Abstract: In a method and system for position capture of a vehicle along a driving route, situated on a concrete floor having a reinforcement: the vehicle carries out a reference drive along the driving route, the vehicle records measuring points along the driving route, and each measuring point allocates a signal from the reinforcement to a position on the driving route; a reference profile of the driving route is determined based on the measuring points ascertained during the reference drive; the vehicle drives along the driving route and records further measuring points; a profile segment is determined from the further measuring points; the profile segment is uniquely allocated to a segment of the reference profile, e.g., using a correlation method; a position on the driving route is uniquely allocated to the vehicle with the aid of the profile segment allocated to the reference profile.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for high-speed tracking of a vessel. The method for high-speed tracking of a vessel, performed by the apparatus for high-speed tracking of the vessel, includes processing a reflected radar signal that is input, extracting objects from the reflected radar signal that is processed, selecting targets from among the extracted objects, performing advance tracking for the selected targets, and tracking the vessel using the result of advance tracking when an instruction to track the vessel is received.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to measure and analyze vibration signatures are disclosed. In some examples, a meter is provided comprising a waveform generator to generate a waveform based on first distance measurements of an object. In some examples, the meter includes a waveform generator to determine a first vibration characteristic of the object based on the waveform. In some examples, the meter includes a comparator to compare the first vibration characteristic to a signature vibration characteristic of the object, the signature vibration characteristic of the object indicative of normal characteristics of the object. In some examples, the meter includes a reporter to, in response to determining the first vibration characteristic does not match the signature vibration characteristic, generate an alert.

Abstract: In various embodiments, methods, systems, and vehicles are provided for distance determinations using cameras from different vehicles. The system includes a first camera onboard a first vehicle, providing a first image, the first image having therein an object of interest (OOI) for which a distance from the first vehicle is desired; and a second camera, providing second camera data including a second image having therein the OOI. The system further includes a control module configured to process and time synchronize first camera data and second camera data to generate a distance determination for the OOI, using the first camera data, the second camera data, and a distance between the first and second camera.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) device is provided. The LIDAR device includes: a light source configured to emit first light, a first reflector configured to omnidirectionally receive second light that is light reflected or scattered by an object that is irradiated by the first light, and reflect the second light, a light detector including a pixel array, the light detector being configured to detect the second light reflected from the first reflector, and a processor configured to acquire location information of the object based on detection of the second light by the light detector.

Abstract: An electronic device includes an infrared distance measurement apparatus and a touch panel. The touch panel covers the infrared distance measurement apparatus. The infrared distance measurement apparatus includes an infrared-light-emitting tube and at least two infrared-light-receiving tubes. The at least two infrared-light-receiving tubes include a far-channel receiving tube and a near-channel receiving tube and a distance between the far-channel receiving tube and the infrared-light-emitting tube is greater than a distance between the near-channel receiving tube and the infrared-light-emitting tube.

Abstract: A position tracking system has a laser transmitter, a control tracker and a layout indicator. The laser transmitter has a laser for emitting a laser beam, a controller controlling the laser, and a motor for rotating the emitted laser beam. The control tracker has a housing, at least two photo diodes disposed on the housing, and a laser assembly for generating a beam to be projected unto a surface. The layout indicator has a housing, and at least two photo diodes disposed on the housing. A network server communicates with at least one of the laser transmitter, the control tracker and the layout indicator.

Abstract: Doppler correction of phase-encoded LIDAR includes a code indicating a sequence of phases for a phase-encoded signal, and determining a first Fourier transform of the signal. A laser optical signal is used as a reference and modulated based on the code to produce a transmitted phase-encoded optical signal. A returned optical signal is received in response. The returned optical signal is mixed with the reference. The mixed optical signals are detected to produce an electrical signal. A cross spectrum is determined between in-phase and quadrature components of the electrical signal. A Doppler shift is based on a peak in the cross spectrum. A device is operated based on the Doppler shift. Sometimes a second Fourier transform of the electrical signal and the Doppler frequency shift produce a corrected Fourier transform and then a cross correlation. A range is determined based on a peak in the cross correlation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a TOF range finder. A TOF range finder 1 includes a light source 2, which emits modulated emitting light La, a light source control unit 51, which drives the light source 2, an image sensor 10, which detects modulated reflected light, and a distance calculating unit 53, which calculates the distance to a distance measurement object 7 based on the phase difference between emitting light La and reflected light. The modulated light is generated in the form of a periodic waveform which contains an only odd multiple wave frequency component and at least one even multiple wave frequency component.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, a displacement measurement device includes a control circuit controlling an optical path movement mechanism so that a first total sum of a plurality of intensity signals output from a first position detection sensor and a second total sum of a plurality of intensity signals output from a second position detection sensor change at the same time in a case in which a first and second lights and a stage are relatively moved to cross a boundary; and a displacement measurement circuit calculating an average value of first displacement of a object surface based on the plurality of intensity signals output from the first position detection sensor and second displacement of the object surface based on the plurality of intensity signals output from the second position detection sensor to measure the average value as the displacement of the object surface.

