting to the antenna amplifiers, via the data connectors, the constituent part of the emulated EM field data that corresponds to said antenna amplifier, thereby emulating an EM field on the conventional ELD.

Abstract: A training simulator including a housing having a prop portion configured to simulate or evoke an appearance of an object encountered in firefighting activity. The simulator has a sensation emitter coupled to the housing and configured to emit a sensation to simulate or evoke an appearance of a hazardous condition. The simulator further includes a sensor coupled to the housing and configured to detect a simulated or an actual hazardous condition suppressant directed at or applied to the housing, and a controller operatively coupled to the sensor and the sensation emitter.

Abstract: An illustrative mobile computing device executing weight, nutrition, health, behavior and exercise application software serves as a simulated combination personal trainer and dietician/nutritionist for the user using comprehensive databases storing personalized health, nutrition and exercise information. A mobile computing device, such as a smartphone, executing such software monitors, tracks and/or adjusts caloric intake, energy expenditure taking into account nutritional information and behavioral factors. The mobile computing device receives food consumption, exercise-related, behavior and other input using speech input and the device's GPS subsystem to ease data entry burden on users and to promote continued long-term usage. The system rewards user goal achievement in an automatic, seamless manner, through, for example, downloading music, books, or other media.

Abstract: A computer implemented method and system is for training a subject's articulation. The system will receive, access and analyze the speech audio and video data of the subject. The data will be compared to standard speech audio and video data to calculate the deviation of the articulatory parameters between the recorded data of the subject and the standard data. The system will then deconstruct the speech unit and separately play the standard tongue movements, lip movements, jaw movements, and airstream generation. The system will then enable a gradual time converging of the initial separately played standard tongue movements, jaw movements, lip movements and airstream generation in response to a magnitude of the at least articulatory parameter deviation decreasing. Similarly, the system will adapt the display speed and the number of repetitions of these movements to optimize the articulation training.

Abstract: A system to support communication and control in a welding environment is disclosed. In one embodiment the system includes an internet-of-things (IoT) technology platform configured to provide scalable, interoperable, and secure communication connections between a plurality of disparate devices within a welding environment. The system also includes a welding power source configured to communicate with the IoT technology platform. The system further includes a computerized eyewear device. The computerized eyewear device includes a control and communication circuitry configured to communicate with the welding power source via the IoT technology platform. The computerized eyewear device also includes a transparent display configured to display information received from the welding power source via the IoT technology platform while allowing a user to view a surrounding portion of the welding environment through the transparent display.

Abstract: A screen reader for a computing device with a touch sensitive user interface. The screen reader operates in an investigatory mode in which touch inputs detected through the user interface are interpreted as inputs designating content on the display to verbally render. Each selection may be interpreted as designating a unit of content at the designated location. The size of the unit may be determined based on a direction of motion of pointing device arriving at the location on the display where the unit of content is designated. In this way, a user may, through simple and intuitively learned commands, designate content in units of different sizes such as characters, words, lines or paragraphs, when the content is text, and/or individual user interface elements when the displayed content being selected includes graphical elements.

Abstract: Medical treatment simulation devices are disclosed. One device includes an overlay configured to be secured to a subject, a simulated treatment structure, at least one detector, and at least one feedback device. The detector is coupled to the simulated treatment structure and configured to detect an interaction with the simulated treatment structure. The feedback device is coupled to the overlay and configured to provide feedback based on the interaction detected by the at least one detector.

Abstract: This device for constructing a blood-vessel-shape model in order to perform blood-flow analysis using computational fluid dynamics is provided with: an input unit which inputs a medical image; a shape-model generation unit which constructs, based on the medical image, a blood-vessel-shape model; a shape-model-quality evaluation unit which evaluates the shape reproduction degree of the constructed blood-vessel-shape model to determine the quality of the blood-vessel-shape model; and an output unit which outputs the determination result and the constructed blood-vessel-shape model.

