Abstract: Embodiments, including apparatuses, systems, and methods, for attaching autonomous seismic nodes directly to a deployment cable. The nodes may be attached to the deployment cable by a removable fastener or insert. The fastener may be a staple that surrounds the cable and rigidly couples to the node to securely fasten the cable to the node. The fastener may be secured into the node itself, a housing or enclosure surrounding the node, or into a receiver or mechanism attached to the node. Other fasteners besides a staple may include bands, wires, pins, straps, ties, clamps, and other similar devices that may be inserted around a portion of the deployment line and be removably coupled to the node. After retrieval of the node, the fastener may be removed and discarded.

Abstract: Some embodiments include a sensor assembly comprising a sensor to be carried by a movable component movably positionable about a tool body of a downhole tool. The sensor is to take wellsite measurements and the downhole tool is positionable in a wellbore. The sensor assembly further includes electronics positionable in the movable component. The electronics are to electrically connect to the sensor to receive the wellsite measurements from the sensor, and the wellsite measurements are usable to determine wellsite parameters.

Abstract: One or more embodiments are directed to conductor tracing instruments that include a receiver for detecting an energized conductor and methods for detecting an energized conductor. The receiver includes a plurality of sensors configured to sense magnetic fields produced by the energized conductor and a feedback mechanism configured to communicate information to a user regarding the magnetic fields being sensed. At least two of the sensors are configured to sense magnetic fields having directions of magnetic force that are different from each other. In one embodiment, the sensors are positioned so as to sense magnetic fields having directions of magnetic force that are perpendicular to each other. A change in information provided by the feedback mechanism communicates a change in direction of the energized conductor being detected by the receiver.

Abstract: A detection system includes a first electrode provided at a seat of a vehicle; a second electrode provided at an operation unit which is operated by being contacted, the second electrode being connected to a reference potential portion; and a detection device that measures combined capacitance between the reference potential portion and the first electrode and detects a presence of a person on the seat, and a contact between the person and the operation unit based on a measurement value of the combined capacitance.

Abstract: A metal detector transmitting, through a transmit coil, a repeating transmit signal cycle, which includes at least one receive period and at least one non zero transmit coil reactive voltage period; and sensing a current in the transmit coil during at least one receive period to control a magnitude and/or duration of the at least one non zero transmit coil reactive voltage period such that the average value of the current during at least one receive period of every repeating transmit signal cycle is substantially constant from cycle to cycle, and the current during at least one receive period is substantially independent of the inductance of the transmit coil.

Abstract: Man-portable locator systems for locating buried or otherwise inaccessible pipes, conduits, cables, wires and inserted transmitters using detector arrays and stochastic signal processing and similar techniques to analyze and display multiple target objects at differing frequencies in a layered user interface (UI) are disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method for downhole switching of wellbore logging tools is disclosed. The method includes lowering a logging tool in a wellbore tubular, and actuating a mechanical interference device based on interaction with a first mechanical intrusion associated with a screen assembly located downhole in a wellbore. The mechanical interference device is included in an activator module associated with the logging tool. Based on actuating the mechanical interference device, the method includes communicating a first trigger indication to a switching system included with the activator module. In response to the first trigger indication, the method further includes switching the logging tool between an inactive state and an active state. In the active state, an electrical load associated with the logging tool is energized by a power supply.

Abstract: Presently described are optical films comprising a polymerized (e.g. microstructured) surface that comprises the reaction product of a polymerizable resin composition and polymerizable resin compositions that comprise nanoparticles; at least one first monomer comprising at least two (meth)acrylate groups; and at least one second (meth)acrylate monomer having the structure wherein at least one R1 comprises an aromatic substituent, t is an integer from 1 to 4, and R2 is hydrogen or methyl.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an anti-reflective film including: a hard coating layer; and a low-refractive layer containing a binder resin, and hollow inorganic nanoparticles and solid inorganic nanoparticles which are dispersed in the binder resin, wherein the low-refractive layer includes a first layer containing at least 70 vol % of the entire solid inorganic nanoparticles and a second layer containing at least 70 vol % of the entire hollow inorganic nanoparticles, and at the time of fitting polarization ellipticity measured by ellipsometry for the first layer or/and the second layer included in the low-refractive layer using a Cauchy model represented by the following General Equation 1, the second layer satisfies a predetermined condition.