Abstract: Cargo objects, in a freight-related environment, are dynamically dimensioned while being held at a cargo-handling position of a vehicle. A three-dimensional model is obtained comprising points representing surfaces of the vehicle. Using the model, the position of a point of reference of a first wheel of the vehicle is obtained, as is the position of a split point relative to the position of the first wheel point of reference. A driving direction of the vehicle is obtained. A splitting plane is determined, which passes through the split point and is perpendicular to the driving direction. A three-dimensional model of the cargo is detrmined by subtracting, from the vehicle three-dimensional model, the points that are positioned on the side of the splitting plane opposite to the side of the splitting plane that make up the first wheel point of reference. The volume is then determined from the cargo three-dimensional model.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a transmitter operable to transmit a first light beam from a light source. The apparatus also includes a receiver operable to receive a plurality of return light beams and direct the plurality of return light beams through a first beam splitter to an imaging sensor and a LiDAR sensor. The imaging sensor may be operable to process a first portion of the return light beams into image profile data, and the LiDAR sensor may be operable to process a second portion of the return light beams into depth profile data. In addition, the first and second portions of the return light beams may be received from a shared field of view.

Abstract: Optical apparatus includes a projector, which directs a sequence of pulses of radiation toward a scene so as to form one or more lines of the radiation on the scene. A receiver includes an array of single-photon detectors, which output, in response to the radiation that is incident thereon, signals indicative of a time-of-flight of the pulses from the projector to the receiver via the points in the scene, and collection optics, which form an image the scene on the array, including the one or more lines of the radiation, such that each single-photon detector receives the radiation reflected from a corresponding point in the scene. A processor receives the signals output by the sensing elements, and derivesh depth coordinates of the points in the scene from both the time-of-flight of the pulses and triangulation of the one or more lines in the image.

Abstract: A system is capable of three-dimensional scanning in an environment containing a protrusion that extends substantially parallel to a floor. The system includes an autonomous vehicle, a planar distance sensor, and a computing device. The autonomous vehicle is configured to be located on the floor and to move across the floor. The planar distance sensor is fixedly mounted to the autonomous vehicle. A field of the planar distance sensor is at a non-parallel angle with respect to the floor when the autonomous vehicle is on the floor. The field of the planar distance sensor impinges on a surface of the protrusion when the autonomous vehicle is on the floor. The computing device is located on the autonomous vehicle and configured to develop a three-dimensional scan of the protrusion as the autonomous vehicle moves across the floor.

Abstract: System and method for a Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) for detecting ionospheric and tropospheric disturbances using Multi Frequency Monitor. Receiving signals from a plurality of receiver pairs and determining a monitor measurement of tropospheric delay variation using data from at least one pair of the plurality of receivers. Determining a monitor measurement of the sum of tropospheric and the sum of ionospheric delay variations using data from the at least one pair of the plurality of receivers. Combining monitor measurements of tropospheric delay variations and of ionospheric delay variations into an ionospheric delay estimate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product embodiments for detecting spoofing of a navigation device. A plurality of anti-spoofing techniques are provided. The plurality of anti-spoofing techniques detect interference with data provided by one or more navigation devices for a plurality of threat situations. Positioning, timing and frequency characteristics associated with the one or more navigation devices are analyzed in order to identify a threat situation among the plurality of threat situations. Based on the identified threat situation one or more of the anti-spoofing techniques are executed. The one or more anti-spoofing techniques can be executed in parallel in order to provide various anti-spoofing detection techniques at the same time.

Abstract: A monitoring system has a subject terminal, a monitoring device, and a watcher terminal connected via a network. The monitoring device includes an abnormality detecting portion, a mode switching portion, and a position tracking portion. The subject terminal includes a termination acceptance portion. The termination acceptance portion, in the abnormality monitoring mode, accepts the termination input, and transmits the accepted termination input to the monitoring device. The watcher terminal includes a tracking information output portion. The tracking information output portion, in the abnormality monitoring mode, outputs the position of the subject terminal received from the monitoring device.