Abstract: The present invention regards a device for recognizing the authenticity of a packaged product to be sold, arranged in a container provided with a passage through which the product may be extracted for the utilization or consumption thereof, comprising a seal (16) whose breakage is performed so as to allow the opening of said passage. The device comprises an element (19) for the authentication of the product positioned on a portion of the seal not visible from the external thereof and solely accessible following the breakage of the seal. Preferably said element (19) for authenticating the product consists of a unique code generated through algorithms, the container of the product is a bottle and the relative seal is the capsule (16) for covering the neck of the bottle and the relative cap.

Abstract: The invention relates to a facestock for adhesive label, an adhesive label and an adhesive label laminate comprising an uniaxially in machine direction oriented facestock. According to an embodiment core layer comprises the following components: propylene homopolymer; a modifier consisting of at least one of the following: olefin elastomer, olefin plastomer and olefin block copolymer; and low density polyethylene. Further the invention relates to a use of the adhesive label for labelling of an article.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a poster board having adhesive on one of its major surfaces. The display apparatus may include a poster board comprising a front surface and a rear surface opposite the front surface; a first strip of adhesive and a second strip of adhesive positioned on the rear surface of the poster board; a first release sheet coupled to and covering the first strip of adhesive and a second release sheet coupled to and covering the second strip of adhesive; and wherein the first and second strips of adhesive are formed from rubber cement.

Abstract: An illuminated sign for providing a warning that an area adjacent the illuminated sign is within a field of view of an audio/video (A/V) recording and communication device. The illuminated sign may include a front panel having translucent portions and opaque portions, and an illumination source located behind the front panel. The illumination source illuminates the front panel such that the opaque portions block transmission through the front panel of at least a portion of the light from the illumination source to provide the warning that the area adjacent the illuminated sign is within the field of view of the A/V recording and communication device.

Abstract: A display (100) comprising a plurality of LED chips (604), each LED chip (604) comprising a plurality of light emitting elements (606a-c). Each LED chip (604) is arranged such that a first light emitting element (606a) is configured to illuminate a sub-pixel, and a second light emitting element (606b) is configured to illuminate a sub-pixel using substantially the same wavelength of light as the first light emitting element. There is also described an LED chip, a display pixel, a controlling method, a computer device and a computer program for a display.

Abstract: A display panel driver includes a plurality of stages. An N-th stage of the plurality of stages is configured to output a scan signal and an emission signal synchronized with each other based on a first power voltage, a second power voltage, and at least one clock signal. N is a natural number.

Abstract: A pixel array is implemented in a display device. The display device includes a plurality of data lines and a plurality of scan lines. The pixel array includes a first sub pixel row, a second sub pixel row, and a third sub pixel row. The first sub pixel row includes a first sub pixel, a second sub pixel, and a third sub pixel. The second sub pixel row includes a fourth sub pixel, a fifth sub pixel, and a sixth sub pixel. The third sub pixel row includes a seventh sub pixel, an eighth sub pixel, and a ninth sub pixel. The seventh sub pixel is electrically coupled to a first data line. The first sub pixel, the fourth sub pixel, and the fifth sub pixel are electrically coupled to a second data line. The second sub pixel, the third sub pixel, and the eighth sub pixel are electrically coupled to a third data line. The sixth sub pixel and the ninth sub pixel are electrically coupled to a fourth data line.

Abstract: A method of compensating for misalignments along a seam of first and second electronic panels installed for a display device is provided. Each of the first and second electronic panels includes a plurality of pixels formed in an i×j matrix, wherein i and j are integers at least one. The method includes controlling a camera device to be placed over the seam, alternately turning on first pixels in a first column of the first electronic panel, the first column being closest to the seam, capturing, using the camera device, images for the respective first pixels, detecting, using a pattern detector, each of the first pixels based on a corresponding one of the captured images, determining one of at least one horizontal displacement or a vertical displacement along the seam, and compensating for the misalignments along the seam based on the determined at least one horizontal displacement or the vertical displacement.