Abstract: A diffuser plate includes a plurality of fine structures having two or more types of lens functions arranged on a main surface. Intensity of diffused light within a desired diffusion angle range is substantially uniform, and the diffuser plate satisfies a relation of P×P×Sk?400 [?m2], where P is an average pitch of the plurality of fine structures, Sk is a standard deviation of relative luminance of the plurality of fine structures in their front directions, P?200 [?m], and Sk?0.005. Thus, it is possible to provide a diffuser plate having a simple structure capable of achieving optical properties with little luminance and color unevenness and excellent appearance quality when an image is projected.

Abstract: Three or more base optical materials are selectively combined into a trans-gradient index (GRIN) optical element (e.g., a lens). A wavelength-dependent index of refraction for light propagating perpendicular to the three or more optical materials equals: a volume fraction of a first optical material multiplied by a refractive index of the first optical material, plus a volume fraction of a second optical material multiplied by a refractive index of the second optical material, plus one minus the volume fraction of the first optical material and the volume of the second optical material all multiplied by the refractive index of a third optical material. The wavelength-dependent index of refraction distribution and a refractive index dispersion through the GRIN optical element may be independently specified from one another. A local refractive index at any point in the optical element is a fixed function of a refractive index of each individual optical material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical element wherein a first and a second image is at least partially encoded by a pattern of a non-periodic, anisotropic surface relief microstructure such that when light is incident on the surface of the element the first image is optimally visible under a first viewing angle and the second image is optimally visible under a second viewing angle. The elements according to the invention are particularly useful for securing documents and articles against counterfeiting and falsification.

Abstract: An optical detector device may include a substrate, a reflector layer carried by the substrate, and a first dielectric layer over the reflector layer. The optical detector device may include a graphene layer over the first dielectric layer and having a perforated pattern.

Abstract: A curved grating structure, a display panel and the display device are provided. The curved grating structure includes multiple grating strips spaced from each other. Grating intervals between adjacent grating strips are successively decreased from a center point of the curved grating structure to a terminal of the curved grating structure. The grating interval between two adjacent grating strips is a distance in a first direction between center points of the two adjacent grating strips, and the first direction is a direction perpendicular to a normal vector of the curved grating structure passing through a center point of the curved grating structure.

Abstract: A color filter substrate and a manufacturing method thereof, and a display device are disclosed. The color filter substrate includes: a base substrate, a plurality of color filter units of different colors arranged on a side of the base substrate, and a light anti-reflection layer arranged on the base substrate and on a light emergent side of the color filter units. The light anti-reflection layer is capable of increasing a light transmission rate of at least one color filter unit. The effect of improving the light transmission rate can be realized.

Abstract: In illustrative implementations, an imaging system may comprise a lens, an optical cavity and a time-of-flight camera. The imaging system may capture an image of a scene. The image may be formed by light that is from the scene and that passes through the optical cavity and the lens. In some cases, the lens is in front of the optical cavity, enabling the Euclidean distance between the lens and the camera sensor to be less than the nominal focal length of the lens. In some cases, the lens is inside the optical cavity, enabling the camera to acquire ultrafast multi-zoom images without moving or changing the shape of any optical element. In some cases, the lens is behind the optical cavity, enabling the system to perform ultrafast multi-spectral imaging. In other cases, an optical cavity between the scene and time-of-camera enables ultrafast ellipsometry measurements or ultrafast spatial frequency filtering.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metallic wire grid polarizer and a manufacturing method thereof. The metallic wire grid polarizer of the present invention includes a base plate (10) and a plurality of metallic wire grids formed on the base plate (10). The metallic wire grids are divided into first wire lines (21) and second wire lines (22) having different heights so as to form a dual-period wire-grid structure for achieving better optical performance and exhibiting more global optimization parameters for making modulation of the optical performance thereof more scientific and more flexible. The manufacturing method of the metallic wire grid polarizer of the present invention may make a wire grid structure having layers of different heights and the manufacturing operation is simple.

Abstract: The present invention provides a quantum dot backlight module, which includes a quantum dot film arranged on a side of the light guide plate that is distant from the light reflector board and an optical coating layer arranged on a side of the quantum dot film that is distant from the light guide plate, or alternatively includes a quantum dot tube arranged between a light guide plate and a backlight source and an optical coating layer arranged on a side of the light guide plate that is adjacent to the quantum dot tube, so that for the purpose of emission of white backlighting, the optical coating layer is used to reflect a part of monochromatic light emitting from the backlight source toward the quantum dot film or the quantum dot tube for re-excitation for light emission so as to increase excitation performance of the quantum dot film or the quantum dot tube, improve brightness and gamut of the quantum dot backlight module, and enhance product quality.

