Abstract: Provided herein is a method of detecting microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3B) expression in a subject as a marker for autophagy, the method comprising: obtaining a liquid biological sample from the subject; isolating exosomes from the liquid biological sample; and detecting LC3B expression in the isolated exosomes. Also provided is a method of detecting LC3B expression as a marker for autophagy in a subject suffering from a solid malignancy, comprising: obtaining a peripheral blood sample from the subject; isolating exosomes from the peripheral blood sample; and detecting LC3B expression in the isolated exosomes, wherein the method does not include obtaining a biopsy of the solid malignancy.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases based on the identification of a novel population of B cells known as Autoimmune- or Age-related B cells (“ABCs”). These cells express the CD11c cell surface protein and exhibit a unique gene expression profile. The ABCs increase in numbers in subjects that are prone to developing autoimmune diseases or in healthy individuals, particularly females, as they age. Accordingly, the present invention includes methods and kits for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases based on the detection of the ABCs before overt symptoms of the disease become detectable. The present invention also includes methods of treatment of autoimmune diseases by targeting the ABCs, as well as methods for assessing the efficacy of treatments of autoimmune diseases.

Abstract: Methods for identifying metabolic signatures in blood plasma which are unique to autism are described herein. Samples are analyzed using multiple chromatographic-mass spectrometry-based techniques to orthogonally measure a broad range of small molecular weight metabolites differentially produced in autistic patient samples versus non-autistic control samples. These individual metabolites or a panel of such metabolites serve as metabolic signatures of autism. Such metabolic signatures are used in diagnostic methods to accurately identify individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Abstract: In some embodiments, the invention provides an in vitro method for identifying a patient as likely as likely to require a transfusion of at least six units of blood in six hours or less. The method comprise, consists essentially of, or consists of (a) analyzing a sample of blood from a patient with a viscoelastic analysis assay to obtain a coagulation characteristic value that is independent of time of the patient; and (b) comparing the coagulation characteristic value of the patient to a coagulation characteristic value that is independent of time of a control, wherein the coagulation characteristic value of the patient that is lower than the coagulation characteristic value of the control identifies the patient as likely to require a transfusion of at least six units of blood in six hours or less.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of measuring the prostaglandin E main urinary metabolite (PGE-MUM), in which a mixture solution of a urine sample treated with alkali can directly be subjected to an antigen-antibody reaction system in an immunoassay of PGE-MUM, without neutralization and dilution followed by dispensation. The method of measuring PGE-MUM includes the steps of: a) mixing a urine sample with an alkaline aqueous solution, and b) subjecting the mixture solution resulting from a) to an immunoassay using a bicyclo PGE-MUM-immobilized or anti-bicyclo PGE-MUM antibody-immobilized solid phase to measure PGE-MUM in the urine sample, wherein the immunoassay is performed in a weakly-acidic basal buffer solution in the presence of a second pH buffering agent which exerts a buffering effect in the basic range and is different from the pH buffering agent contained in the basal buffer solution, and in the presence of a cationic surfactant.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems to determine a subject's metabolic vulnerability index (MVX) score using at least one defined mathematical model of risk. The methods comprise evaluating various biomarkers to distinguish various health risks. In one embodiment, the method comprises evaluating biomarkers to determine a relative risk of premature all-cause mortality. The model may include NMR-derived measurements of GlycA, S-HDLP, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), ketone bodies, total serum protein, and citrate in at least one biosample of the subject.

Abstract: An apparatus for use with a robotic high throughput sample preparation machine. The apparatus includes: a tool retaining portion configured to engage and disengage with a sample preparation tool, and a rotation element configured to rotate the engagement portion. Actuation of the rotation element causes the tool retaining portion to alternately engage and disengage a sample preparation tool. The tool retaining portion may be configured to engage multiple sample preparation tool types such as syringes, needles, and media-containing cartridges such as those used for solid phase extraction.