Abstract: A hidden display apparatus, system, and method. A display apparatus embodiment may include a face layer and a projection layer, with the projection layer positioned behind the face layer. The face layer may include a front side and a back side. The front side may include a first area configured to display high resolution images and a second area positioned around the first area. The first area and the second area may be made of the same material, and have similar color(s) and/or patterns. The projection layer may include a light source operative in an active mode and an inactive mode. When in the active mode, the projection layer may project light to the face layer to display images in the first area. When in the inactive mode, the face layer may be visually obscured so that the first area and the second area together display a colored surface.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes a first storage capacitor that has a first electrode and a second electrode, and a second storage capacitor that has a third electrode and a fourth electrode, and a first pixel circuit. The first pixel circuit includes a first transistor having a first gate, a first drain, and a first source, an electro-optical element, a second transistor through which a first data line is electrically connected to the first gate during the second transistor is in an on-state, and a third transistor through which the first gate is electrically connected to the first drain or the first source. The second electrode and the third electrode are electrically connected to the first data line.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display includes a first pixel adjacent to a second pixel and a plurality of driving voltage lines to apply driving voltages to the first pixel and the second pixel. The driving voltage lines extend in a first direction crossing the first pixel and the second pixel and a second direction crossing the first direction. Each of the first and second pixels includes a first driving transistor and a second driving transistor that are symmetrical to each other with respect to a boundary between the first pixel and the second pixel, and a first compensation transistor and a second compensation transistor that are asymmetrical to each other with respect to the boundary.

Abstract: A display with a pixel circuit for driving a current-driven emissive element includes a feedback capacitor in series between the emissive element and a programming node of the pixel circuit. During driving, variations in the operating voltage of the emissive element due to variations in the current conveyed through the emissive element by a driving transistor are accounted for. The feedback capacitor generates voltage adjustments at the programming node that correspond to the variations at the emissive element, and thus reduces variations in light emission. A reset capacitor connected to a select line is selectively connected to the gate terminal of the driving transistor and resets the driving transistor prior to programming. The select line adjusts the voltage on the gate terminal to reset the driving transistor by the capacitive coupling of the select line to the gate terminal created by the reset capacitor.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a display apparatus includes: a plurality of light sources; a display device that includes a display area provided with n1 pixels and that is irradiated with light from the light sources; a light source controller controlling an operation of the light sources; and a display controller controlling an output gradation value of part or all of the pixels. The display area includes a plurality of partial areas, the partial areas corresponding to the light sources on a one-to-one basis. The light source controller determines the amount of light emitted from each light source corresponding to a corresponding one of the partial areas based on luminance of light required for the corresponding partial area. The display controller performs first correction and second correction when the amounts of light emitted from two light sources corresponding to two adjacent partial areas are different.

Abstract: A display device including a display panel; a frame at a rear of the display panel; a first substrate at a front surface of the frame, the first substrate elongated in a direction along a first side of the frame; a plurality of first light sources disposed on the first substrate at predetermined intervals in the direction along the first side of the frame; and a first protrusion and a second protrusion between the first substrate and the frame, the first protrusion positioned at an end of the first substrate adjacent to a foremost light source in the first substrate, and the second protrusion positioned at an end of the first substrate adjacent to a rearmost light source in the first substrate, the first protrusion and the second protrusion being inclined.

Abstract: A method for displaying an input frame on an edge-lit display lit by a multitude of light emitting diodes (LED) placed only along one or more sides of the display, comprises the steps of determining a brightness level for each LED of the multitude of LEDs, based on the input frame and an influence of each LED on the brightness of a pixel of the display, such that the brightness of the pixel essentially corresponds to the brightness level required by the input frame and an energy consumption of the LEDs and/or a difference between a resulting backlight and the input frame is essentially minimal, according to a given measure; dimming the light emitting diodes (LED), based on at least one input frame; and displaying the input frame on the display. According to the invention, a relation between at least two different LEDs of the multi-tude of LEDs, in particular between their respective brightness levels, is taken into ac-count in the determination of the brightness levels.