Abstract: The present invention provides a backlight module used in liquid crystal displays. The backlight module includes a quantum dots film, a light guide plate and a light source module. A light is emitted from the light source module enter into the quantum dots film through the light guide plate. The quantum dots film comprises an active region and an inactive region. The light source module includes a blue light source and a green light source. The blue light source is corresponding to the active region, and the green light source is corresponding to the inactive region. The present invention further provides a backlight module used in liquid crystal displays. The present invention provides a backlight module and quantum dots film of liquid crystal display which can resolve a defect of quantum dots film fails in the cutting position, and the quantum dots film has high color gamut conversion.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a light source which generates a first light, a display module which displays an image, a light guide plate disposed under the display module, and an optical filter disposed under the light guide plate to face the display module. The optical filter includes a filter layer which transmits a portion of the first light from the light guide plate and reflects a remaining portion of the first light except for the portion and an absorbing layer disposed under the filter layer to absorb the first light transmitted thereto through the filter layer. As an incident angle of the first light incident to the filter layer with respect to a normal line of an upper surface of the filter layer increases, an overlapping bandwidth between a reflection wavelength bandwidth of the filter layer and a wavelength bandwidth of the first light increases.

Abstract: A display device includes a light source which generates light, a light guide member which guides the light, and a light collecting member disposed on the light guide member to collect the light provided from the light guide member. The light collecting member includes a plurality of central areas, a plurality of ring areas respectively surrounding the plurality of central areas, and a peripheral area surrounding the plurality of ring areas.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting element, first and second light-transmissive members disposed on the light-emitting element, a light-guiding member, and a light-reflective member. A perimeter of a lower surface of the first light-transmissive member is disposed inwardly of a perimeter of an upper surface of the light-emitting element in a plan view. The light-guiding member covers the upper surface of the light-emitting element and the lower surface and lateral surfaces of the first light-transmissive member. The light-guiding member does not cover an upper surface of the second light-transmissive member and at least a portion of a lateral surface of the second light-transmissive member continuous. The light-reflective member covers lateral surfaces of the light-guiding member and at least the portion of the lateral surface of the second light-transmissive member exposed from the light-guiding member.

Abstract: An illumination device includes: an optical fiber, the optical fiber allowing light emitted from a light source to be introduced at a first end portion thereof and to be guided through the optical fiber while emitting a portion of the light through a side surface of the optical fiber; a light-transmissive tube, the light-transmissive tube covering the side surface of the optical fiber such that a gap is located between the tube and the side surface of the optical fiber; and a light-shielding cap covering a second end portion of the tube at a side opposite the light source such that a space is located between a bottom portion of the cap and the second end portion of the tube. A second end portion of the optical fiber projects past the second end portion of the tube and is located at an inner side of the cap.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus that wavelength-converts laser light guided by an optical fiber to output light having a different wavelength as the laser light, includes: a holder that holds the optical fiber; a wavelength converter that wavelength-converts the laser light emitted from the optical fiber; and a case that holds the wavelength converter and houses the holder. The holder includes a straight groove into which one end of the optical fiber is fitted.

Abstract: Disclosed is a light guide mat (1) for the production of a block- or cuboid-shaped light guide body (21), which mat is arranged in a casting mould and can be sealed in a pourable, curable casting compound (24), wherein the light guide mat (1) consists of longitudinal and transverse struts (2, 3) connected to one another in the form of a grid, which struts consist at least partially of a light-conducting plastic, wherein profiled tight guide elements (4) consisting of an at least partially light-conducting plastic are integrally formed at the point of intersection of the longitudinal and transverse struts (2, 3), an end face (6) of which elements being formed as light-emitting surfaces on the upper face (22) of the light guide body 21, wherein at least the longitudinal struts (2) of the light guide mat (1) are formed as light channels (5) for receiving point-like, light-generating elements, and the light channels (5) are integrally formed on the face of the light guide elements (4) near to the bottom.