Abstract: A method for operating a medical analyte testing system having a handheld meter, particularly, a glucose meter, and a test magazine is disclosed. In the disclosed method a replaceable test magazine including a plurality of test elements is provided in the handheld meter for conducting successive analyte tests. An auxiliary measuring unit of the handheld meter measures at various points of time at least one ambient parameter, including temperature or humidity. The method checks for a threshold violation by comparing the measured ambient parameter with a preset threshold. The preset threshold is lowered after an initial period of use of the test magazine, and a use-up period is adjusted based on the check for a threshold violation.

Abstract: A method for operating a laboratory system comprising laboratory instruments and a laboratory information system is presented. The method comprises grouping laboratory instruments into instrument cluster(s) and providing a cluster manager thereto. The plurality of laboratory instruments publishes their instrument resource descriptions. Each cluster manager maintains an inventory of cluster resources and publishes a list of processing capabilities of the instrument cluster. The laboratory information system assigns processing of test order(s) to instrument clusters. Each cluster manager assigns resources of the laboratory instruments corresponding to test orders from the laboratory information system in view of the inventory of cluster resources. Each laboratory instrument carries out the processing step(s) on the biological sample as instructed by the cluster manager.

Abstract: A reagent container transfer mechanism transfers a reagent container selected from among reagent containers stored in a second reagent container storage section to a first reagent container storage section. A controller controls the reagent container transfer mechanism to transfer a reagent container from a second reagent container storage section to the first reagent container storage section on the basis of a predetermined priority condition. The predetermined priority condition is one of a reagent provided with an effective calibration curve result, a number of remaining tests, and an expiration date of a reagent.

Abstract: Reagents used in automatic analysis devices, which analyze components in a biological sample by mixing and reacting the biological sample with a reagent, include liquid reagents and freeze-dried reagents, and freeze-dried reagents must be dissolved by a solvent. Fragments of freeze-dried reagent attach to the upper section, such as the wall surfaces and around the lid, of a reagent container containing the freeze-dried reagent. In order to dissolve these fragments, the reagent bottle must be subjected to inversion mixing, in which a reagent bottle is rotated while being turned sideways and upside-down. However, when doing so, liquid is liable to leak from the opening part of the reagent container.

Abstract: To accurately analyze measurement target particles in each specimen, while reducing variation in dispensing amounts of specimens which is caused by different viscosities of the respective specimens. A sample preparing apparatus 1 includes: a measurement section 2 configured to measure a specimen obtained from a specimen container 10, and obtain viscosity information relating to viscosity of the specimen; a sample preparation section 3 configured to prepare a measurement sample by aspirating the specimen from the specimen container 10, discharging the specimen into a mixing container 11, and mixing the specimen with a labeling substance in the mixing container 11; and a control section 4 configured to determine, on the basis of viscosity information, at least one of an aspiration condition for aspirating the specimen and a discharge condition for discharging the specimen, and control the sample preparation section 3.

Abstract: A method capable of estimating multi-degree-of-freedom motion of an optical sensing apparatus includes: providing an image sensor having a pixel array having a plurality of image zones to sense and capture a frame; providing and using a lens to vary optical magnifications of a plurality of portion images of the frame to generate a plurality of reconstructed images with different of field of views, the portion images of the frame respectively corresponding to the image zones; and estimating and obtaining a motion result for each of the reconstructed images to estimate the multi-degree-of-freedom motion of the optical sensing apparatus.

Abstract: In a physical quantity sensor, wirings provided on a projection and a bonding pad form a silicide layer and are electrically connected. The wirings are multilayered films. A noble metal layer covers the projection and contacts the bonding pad to form the silicide layer. A metal layer extends between the noble metal layer and a base substrate. The metal layer, the noble metal layer, an adhesion layer, and an insulating layer are stacked in this order from the base substrate in all areas except for atop the projection.