Abstract: A liquid crystal television increases or decreases a gradation value when the gradation value of an image signal to be displayed on a liquid crystal panel is within a prescribed range. Further, the liquid crystal television decreases or increases the luminance depending to the gradation value of the image signal based on the increase or decrease in the gradation value. The liquid crystal television applies a voltage depending on the gradation value after the change to the liquid crystal panel, such that a transmittance in the liquid crystal panel is changed (increased or decreased). Further, the liquid crystal television controls each light source to emit light with the luminance after the change, such that the luminance of the light radiated to the liquid crystal panel from the light source is changed (decreased or increased).

Abstract: According to an aspect, an image display panel includes: a first pixel including (d?1) sub pixels, which are first to (d?2)-th sub pixels and a (d?1)-th sub pixel, and a second pixel that is adjacent to the first pixels and includes (d?1) sub pixels, which are first to (d?2)-th sub pixels and a d-th sub pixel. A region of the image display panel includes a first pixel display region and a second pixel display region. The first to (d?2)-th sub pixels of the first pixel, one part of the (d?1)-th sub pixel, and one part of the d-th sub pixel are arranged in the first pixel display region. The first to (d?2)-th sub pixels of the second pixel, the other part of the (d?1)-th sub pixel, and the other part of the d-th sub pixel are arranged in the second pixel display region.

Abstract: A scan driving circuit is provided for driving scan line in cascade, including a pull-down controlling module, a pull-down module, a reset-controlling module, a resetting module, a downward-transferring module, a first bootstrap capacitor, a constant low voltage level source, and a constant high voltage level source. By disposing the resetting module, the scan driving circuit of the present invention raises the reliability of the scan driving circuit and simplifies the entire structure of the scan driving circuit.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal panel; at least one source driving unit including at least one first fan-out line and at least one second fan-out line which are disposed alternately; at least one demultiplexer electrically coupled to the first fan-out line and the second fan-out line, the demultiplexer including a plurality of buses, a plurality of first output lines, and a plurality of second output lines; and a plurality of pixel units, each of the pixel units including four sub-pixels. The liquid crystal display device is capable of solving the flicker problem and the crosstalk problem in the prior art.

Abstract: A curved liquid crystal display (LCD) includes a curved liquid crystal panel assembly. The curved liquid crystal panel assembly includes: a lower panel including a first linear polarizer having a first polarization axis; an upper panel including a second linear polarizer having a second polarization axis, the second polarization axis cross the first polarization axis in a plan view; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the lower panel and the upper panel. An angle formed by a first polarization axis and a second polarization axis does not meet at a right angle in a plan view.

Abstract: A gate driver on array (GOA) circuit and a display device are provided. The GOA circuit is formed on an array substrate, and has a plurality of GOA units. Each of the GOA units has a drive module, a pull-down module, a pull-down output module, and a pull-up output module, which has a forward and reverse scanning function and avoids providing a forward and reverse scanning control unit and receiving a signal of the forward and reverse scanning control unit by connecting a circuit input of a pull-down output module and a drive module.