Abstract: The present invention provides a backlight module. The backlight module includes a plastic frame, a backlight source and a light guide plate. The backlight source and the light guide plate are received in the plastic frame. The light guide plate includes a light incident surface and a light emitting surface. The backlight source includes a circuit board, a reflecting collimator lens fixed to the circuit board and a LED lamp disposed inside the reflecting collimator lens. The reflecting collimator lens includes a parabolic reflecting surface, and the LED lamp is located at a center location of the parabolic reflecting surface. The light incident surface is covered with a color polarizing layer, and the parabolic reflecting surface faces toward the color polarizing layer. The present invention also discloses a display device.

Abstract: An optical transmittance adjustment device including a light guide plate and an optical transmittance adjustment film is provided. The light guide plate has a first surface and a second surface, wherein the second surface is opposite to the first surface and has a plurality of light scattering microstructures. The optical transmittance adjustment film is located at a side of the light guide plate, and the light scattering microstructures are located between the optical transmittance adjustment film and the light guide plate.

Abstract: A light source module including a light guide plate, a light source, and a quantum dot layer is provided. The light guide plate has a light emitting surface, a bottom surface, and a light incidence surface, wherein the bottom surface is opposite to the light emitting surface, and the light incidence surface connects the bottom surface and the light emitting surface. The light source is disposed beside the light incidence surface. The quantum dot layer is disposed on at least one of the light emitting surface and the bottom surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides a backlight module and a liquid crystal display device. The backlight module of the present invention includes an upper brightness enhancement film (7), which includes a central zone (71) and a lens zone (72) located between the central zone (71) and a mold frame (1). The upper brightness enhancement film (7) includes a prism structure formed on an upper surface of the central zone (71); and the upper brightness enhancement film (7) includes a lens structure formed on an upper surface of the lens zone (72). The lens structure includes a plurality of concave surfaces (721) arranged in sequence in a side-by-side manner from an edge of the upper brightness enhancement film (7) toward interior thereof. The prism structure and the lens structure of the upper brightness enhancement film (7) are integrally formed together.

Abstract: A light source module includes a light guide plate, a light source, a first prism sheet and a reflection sheet. The light guide plate includes a light exit surface, a bottom surface opposite to the light exit surface, and a light entrance surface connected to the light exit surface and the bottom surface. The light source is disposed beside the light entrance surface and adapted to emit a light beam to the light entrance surface. The first prism sheet is disposed on the light exit surface and includes first prism units. A surface of the first prism units faces away from the light exit surface. The reflection sheet is disposed on the bottom surface. The light guide plate is located between the reflection sheet and the first prism sheet. The reflection sheet includes microstructures. A surface of the microstructures faces the bottom surface of the light guide plate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a LCD panel having a first polarizer, a first substrate, a second substrate and a second polarizer are sequentially provided from a front surface side, a frame which surrounds the LCD panel and has a first opening having first to fourth sides, a planar light source disposed on the rear surface side of the LCD panel in the first opening, a plurality of optical sheet groups which are disposed between the planar light source and the LCD panel, and an adhesive layer which has a second opening formed along the first to fourth sides of the frame. A front surface side of the adhesive layer is adhered to the LCD panel along at least the first side, and a rear surface side of the adhesive layer is adhered to the plurality of optical sheet groups and the frame along at least the first side.

Abstract: An illumination device includes a plurality of light-emitting elements (LEEs); a light guide extending in a forward direction from a first end to a second end to receive at the first end light emitted by the LEEs and to guide the received light to the second end; an optical extractor optically coupled to the second end to receive the guided light, the optical extractor including a redirecting surface to reflect a first portion of the guided light, the reflected light being output by the optical extractor in a backward angular range, and the redirecting surface having one or more transmissive portions to transmit a second portion of the guided light in the forward direction; and one or more optical elements optically coupled to the transmissive portions, the optical elements to modify the light transmitted through the transmissive portions and to output the modified light in a forward angular range.