Abstract: A system combines contributions from various sensors to obtain an object's position, velocity, or orientation.

Abstract: A liquid cell for in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement of a sample during filtration is provided. The liquid cell includes a cantilever probe; a cantilever holder to position the probe near a surface of a sample (e.g., a filtration membrane); a liquid cell housing provided to hold the sample and comprising an opening at the top; an upper part; a lower part; an internal cavity to contain a fluid; a fluid inlet passage located in the upper part; a first fluid outlet passage located in the upper part; and a second fluid outlet passage located in the lower part. A method of in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement of a sample during filtration in a liquid by using the liquid cell described herein is also provided.

Abstract: A Kelvin socket 10 comprising a housing 1 having a recess, a plurality of socket pin slots or partitions 11 resided in the recess, and a cooling medium pass 7; a plurality of self-cooling force contact fingers 2 arranged into an array and disposed into the plurality of socket pin slots or partitions 11 of the housing 1; wherein each of the plurality of self-cooling force contact fingers 2 has a force contact finger pin 21 and a heat sink base 22 being attached to a portion away from tip of the force contact finger pin 21 for dissipating heat from the force contact finger pin 21; an elastomer 3 disposed on the self-cooling force contact fingers 2; a plurality of sense contact fingers 4 having a plurality of sense contact finger pins 41, and being arranged into an array; wherein each of the plurality of sense contact fingers has a sense contact finger pin 41; wherein the plurality of sense contact fingers 5 are disposed into the elastomer 3, resulting in that the plurality of sense contact finger pins 41 are ar

Abstract: A rectangular probe of a probe card device includes a metallic pin and a metallic reinforcing body. The metallic pin includes a middle segment, a first connecting segment and a second connecting segment respectively extending from two opposite ends of the middle segment, a first contacting segment extending from the first connecting segment in a direction away from the middle segment, and a second contacting segment extending from the second connecting segment in a direction away from the middle segment. The metallic reinforcing body is integrally formed on the middle segment. The Young's modulus of the metallic reinforcing body is larger than that of the metallic pin. The electric conductivity of the metallic pin is larger than that of the metallic reinforcing body. An outside diameter jointly formed by the metallic reinforcing body and the middle segment is larger than an outside diameter of the second connecting segment.

Abstract: A testing system for electrical interconnects having a removable device under test printed circuit board (DUT PCB) that electrically connects with the electrical testing components of the system. A removable top plate is placed on top of the DUT PCB and is locked in place by a plurality of locking posts that selectively connect to cam surfaces in the top plate that pull the top plate down sandwiching the DUT PCB between the top plate and the electrical testing components of the system. An actuator is also presented that presses the device under test into the electrical interconnect at increments where tests are performed on one, some or all of the contact points of the electrical interconnect. This information is then analyzed and graphed to assist with determine the optimum force and/or height to use during actual use.

Abstract: The instant disclosure provides a probe assembly and a probe structure thereof. The probe structure includes a metal main portion, a covering layer and an insulating layer. The metal main portion has a first end portion, a second end portion corresponding to the first end portion, a connecting portion connected between the first and the second end portions and a surrounding surface surrounding the first end portion, the second end portion and the connecting portion. The covering layer includes a first covering layer disposed on a surrounding surface located on the first end portion, a second covering layer disposed on a surrounding surface located on the second end portion and a third covering layer disposed on a surrounding surface located on the connecting portion. The insulating layer is disposed on the third covering layer for exposing the first and second covering layer.

Abstract: A Hall Effect sensor, including a toroid including a gap having opposed surfaces, which are substantially planar and substantially parallel to one another. The toroid further includes a central plane bisecting the opposed surfaces. A first Hall element sensor defining a first sensor plane is positioned at least partially within the gap of the toroid at a first angle and a second Hall element sensor is positioned at least partially within the gap of the toroid at a second angle substantially mutually perpendicular to each of the opposed surfaces. The central plane is substantially perpendicular to the opposed surfaces.