Abstract: A method for altering paths of optical photons that pass through a scintillator. The scintillator includes a plurality of vertical sides. The method includes forming a reflective belt inside the scintillator by creating a portion of the reflective belt inside the scintillator on a vertical plane parallel with a vertical side of the plurality of vertical sides. Creating the portion of the reflective belt includes generating a plurality of defects on the vertical plane.

Abstract: A photoelectric detection structure and a preparation method, the structure comprises a first scintillator layer used for absorbing low-energy X rays and converting the X rays into visible light; a second scintillator layer used for absorbing high-energy X rays and converting the X rays into visible light; and a first visible light sensor located between the first scintillator layer and the second scintillator layer and used for converting visible light penetrating through the first scintillator layer and visible light reflected by the second scintillator layer into charges and storing the charges into the first visible light sensor. The method comprises providing a substrate, preparing layers layer by layer on the substrate through a semiconductor manufacturing process to form a first visible light sensor, forming a first scintillator layer on a first surface of the first visible light sensor and then forming a second scintillator layer on a second surface of the first visible light sensor.

Abstract: A scintillation crystal can include a cesium halide that is co-doped with thallium and another element. In an embodiment, the scintillation crystal can include CsX:Tl, Me, where X represents a halogen, and Me represents a Group 5A element. In a particular embodiment, the scintillation crystal may have a cesium iodide host material, a first dopant including a thallium cation, and a second dopant including an antimony cation.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a method comprises: configuring a panel plate as an entrance window for high energy electromagnetic, for example x-ray or gamma ray, radiation; attaching a bias plate on the panel plate, wherein the bias plate is configured to conduct electricity and pass the radiation through it; and attaching an array of tiles, where in each tiles comprises a direct conversion compound semiconductor sensor and a readout integrated circuit, IC, layer on the bias plate so that the direct conversion compound semiconductor sensor is configured on the bias plate; wherein the direct conversion compound semiconductor sensor is configured to convert photons of the high energy electromagnetic, for example x-ray or gamma ray, radiation into an electric current; and wherein the readout IC layer is situated next to the direct conversion compound semiconductor sensor and configured to receive the electric current and process the electric current.

Abstract: A PET detector array (8) comprising detector pixels acquires PET detection counts along lines of response (LORs). The counts are reconstructed to generate a reconstructed PET image (36, 46). The reconstructing is corrected for missing LORs which are missing due to dead detector pixels of the PET detector array. The correction may be by estimating counts along the missing LORs (60) by interpolating counts along LORs (66) neighboring the missing LORs. The interpolation may be iterative to handle contiguous groups of missing detector pixels. The correction may be by computing a sensitivity matrix having matrix elements corresponding to image elements (80, 82) of the reconstructed PET image. In this case, each matrix element is computed as a summation over all LORs intersecting the corresponding image element excepting the missing LORs. The computed sensitivity matrix is used in the reconstructing.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of processing seismic signals comprising: receiving a set of seismic signals, applying a wavelet transformation to the set of signals and generating transformed signals across a plurality of scales. Then for each scale determining coherence information indicative of the transformed signals and generating a comparison matrix comparing the transformed signals, then outputting seismic attribute information based on combined coherence information.

Abstract: A method is provided for identifying and characterizing structures of interest in a formation traversed by a wellbore, which involves obtaining waveform data associated with received acoustic signals as a function of measured depth in the wellbore. A set of arrival events and corresponding time picks is identified by automatic and/or manual methods that analyze the waveform data. A ray tracing inversion is carried out for each arrival event (and corresponding time pick) over a number of possible raypath types to determine i) two-dimensional reflector positions corresponding to the arrival event for the number of possible raypath types and ii) predicted inclination angles of the reflected wavefield for the number of possible raypath types.

Abstract: A vibration while drilling acquisition and signal processing system include a sensor assembly affixable to a drill string in a drilling unit and a sensor for detecting vibrations in the drill string. A first processor is in signal communication with the sensor and is programmed to digitally sample signals from the sensor. A transmitter in signal communication with the first processor communicates the digitized signals to a device disposed apart from the drill string. The first processor is programmed to operate the signal. An electric power source provides power to the sensor, the first processor and transmitter. Either or both the first processor and a second processor associated with the device is programmed to calculate properties of rock formations using only detected vibration signals from the drill string.