Abstract: A light-emitting device is provided, and includes a light guide plate and a light source. The light guide plate includes a main body, in which the main body has a light-incident surface. The light source is disposed adjacent to the light-incident surface. The light-emitting device is selectively disposed in different arrangements. When the light-emitting device is disposed in a first arrangement, the light-emitting device is able to provide a first light-emitting function towards a first direction and to provide a second light-emitting function towards a second direction. When the light-emitting device is disposed in a second arrangement, the second light-emitting function towards the second direction is changed, and the first light-emitting function towards the first direction is also changed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an optical device comprising forming a first trench in a glass plate and a second trench perpendicular to the first trench, wherein the first trench has an end opening into the second trench. The trenches are treated with hydrofluoric acid. The first trench is filled with a material to form a waveguide, and a mirror is formed on the wall of the second trench opposite the waveguide. An encapsulation layer is deposited over the glass plate, waveguide and second trench.

Abstract: In accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, a backlight source, a related backlight unit, a related display apparatus, and fabricating methods thereof are provided. In some embodiments, the disclosed backlight source for a display panel can comprises: a light-bar; and a plurality of first light sources and a plurality of second light sources alternatively located on the light-bar in a staggered arrangement; wherein the plurality of first light sources use a first type phosphor that is able to realize a first color gamut range, while the plurality of second light sources use a second type phosphor that is able to realize a second color gamut range.

Abstract: A backlight module includes a reflective film, a light guide plate located on the top side of the reflective film and defining a light incident area, a light-shielding film located on the light guide plate opposite to the reflective film, a membrane switch structure including a first circuit layer mounted on the reflective film and disposed between the light guide plate and the reflective film and a second circuit layer mounted on the light-shielding film to face toward the light guide plate, and a light source disposed adjacent to the light guide plate with light-emitting elements arranged for emitting light toward the light incident area of the light guide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a backlight module, including a plastic frame, a light guide plate, a reflective sheet, a backlight lamp and an optical film, wherein the light guide plate and the optical film are sequentially overlapped and disposed on the reflective sheet; the plastic frame surrounds the light guide plate and the optical film, and a peripheral edge of the plastic frame is provided and received with the backlight lamp; the backlight module also includes a quantum dot film; an inner circumferential surface of the plastic frame is provided with a green compensation layer; the backlight lamp is located between a light incident surface of the light guide plate and the plastic frame; the quantum dot film is overlapped on the light guide plate, and is located between the light guide plate and the optical film. A display panel is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mold-frame-free liquid crystal display device and an assembly method thereof, in which a lower surface of a liquid crystal display panel (2) is provided with a first double-sized adhesive tape (110) that circumferentially surrounds an effective display area (21) and an optical film assembly (15) is adhesively attached to the first double-sized adhesive tape (110) and a reflector plate (14) and a light guide plate (11) are sequentially disposed inside the terminal frame (4) and, finally, the liquid crystal display panel (2) that includes the optical film assembly (15) attached thereto and the terminal frame (4) with the reflector plate (14) and the light guide plate (11) disposed therein are assembled together, whereby a backlighting mold frame can be omitted, the cost can be reduced, and a bezel width of a liquid crystal display device can be effectively reduced to realize narrow bezel of the liquid crystal display device, increase product competition power, allow the backligh

Abstract: A backlight module and a liquid crystal display are provided. In the backlight module, a reflection sheet and a first optical film set are designed as an up-down engaged box structure, wherein the other elements of the backlight module are fixed inside the box, so as to form the whole of the backlight module. The backlight module has advantages: narrow frame, simple structure, low cost, high light utilization efficiency. The liquid crystal display has advantages such as a narrow frame.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a light source generating a light, a display panel receiving the light from the light source and including a display area displaying an image and a non-display area disposed adjacent to the display area, and first and second optical sheets disposed under the display panel. Each of the first and second optical sheets includes a body portion overlapped with the display area and a wing portion connected to one side portion of the body portion in the first direction to overlap with a portion of the non-display area. A length of the wing portion of the first optical sheet in the second direction is shorter than a length of the wing portion of the second optical sheet in the second direction, and the wing portion of the first optical sheet is entirely overlapped with the wing portion of the second optical sheet.

Abstract: A backlight unit includes a support frame between a base portion of a bottom case and a display panel, a light guide plate between the base portion of the bottom case and the support frame, a light source between the light guide plate and a side portion of the bottom case protruding from the base portion of the bottom case, and a first optical sheet between the support frame and the display panel.