Abstract: The present disclosure illustrates a low-power voltage detection circuit, including a threshold voltage detection circuit, a leakage detection circuit and a low-voltage detection circuit. By utilizing the above-mentioned threshold voltage detection circuit and leakage detection circuit, the voltage variations caused by leakage, temperature or process can be detected in the more efficient and power saving way.

Abstract: A digital voltmeter, where a number of clock pulses for a first ramp voltage to reach an input voltage is determined. Next, a number of clock pulses for a second ramp voltage to reach the input voltage is determined. One of the first and the second ramp voltages having a least number of clock pulses to reach the input voltage is determined. A determination is made for a number of clock pulses for the determined one of the first and the second ramp voltages to reach a reference voltage. A digital code is generated for the input voltage based on the determined number of clock pulses for reaching the reference voltage and the determined least number of clock pulses for reaching the input voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a power detection circuit for tracking a maximum power point of a solar cell. The power detection circuit includes: an average voltage extracting unit which extracts an average voltage VPV,LPF from an external voltage VPV input from an external energy source; a ripple voltage extracting unit which extracts a ripple voltage including current information of the external voltage VPV from the external voltage VPV; a voltage-time converter which generates a ramp voltage VRAMP changing at a predetermined rate and converts the average voltage VPV,LPF and the ripple voltage into corresponding time information ?t1 and ?t2 based on the ramp voltage VRAMP; a time-digital converter which converts the time information ?t2 for the ripple voltage into a digital code t2 [n:0]; and a time multiplier which multiplies the digital code t2 [n:0] and the time information ?t1 for the average voltage VPV,LPF to output a specific voltage value.

Abstract: An aggregator is in operative communication with an aggregation of electric water heaters to receive thermostat readings and power consumption readings from the electric water heaters and to communicate demand response dispatch signals to the electric water heaters. The aggregator performs operations including: responding to instructions for a desired demand response by generating the demand response dispatch signals for the electric water heaters so as to cause the aggregation to draw electrical power providing the desired demand response; and determining whether an electric water heater of the aggregation has a failure and generating a notification of the failure. The determining including at least one of: determining whether the electric water heater has a failed heating element based on the thermostat readings received from the electric water heater; and determining whether the electric water heater has a water leak based on the power consumption readings received from the electric water heater.

Abstract: A backup battery charging system for a building management system is disclosed. Components of the charging system include an analog power converter, a voltage feedback loop and a current feedback loop. The feedback loops each include at least one digital resistor. The system panel, in turn, includes at least one microcontroller that controls the building management system and also controls the charging system. The charging system is “software defined,” in that the microcontroller controls the charging system by updating the digital resistors in the feedback loops to control the analog power converter. In one example, the building management system is a fire alarm system controlled by a fire control panel as the system panel.

Abstract: An electric energy meter for a poly-phase electricity network includes a power transformer having a primary side and a secondary side, a first analog front end (AFE) unit is coupled to the secondary side of the power transformer, and a microcontroller coupled to the primary side of the power transformer. The first AFE unit is to be coupled to a first phase of the poly-phase electricity network. The microcontroller is configured to transmit a digitized request signal to, and to receive a measurement signal from, the first AFE unit via the power transformer. More specifically, the first AFE unit, upon receiving the digitized request signal, is to extract information from the digitized request signal.

Abstract: A vector network analyzer for obtaining at least one wave frequency ratio with respect to a frequency-converting device under test is provided. The vector network analyzer comprises a transmitter side configured to be controlled by at least one transmitter side clock signal, a receiver side configured to be controlled by at least one receiver side clock signal, and a central clock configured to generate a central clock signal. The at least one transmitter side clock signal and the at least one receiver side clock signal are based on the central clock signal, the at least one transmitter side clock signal and the at least one receiver side clock signal are generated with a fixed phase relation to each other with the aid of a start pulse.