Abstract: A gate driving circuit is disclosed. The output circuit is connected with the input circuit and the pulling circuit at a first node, responding to scanning driving signal of previous stage to set the pulling circuit in a first status, using a first reference voltage level to set the first node at a first voltage, and held. The output circuit outputs scanning driving signal of current stage according to a first clock signal. The stabilizing circuit is connected with the pulling circuit at a second node, using the first reference voltage level to set the second node at the first voltage, and held. The pulling control circuit responds to a second clock signal to set the pulling circuit in a second status, using a second reference voltage level to pull voltages of the first and second nodes and to hold the voltages. Accordingly, a current leakage can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal display device and a driving method thereof. The liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel and a driver. The liquid crystal display panel includes scan lines, data lines, and pixel units. The pixel units are respectively disposed at intersections of the scan lines and the data lines, and the pixel units are divided into pixel groups. The driver is coupled to the scan lines and the data lines and respectively provides scan driving signals and data driving signals to the scan lines and the data lines according to display data, so as to drive the pixel groups on the liquid crystal display panel at different driving time points or with a fluctuating driving frequency, thereby effectively preventing a flicker phenomenon that occurs when a scan driving frequency is reduced and significantly improving the display quality of the liquid crystal display device.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display panel and a data driver. The display panel is configured to display an image and includes first through fourth data line groups. The first and second data line groups are adjacent to each other, and the third and fourth data line groups are adjacent to each other. The data driver includes a first data driving circuit configured to output first data voltages to the second data line group later than to the first data line group by a first delay time, and configured to output second data voltages to the fourth data line group later than to the third data line group by a second delay time that is different from the first delay time.

Abstract: In a forward shift operation, a second input signal having a higher voltage than a voltage of a first input signal is input to a second gate terminal in a case that a first gate terminal of a first transistor is charged, and a fourth input signal having a higher voltage than a voltage of a third input signal is input to a third gate terminal in a case that the first gate terminal of the first transistor is discharged. In a backward shift operation, the fourth input signal having a higher voltage than a voltage of the third input signal is input to the third gate terminal in a case that the first gate terminal of the first transistor is charged, and the second input signal having a higher voltage than a voltage of the first input signal is input to the second gate terminal in a case that the first gate terminal of the first transistor is discharged.

Abstract: A display device includes a plurality of gate lines extended in a first direction, a plurality of common electrodes extended in the first direction, a gate scanning circuit that scans the plurality of the gate lines, and a common scanning circuit that scans the plurality of the common electrodes. The common scanning circuit includes a shift register unit, an interconnection connecting unit, and a switch unit. The gate scanning circuit and the common scanning circuit are configured of single channel thin film transistors. The gate scanning circuit is disposed between the shift register unit and the interconnection connecting unit, and the interconnection connecting unit is disposed between the gate scanning circuit and the switch unit in a planar view.

Abstract: A column driver of a display device provides a high slew rate with lowered power requirements by using external switches connected to upper and bottom output buffers. The upper output buffer is driven between a first voltage rail and a second voltage rail, and outputs a first output signal in response to a first input signal and a second input signal. The bottom output buffer is driven between the second voltage rail and a third voltage rail, and outputs a second output signal in response to a third input signal and a fourth input signal. A first switch group selectively provides input for the upper output buffer and the bottom output buffer. A second switch group feeds back the first and the second output signals to the first or the second input terminal of each of the upper output buffer and the bottom output buffer.

Abstract: A viewing system is provided including an active transparency modulation film in the form of addressable arrays of electrochromic pixel structures. The viewing system may be used in, for instance, a head-mounted display (HMD) or head-up display (HUD). The film is located on one side of a viewing lens of the system and is selectively variable from opaque to transparent at certain regions on the lens to provide an opaque silhouetted image upon which a virtual image is projected. The viewing system including the film and pixel structure therefore provide improved viewing by minimizing the undesirable effects of image ghosting in a viewed scene.

Abstract: An image device includes a plurality of first sub-pixels, a plurality of second sub-pixels, a plurality of third sub-pixels, a plurality of fourth sub-pixels, and a plurality of fifth sub-pixels. The image device further is consisted by a plurality of basic repeating units in a 2×8 matrix. Each of the basic repeating units comprises the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels, the third sub-pixels, the fourth sub-pixels, and the fifth sub-pixel. A ratio of the first sub-pixels to the second sub-pixels to the third sub-pixels to the fourth sub-pixels and to the fifth sub-pixel in the basic repeating unit is 4:4:4:3:1.