Abstract: The present invention provides square seal, a manufacture method of square seal and a manufacture method of a backlight module. The square seal utilizes the roulette design. As being assembled, the redundant material outside the roulette is removed along the roulette to obtain the square seal of narrow frame so that the square seal achieves the narrow frame without the issues of overflow seal and waste material adhesion. The square seal can be easily separated from the waste material to effectively reduce the defect rate. In the manufacture method of the square seal according to the present invention, the square seal inner frame line is first cut on the seal body film material, and then the dotted roulette is formed at position of the square seal outer frame line is pre formed, and finally, the circle of the square seal reserved outer frame line is cut at the periphery of the roulette.

Abstract: A pulsed laser device includes: a semiconductor laser device that outputs laser light having a single wavelength; a semiconductor optical amplifier that receives the laser light output from the semiconductor laser device and amplifies the laser light to output; and a semiconductor-optical-amplifier driver that supplies a pulse-modulated semiconductor-optical-amplifier driving current to the semiconductor optical amplifier.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments provide a system that implements an optical interface. The system includes a semiconductor chip with a silicon layer, which includes a silicon waveguide, and an interface layer (which can be comprised of SiON) disposed over the silicon layer, wherein the interface layer includes an interface waveguide. The system also includes an optical coupler that couples an optical signal from the silicon waveguide in the silicon layer to the interface waveguide in the interface layer, wherein the interface waveguide channels the optical signal in a direction parallel to a top surface of the semiconductor chip. The system additionally includes a mirror, which is oriented to reflect the optical signal from the interface waveguide in a surface-normal direction so that the optical signal exits the top surface of the semiconductor chip.

Abstract: An optical interconnect structure and method are provided. The optical interconnect structure includes a plate on which a mirror is formed. The optical interconnect structure further includes a waveguide structure comprising a waveguide core and an opening. The plate is mounted on the waveguide structure such the mirror is inserted in the opening for light coupling (i) from the waveguide core and to an optical element positioned on the plate and (ii) to the waveguide core from the optical element positioned on the plate.

Abstract: An integrated circuit optical interconnect for connecting a first circuit part arranged to output an optical signal and a second circuit part arranged to receive an optical signal. The integrated circuit optical interconnect comprises a body comprising a glass material. The glass material has embedded therein an optical waveguide arrangement having an input, located at a surface of the body, for coupling to the first circuit part, and an output, located at a surface of the body, for coupling to the second circuit part. The optical waveguide arrangement comprises at least two optical waveguide segments extending in different directions through the glass material and at least one reflecting part arranged between the two optical waveguide segments, for directing an optical signal from one of the optical waveguide segments to the other of the optical waveguide segments.

Abstract: In the examples provided herein, an optical logic gate includes multiple couplers, where no more than two types of couplers are used in the optical logic gate, and further wherein the two types of couplers consist of: a 3-dB coupler and a weak coupler with a given transmission-to-reflection ratio. The optical logic gate also includes a first resonator, wherein the first resonator comprises a photonic crystal resonator or a nonlinear ring resonator, wherein in operation, the first resonator has a dedicated continuous wave input to bias a complex amplitude of a total field input to the first resonator such that the total field input is either above or below a nonlinear switching threshold of the first resonator, where the optical logic gate is an integrated photonic circuit.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for splicing crystal fibers to silica glass fibers. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide mechanically stable bonds with negligible optical transmission loss by splicing fibers through a thermally enhanced reaction bonding process at lower temperatures than the melting point of the crystal. In an embodiment, mixing of the materials at elevated temperatures forms a stable intermediary material which enhances strength and reduces the transmission losses.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a waveguide in a glass plate is disclosed. The glass plate is scanned with a laser beam directed orthogonally to the glass plate to form a trench according to a pattern of the waveguide to be formed. The scanning is performed by pulses of the laser beam having a duration between 2 and 500 femtoseconds. The glass plate with the trench is treated with hydrofluoric acid. After treating the glass plate, the trench is filled with a material having an index different from that of glass, and, after filling the trench, a cladding layer is deposited.

Abstract: A beam branching device capable of suppressing an increase in the cost and the like even when the number of branching directions of an incident beam is large and increasing the coupling efficiency even when the rotation accuracy of a rotary motor is not increased too high and coping with high-speed switching of the optical path is provided. In a beam branching device, a rotation shaft of a rotary motor is rotated to rotate a rotating member together with a plurality of reflection mirrors so that an incident beam is reflected from a reflection mirror surface portion of any one of the plurality of reflection mirrors and the incident beam is branched to a plurality of directions to switch an optical path of a reflection beam.