Abstract: A device includes a substrate that includes a resonant cavity. The resonant cavity includes a plurality of dipolar molecules that have an absorption frequency. The resonant cavity resonates at a frequency that is equal to the absorption frequency of the dipolar molecules. The device further includes a first port on the resonant cavity configured to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods that measure electrical parameters of a multi-phase electrical system may utilize a multi-phase measurement device that includes a sensor subsystem that has a voltage sensor and a current sensor. Each of the voltage sensor and the current sensor may be a contact-type sensor or a “non-contact” sensor that does not require galvanic contact. In operation, a multi-phase measurement device may utilize the voltage sensor and the current sensor to sequentially obtain single phase measurements for each phase of a multi-phase electrical system. The measurements may be synchronized to obtain various multi-phase power parameters, such as various parameters relating to power, phase, voltage, current, etc. The multi-phase measurement device may be operative to automatically detect when an operator has positioned a sensor of the sensor subsystem proximate a conductor under test so the multi-phase measurement device can initiate detection of one or more electrical parameters in the conductor.

Abstract: An asynchronous capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) is described that allows for very low-power operation when during inactive periods (when no conductive object is in contact or proximity to the sensing electrodes). Asynchronous operation of the CDC provides for capacitance-to-digital conversion without the use of system resources and more power intensive circuit elements.

Abstract: A vector network analyzer for obtaining at least one wave frequency ratio with respect to a frequency-converting device under test is provided. The vector network analyzer comprises a transmitter side configured to be controlled by at least one transmitter side clock signal, a receiver side configured to be controlled by at least one receiver side clock signal, and a central clock configured to generate a central clock signal. The at least one transmitter side clock signal and the at least one receiver side clock signal are based on the central clock signal, the at least one transmitter side clock signal and the at least one receiver side clock signal are generated with a fixed phase relation to each other with the aid of a start pulse.

Abstract: A system and a method for determining local electric field strengths, the system including: a light source module configured to emit light; a plurality of electric field sensors, each sensor including a light input portion and a light output portion, each sensor including an electro-optic material arranged in a path of at least some of the received light, an optical property of the electro-optic material being variable depending on a local electric field strength at the sensor, and the electro-optic material being arranged in the sensor such that a property of the output light varies depending on the local electric field strength; a light detection module arranged to receive the output light from the sensors; and a processing module in communication with the light detection module, the processing module being programmed to determine a corresponding value for the electric field strength local to each of the sensors.

Abstract: An electro-optic (EO) sensor and a method for detecting a local electric field strength, the EO sensor including: a first optical cavity; a gain medium within the first optical cavity; a mode locking element within the first optical cavity; and an EO material within the first optical cavity, an effective optical path length of the EO material being variable depending on the local electric field strength at the EO sensor, wherein the gain medium, the mode locking element, and the EO material are arranged in a common path of light within the first optical cavity, and wherein during operation, the EO sensor emits pulses of light at a repetition rate characteristic of an effective optical path length of the light within the first optical cavity, the effective optical path length varying depending on the electric field strength local to the EO sensor.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus for automatic alarm management in a radio-frequency (RF) environment are disclosed. An apparatus calculates a power distribution by frequency of the RF environment in real time or near real time, including a first derivative and a second derivative of FFT data of the RF environment. The apparatus then creates a baseline based on the power distribution by frequency of the RF environment in a period of time, identifies at least one alarm situation based on a multiplicity of alarm triggering conditions by comparing the power distribution in real time or near real time to the baseline of the RF environment, identifies at least one signal based on the first derivative and the second derivative of FFT data in the at least one alarm situation, and sends at least one alarm comprising details of the at least one signal identified in the at least one alarm situation.

Abstract: Ground and test devices (G&TD) have an interchangeable test configuration using serially releasably mountable first and second ground assemblies and releasably mounted primary arm conductors thereby allowing for onsite field modification of a base test unit for use to test either the load side or line side terminals without requiring two separate base test devices providing an economic and less bulky test solution for end users.