Abstract: An electromagnetic (EM) sensor includes a front end module generating an EM signal using electromagnetic waves transmitted from an external source, a sensor memory storing a portion of a plurality of machine learning models used to recognize the EM signal, and a microcontroller unit for recognizing the external electronic device emitting the electromagnetic waves by inputting feature values extracted from the EM signal to the machine learning models. If the machine learning models stored in the sensor memory are not able to recognize the external device, the feature values may be transmitted to a main processor, and the main processor may compare the feature values to another set of machine learning models.

Abstract: An example method includes introducing a solution into at least part of a reservoir. The solution includes a contrast agent and a fluid. The contrast agent includes a polymer having a dielectric constant that may be greater than a predefined value. The example method also includes using at least one EM transmitter antenna to direct a first electromagnetic (EM) signal into the reservoir. The first EM signal passes through the at least part of the reservoir into which the solution was introduced. The first EM signal is received using at least one EM receiver antenna following passage through the at least part of the reservoir. Data is determined that represents a difference between a first travel time of the first EM signal transmitted through the contrast agent in the reservoir and a second travel time of a second EM signal transmitted through water-saturated reservoir rock. Information about a physical feature of the at least part of the reservoir is generated based on the data.

Abstract: Wellbore logging tools can include a coil antenna assembly that prevents breakage of a coil wire during downhole use under elevated pressure. The antenna assembly can include an insulator base used to help insulate the wires so elevated downhole pressures do not result in a short to a tool mandrel. The insulator base provides a recessed path for the in/out portions of the wire so manufacturing fixtures of the antenna assembly will not damage them.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a main control system and a device for a nuclear magnetic resonance logging while drilling tool, the system comprises: a digital signal processor, an auxiliary measurement module, a pulse signal generation module and a memory disposed in a downhole drilling tool; wherein the digital signal processor is communicatively connected to an upper computer arranged on the ground, the auxiliary measurement module and the pulse signal generation module respectively; the memory is communicatively connected to the pulse signal generation module. The main control system and a device for a nuclear magnetic resonance logging while drilling tool achieve the effect of improving the accuracy of the logging data.

Abstract: The present specification describes a compact, hand-held probe or device that uses the principle of X-ray backscatter to provide immediate feedback to an operator about the presence of scattering and absorbing materials, items or objects behind concealing barriers irradiated by ionizing radiation, such as X-rays. Feedback is provided in the form of a changing audible tone whereby the pitch or frequency of the tone varies depending on the type of scattering material, item or object. Additionally or alternatively, the operator obtains a visual scan image on a screen by scanning the beam around a suspect area or anomaly.

Abstract: An electronic marker for locating obscured objects such as buried conduits has a built-in level indicator to provide a visual indication of when the marker has been properly oriented, e.g., a flat marker which should be positioned horizontally when deployed. The level indicator can be an air-bubble level formed from a transparent semispherical portion of the marker body with a partially-filled chamber. Alternatively, the level indicator can be a gravity-ball level with a circular ridge formed along the concave interior surface of the semispherical portion and a ball located within the ridge. In a further embodiment the level indicator is an electronic level having a tilt indicator circuit in which an electronic controller selectively illuminates light sources in response to signals from tilt sensors. The light sources may for example comprise four light-emitting diodes located at four respective corners of the marker body.

Abstract: A system and method for predicting well production at various stages in the life cycle of the well utilizes data received from a plurality of databases via one or more database interfaces to generate various attributes that can be used to predict well production. Each prediction is accompanied by a determined certainty level to show the probability of the predicted result actually occurring. Additionally, users of the system and method disclosed herein can apply economic parameters to the prediction to model the economic return of the well over time. In addition to providing insight regarding existing wells, the present disclosure may be used to design new wells and to predict the production thereof before breaking ground on the well, thus allowing users of the present disclosure to prioritize the expenditure of resources on wells that are most likely to be the most productive.

Abstract: The invention notably relates to a computer-implemented method for designing a geological simulation grid, the method comprising: providing a geometrical grid that conforms to a set of geological structures of a geological environment; providing a geometrical surface that represents a geological surface of the geological environment, the geological surface being outside the set of geological structures; identifying geometrical structures of the geometrical grid that each correspond to a respective location of the geometrical surface; and transferring to each identified geometrical structure one or more respective parameters, each parameter being a value of a respective property of the geological surface. This improves the field of geological simulation.