Abstract: A conversion method includes: obtaining two R's, two G's and two B's sub-pixel values having interleaved positions from four pixels of the RGB format; obtaining four Y-luminance value, one U-chrominance value and one V-chrominance value of the YUV format according to the obtained sub-pixel values. The Y-luminance values of the first, second, third and fourth pixels in the YUV format are calculated from R's of the first pixel, G's of the second pixel, G's of the third pixel and B's sub-pixel value of the fourth pixel respectively. The U-chrominance value of the first pixel is calculated from B's of the first pixel, R's of the first pixel and the G's sub-pixel value of the third pixel. The V-chrominance value of the first pixel is calculated from the R of the fourth pixel, G of the second pixel and B of the fourth pixel.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display unit that displays an image based on an input image and a display control unit that controls the display unit based on the input image. The display control unit controls the display unit in such a manner as to display a value indicative of specific luminance as display luminance in which pixels with predetermined pixel values of the input image are displayed on the display unit.

Abstract: A display device includes a display unit including a plurality of pixels to display a display image, a luminance detector to detect luminance of an image on the display unit, and a display driver. The display divider is to divide the display unit into image areas symmetrical to each other and to adjust a luminance of an image area having a relatively lower luminance value among the image areas symmetrical to each other based on a luminance detection result.

Abstract: A method including detecting a touch input to a display, where the touch input includes a location on the display and an amount of force, determining a magnification level based on the amount of force, generating a lens animation effect, where the lens animation effect magnifies a region of content shown on the display adjacent to the location by the magnification level, and displaying the lens animation effect on the display adjacent to the location.

Abstract: The invention relates to an instrument provided with an assembled soundboard. The nerve structures of the soundboard components are linked to the bass and middle registers on the one hand and the descant on the other hand and are positioned in a different angle with respect to the keyboard. The different positioning of the nerve structures contributes to an improved sound quality, a balanced volume and a warmer timbre. Moreover, such assembled soundboard offers a better resistance to changing weather conditions (i.e. cold and humidity).

Abstract: A string instrument comprising an instrument body, a neck, a bridge, and at least one string extending forwardly and rearwardly over the instrument body. The instrument body is topped by a sound table. The bridge may be removably located onto the sound table by virtue of a tension applied to the at least one string.

Abstract: An attachment for use with a stringed musical instrument comprises a rotatable shaft and groups of one or more string engaging elements coupled to the rotatable shaft. Each string engaging element of a group is positionable in a first orientation for driven rotary engagement with a corresponding string of the musical instrument. Each string engagement element is further positionable in a second orientation. The attachment further includes key actuators operatively associated with the string engaging elements, and each key actuator is manipulable so as to urge each string engaging element of a group into at least one of the first orientation or the second orientation. In an embodiment, the string engaging element(s) operated by each key actuator are rotatable wheels that rotate at a slower rate or a faster rate, depending on whether or not corresponding strings is/are bent toward the corresponding wheel(s).

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a musical instrument having buttons, where the buttons determine the magnitude of the interval by which the melody will jump from the last note played. With a small number of interval buttons and an up/down strum bar, embodiments can play almost any melody and more notes than a piano. One embodiment is directed to an interval-based guitar including fret buttons whose input signals are used to calculate the interval by which to change the pitch of the prior note. Providing input via a strum bar or a sensor, a new note is generated by adding or subtracting the interval to/from the prior note to generate a new note.

Abstract: A timing unit and method useable with a computer and user input includes a circuit and a timer. The timer establishes a reference signal having periodic occurrence and receives a trigger signal from the user input. The circuit generates information that represents the periodic occurrences of the reference signal and response timing data representing a relationship between the trigger signal and one of the occurrences. A communication channel is provided between the circuit and the computer.

Abstract: An ultrasound transducer is provided. The ultrasound transducer include at least one emitter made from a piezoelectric material, having first and second emitting surfaces opposite one another provided to emit first and second ultrasound beams. The transducer comprises at least first and second mirrors placed across from the first and second emitting surfaces, respectively, and configured so as to deflect back the first and second ultrasound beams by forming a reflected beam with a predetermined shape.