Abstract: A method, control system and protective relay are provided for detecting faulted phases of transmission lines in an AC power system. The method includes sampling electric signals at one end of the transmission lines at a series of time points; computing instantaneous voltage values of electric signals at compensated points on the transmission lines from the values of the sampled electric signals based on a time domain lumped parameter differential equation for the transmission lines for the series of time points; recording the computed instantaneous voltage values of the electric signals; computing fault component or sudden-change of the instantaneous voltage values of the electrical signals; detecting the faulted phases or fault types by comparing the calculated fault component of the instantaneous voltage values at the preset compensated points; and generating signals indicating the faulted phases of fault types.

Abstract: A monitoring arrangement for monitoring a security device includes a) a first electric supply source connected to an input terminal for connecting an input of the security device b) a first outlet side measuring device connected to the output terminal for connecting an output of the safety device, c) an evaluating assembly connected to the first output-sided measuring device and which receives a measuring signal, and d) a first input-sided measuring device connected to the input terminal and to the evaluation assembly, which captures the measuring signal of the first input-sided measuring device and is designed to evaluate the measuring signal.

Abstract: An electronic component handler and an electronic component tester for accurately detecting positional information of a holding unit are to be provided. The electronic component handler includes: a holding unit which holds an electronic component; a base portion on which the holding unit is movably disposed; a position detecting unit which detects a relative position between the base portion and the holding unit; a driving unit which drives the holding unit; a control unit which controls driving of the driving unit; and a waveform converting unit which is provided between the position detecting unit and the control unit and converts a waveform of an output signal output by the position detecting unit.

Abstract: A thermal transient response simulation is performed for a structure having a plurality of thermal model elements. The thermal transient response simulation determines a relation between transient thermal impedance of the structure and time and a relation between maximum temperature change of each of the thermal model elements and time. An onset time at which energy reaches each of the thermal model elements is determined based on the relation between maximum temperature change of each of the thermal model elements and time and a predetermined maximum temperature change threshold. An influence onset resistance value for each of the thermal model elements is determined by looking up a thermal resistance value corresponding to the onset time based on the relation between transient thermal impedance of the structure and time. A structural function is mapped based on the influence onset resistance value for each of the thermal model elements.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tester apparatus of the kind including a portable supporting structure for removably holding and testing a substrate carrying a microelectronic circuit. An interface on the stationary structure is connected to the first interface when the portable structure is held by the stationary structure and is disconnected from the first interface when the portable supporting structure is removed from the stationary structure. An electrical tester is connected through the interfaces so that signals may be transmitted between the electrical tester and the microelectronic circuit to test the microelectronic circuit.

Abstract: Apparatus for testing semiconductor devices comprising die stacks, the apparatus comprising a substrate having an array of pockets in a surface thereof arranged to correspond to conductive elements protruding from a semiconductor device to be tested. The pockets include conductive contacts with traces extending to conductive pads, which may be configured as test pads, jumper pads, edge connects or contact pads. The substrate may comprise a semiconductor wafer or wafer segment and, if the latter, multiple segments may be received in recesses in a fixture. Testing may be effected using a probe card, a bond head carrying conductive pins, or through conductors carried by the fixture.