Abstract: A portable weather station, including an lower body portion; an upper body portion disposed on the lower body portion in a spaced apart relationship thereby forming an open channel between the upper body portion and the lower body portion; and a plurality of weather condition sensors wherein a first set of one or more of the plurality of weather condition sensors is mounted on the upper body portion of the portable weather station and a second set of one or more of the plurality of weather condition sensors is mounted on the lower body portion of the portable weather station.

Abstract: A snow sensor array device and processing system designed for handling snow amount capture the following environmental conditions: temperature, barometric pressure, GPS, and pictures through wireless and wired communication mediums. The snow sensor array packages all the environmental data it collects and transmits to database. A GPS device on a mobile commercial snow service reports its movement to the database. The combined information is used for analyzing real-time snowfall conditions within a geographical space to provide snowfall amounts, dangerous conditions, and safe routes for travel in that space. A content delivery system will then produce human readable maps and text output from the processing system.

Abstract: A wettable silicone hydrogel contact lens having a low ionoflux and low evaporation is manufactured by curing a silicone hydrogel polymerizable composition in a contact lens mold comprising front and back lens-forming surfaces, where one of the lens-forming surfaces has a higher polarity than the other lens-forming surface.

Abstract: An antireflective structure having multiple light absorbing units each of which has a bottomed cylindrical shape, the light absorbing unit includes a bottom portion including an outer edge portion having a substantially circular shape, and a wall portion rising along the outer edge portion, and an upper side of the bottom portion is an opening portion, the average height of the wall portions being greater than or equal to 5 ?m and smaller than or equal to 100 ?m, an average opening diameter of the opening portions being greater than or equal to 1 ?m and smaller than or equal to 10 ?m, and a pinching structure configured with minute projections that stand in a group with an average pitch greater than or equal to 10 nm and smaller than or equal to 500 nm is formed on the bottom portion.

Abstract: An optical film, wherein a photoelastic coefficient thereof is 1.5×10?13 (dyn/cm2)?1 or less, an in-plane retardation Re(560) thereof at a wavelength of 560 nm is 1.0 nm or less, an absolute value of a thickness-direction retardation Rth(560) thereof at a wavelength of 560 nm |Rth(560)| is 1.0 nm or less, a change of a ratio Re(560)/d that is a ratio of the in-plane retardation Re(560) at a wavelength of 560 nm relative to a thickness d, the change being a result of storage at a temperature of 60° C. and a humidity of 90% for 4 hours, is 0.5×10?3 or less, and a change of a ratio Rth(560)/d that is a ratio of the thickness-direction retardation Rth(560) at a wavelength of 560 nm relative to the thickness d, the change being a result of storage at a temperature of 60° C. and a humidity of 90% for 4 hours, is 0.5×10?3 or less.

Abstract: A lens (10) and a camera module (100) and a manufacturing method thereof, wherein the lens (10) comprises an edge-cut lens sheet (114), wherein the edge-cut lens sheet (14) includes at least one chord edge (1141) and at least one circular edge (1142), wherein the chord edge (1141) and the circular edge (1142) are adjacently connected to each other, and wherein the chord edge (1141) and the circular edge (1142) have different curvatures, so that the lens sheet (114) becomes narrow and the width of the lens (10) become narrow, to form an ultra-narrow camera module (100).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a dual-molded circular optical element including an outer plastic peripheral portion and an inner sheet portion. The outer plastic peripheral portion locates at an outer annular surface of the circular optical element. The inner sheet portion is enclosed in the outer plastic peripheral portion, and the inner sheet portion forms a minimal central opening of the circular optical element. Two sides of the outer plastic peripheral portion are disposed with a flat plane, and each of the flat planes is perpendicular to a central axis of the circular optical element.

Abstract: Lenticular microstructures and methods of making the same is disclosed. The lenticular microstructures include composite lenticular microstructures having a first light transmissive polymeric layer, a second light transmissive polymeric layer, and an interface therebetween, wherein the first light transmissive polymeric layer has a first index of refraction, the second light transmissive polymeric layer has a second index of refraction, and the first and second indices of refraction have an absolute difference of at least 0.0002.

Abstract: An optical device includes a single waveguide plate. The single waveguide plate includes a first DOE including an in-coupling element having at least two periods and orientations. The optical device further includes a second DOE optically coupled to the first DOE. The second DOE includes a plurality of expansion gratings. At least one of the expansion gratings includes a plurality of wings. The optical device includes a third DOE optically coupled to the second DOE. The third DOE includes an out-coupling grating having at least two periods and orientations.