Abstract: A transmission line arrangement having a first end and a second end, the transmission line arrangement being configured to transmit a signal between the first end and the second end, the transmission line arrangement comprising a signal conductor extending between the first end and the second end of the transmission line arrangement, a first conducting sheet and a second conducting sheet positioned on two opposing sides of the signal conductor, an insulating material separating the first and second conducting sheets from the signal conductor and a plurality of pieces of conducting material extending between the first and second conducting sheets and arranged at different positions between the first and second ends of the transmission line arrangement, wherein the pieces of conducting material and the conducting sheets are arranged to substantially surround the signal conductor for at least part of its length between the first and second ends of the transmission line arrangement.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein are directed towards systems and methods for electric current leakage detection in a land seismic system. Embodiments may include generating at least one test signal using a digital to analog converter “DAC” circuitry, wherein the DAC circuitry includes an output operatively connected to earth ground. Embodiments may further include alternately grounding a positive path to an analog to digital converter “ADC” circuitry during a first time window and a negative path to the analog to digital converter during a second time window while measuring an ADC signal. Embodiments may also include determining an average amplitude of the first time window and the second time window and determining a leakage resistance based upon, at least in part, the average amplitude of the first time window and the second time window.

Abstract: A semiconductor apparatus includes a storage circuit, a processing circuit that performs processing using data stored in the storage circuit and writes data into the storage circuit as the processing is performed, a scan test circuit that executes a scan test on the processing circuit when the processing circuit does not perform processing, and an inhibit circuit that inhibits writing of data from the processing circuit to the storage circuit when the scan test on the processing circuit is executed.

Abstract: This disclosure describes different ways to improve the operation of a device's 1149.1 TAP to where the TAP can perform at-speed Update & Capture, Shift & Capture and Back to Back Capture & Shift operations. In a first embodiment of the disclosure the at-speed operations are achieved by time division multiplexing CMD signals onto the TMS input to the TAP. The CMD signals are input to a CMD circuit that operates in conjunction with a Dual Port Router to execute the at-speed operations of a circuit. In a second embodiment of the disclosure the at-speed operations are achieved by detecting the TAP's Exit1DR state as a CMD signal that is input to the CMD circuit that operates in conjunction with a Dual Port Router to execute the at-speed operations of a circuit.

Abstract: A method and a device operate an energy storage cell having a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte, a first reference electrode which has a first capacity for storing an electric charge, and a second reference electrode which has a second capacity for storing an electric charge, the second capacity being larger than the first capacity. The method detects at least one electrode voltage between the one cathode or anode and the second reference electrode; determines the charge state of the energy storage cell using the at least one electrode voltage; detects a reference voltage between the second reference electrode and the first reference electrode; connects a current source to the first reference electrode and the second reference electrode such that the charge state of the first reference electrode and the second reference electrode changes; and separates the current source from the first reference electrode and the second reference electrode.

Abstract: Systems and methods for prediction of state of charge (SOH), state of health (SOC) and other characteristics of batteries using acoustic signals, includes determining acoustic data at two or more states of charge and determining a reduced acoustic data set representative of the acoustic data at the two or more states of charge. The reduced acoustic data set includes time of flight (TOF) shift, total signal amplitude, or other data points related to the states of charge. Machine learning models use at least the reduced acoustic dataset in conjunction with non-acoustic data such as voltage and temperature for predicting the characteristics of any other independent battery.

Abstract: A battery ecosystem may provide electronic components including a reserve capacity tester (RCT) module, a handheld battery and electrical system analyzer (handheld tester), a tester charger, a wireless gateway router modem or hub (hub), a printer, wireless tire tread measuring device, a handheld route sales manager device (RSM), a battery monitoring device, and/or serialized labels, and a Sales/Information/POP kiosk. The hub may communicate with the electronic components, and the battery monitor may constantly read input and output information from a battery and communicate it to the hub and the serialized labels may provide a significant amount of information to the battery ecosystem.

Abstract: A remaining battery amount estimation device 2 includes a discharged electric charge amount calculating unit 202 configured to calculate a discharged electric charge amount of a battery 11 that supplies power to an electronic device 1 per predetermined time TR based on operating state information related to an operating state for each predetermined time of the electronic device 1, and a remaining amount estimation unit 206 configured to calculate a total amount of discharged electric charge from the battery 11 based on the discharged electric charge amount per predetermined time, and estimate a remaining amount of the battery 11 based on the total amount of discharged electric charge.