Abstract: An infrared lamp 100 is composed of an LED 110 that emits infrared light and a cut filter 120 that transmits a part of the light from the LED 110. And a peak wavelength of the light emitted from the LED 110 in the lighting starting stage is set to be shorter than a cut-on wavelength of the cut filter 120.

Abstract: A laminate includes: a near infrared light absorbing layer that includes a near infrared absorbing colorant; and a color filter layer that is arranged adjacent to the near infrared light absorbing layer in a thickness direction and includes a chromatic colorant, in which in at least one of the near infrared light absorbing layer or the color filter layer, a content of a compound in which an acid group selected from a sulfo group, a phosphate group, or a carboxyl group is bonded to a colorant skeleton is 0.1 to 99.9 mass % with respect to a total mass of compounds having a colorant skeleton.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the use of hybrid metal-dielectric optical coatings as the end reflectors of laser cavities and/or in the mirror structures used in other optical resonators, such as Fabry-Perot tunable filters, along with the use of such Fabry-Perot tunable filters in wavelength swept sources such as lasers. Hybrid metal-dielectric optical coatings have reflectivity spectra that can be broader than pure dielectric coatings, offer optical reflectivities higher than metal, as high as pure dielectric coatings, eliminate mirror transmission that can cause parasitic light reflections, and use fewer layers and thus have lower mass and higher mechanical resonant frequency for movable mirror applications An important characteristic of these coatings concerns the non-reflected light. Pure dielectric coatings offer high reflectivity, while the non-reflected portion of the light is transmitted by the coating to the substrate, for example.

Abstract: To provide a decorative film capable of applying a visual effect of making a pattern not visually recognizable, in a case where it is seen from the front, and making it visually recognizable, in a case where it is obliquely seen. a circular polarization plate including a linear polarization plate, and a laminate of a uniaxial retardation layer or a biaxial retardation layer; and a circularly polarized light reflection layer which reflects circularly polarized light having a revolution direction opposite to that of light transmitted through the circular polarization plate in a vertical direction from the linear polarization plate side are included.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to the field of optical detection devices, and specifically discloses a polarization modulator and a polarization measurement system, comprising a rotating compensator and a polarizer, in which the rotating compensator is a continuously rotating composite waveplate, the composite waveplate is composed of a plurality of single-waveplates of the same material, and the overall structure of the composite waveplate is determined by thicknesses and fast axis intersection angles of the respective single-waveplates according to the optimization design of the polarization characteristic transfer matrix of the polarization modulator. The polarization modulator of the invention has the advantages of simple structure, easy processing and a wide applicable wavelength range, and a wide-waveband polarization measurement system can be designed based on the polarization modulator, which is adapted to the requirements of wide-waveband precision polarization measurement.

Abstract: In a wire grid polarization element where wires are arranged in parallel on one surface of the substrate, each of the wires includes in a thickness direction thereof a reflection section composed primarily of a light reflective material and an absorption section composed primarily of a light absorptive material. The reflection section includes oxygen. Between a first portion on the substrate side of the reflection section and a second portion at an edge on an opposite side the reflection section from the substrate, is provided a mixture portion (a first mixture portion) where a proportion of oxygen gradually decreases and a proportion of aluminum which is the light reflective material gradually increases from the second portion to the first portion. Thus, even when the reflection section is provided with portions having different compositions, development of an interface does not occur inside the reflection section.

Abstract: A skew mirror is an optical reflective device, such as a volume holographic optical element, whose reflective axis forms an angle (the skew angle) with the surface normal. A skew illuminator is a skew mirror that expands a narrow beam into a wide beam without changing the angular bandwidth of the illumination. Because the skew angle can form a relatively large angle with the surface normal (e.g., about 45), a skew illuminator can be fairly compact, making it suitable for directing light onto a spatial light modulator (SLM) in a small package. In some cases, the skew illuminator is formed as a waveguide, with a holographic layer sandwiched between a pair of substrates. A grating structure in the holographic core diffracts light out of the waveguide and, e.g., onto the active area of an SLM, which modulates the incident light and either transmits it or reflects it back through the waveguided skew illuminator.

Abstract: Disclosed are a light guide plate having an engraved pattern and a backlight unit having the same and a display device having the same, wherein the engraved pattern is configured such that a light incident surface thereof has an arc shape on a plane and a vertical section taken along a straight line passing through a center of the light incident surface is triangular. This makes it possible to maximize total reflection efficiency to increase luminous intensity of light output, resulting in improved light use efficiency and enhanced brightness of the backlight unit.