Abstract: An apparatus includes a reflecting element with first, second and third reflecting surfaces, and a receiving element configured to receive a light flux from a light source reflected by the reflecting element. A value of an inner product of a unit normal vector of the first reflecting surface and a unit normal vector of the second reflecting surface, a value of an inner product of the unit normal vector of the first reflecting surface and a unit normal vector of the third reflecting surface, and a value of an inner product of the unit normal vector of the second reflecting surface and the unit normal vector of the third reflecting surface are appropriately set.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, one or more systems, one or more methods, and/or one or more processes may provide, by first multiple light emitting diode (LED) pixels of a display, first light emissions; provide, by second multiple LED pixels of the display, second light emissions; determine a gaze point associated with eyes of a user and associated with the display; and configure multiple liquid crystal display pixels of the display within a distance from the gaze point to: block the second light emissions to a first eye of the eyes of the user, block the first light emissions to a second eye of the eyes of the user, permit transmission of the first light emissions to the first eye of the eyes of the user, and permit transmission of the second light emissions to the second eye of the eyes of the user.

Abstract: A virtual reality or augmented reality vision system (200) including: a first emission module (230), emitting light in the visible range; a second emission module (240), emitting light in the infrared range; an infrared-sensitive photodetection module (250); and a micromirror array (260), in which each micromirror (261) is capable of assuming a first position and a second position. Each micromirror of the micromirror array (260) is configured to, in its first position, receive light from the first emission module (230) and reflect it along an axis of interest. Each micromirror of the micromirror array (260) is configured to, in its second position, receive light from the second emission module (240) and reflect it substantially along the axis of interest, and receive light propagating along the axis of interest (201) and reflect it towards the photodetection module (250).

Abstract: A windshield display device that allows an occupant to visually recognize an image through a windshield of a vehicle includes a transparent screen arranged on the windshield and a projector configured to project an image light on the transparent screen. The projector is arranged in an end adjacent portion of a passenger compartment of the vehicle adjacent to the end of the windshield in a vehicle width direction, and projects the image light on an area equal to or larger than a predetermined area in the vehicle width direction of the windshield. The transparent screen transmits an outside light from an outside of the vehicle into a passenger compartment, and transmits the image light to an eye box of a first occupant seated in a driver's seat of the vehicle, to an eye box of a second occupant seated in a passenger seat, or to both eye boxes thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a waveguide structure including an output grating, a polarization conversion element provided parallel to the output grating, and a polarization separation element provided between the output grating and the polarization conversion element, wherein the polarization separation element is configured to transmit, to the output grating, light having a first polarization direction among light incident on the polarization separation element, and reflect, to the polarization conversion element, light having a second polarization direction different from the light having the first polarization direction among the light incident on the polarization separation element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a synchronization device for synchronizing head-mounted displays (22) in an amusement ride (10), comprising at least one head-mounted display (22) with which a virtual reality generated by a VR device (30) can be displayed, and a display position detection device (28) for detecting the position and orientation of the head-mounted display (22), the synchronization device (12) being set up in such a way that the virtual reality is synchronized with the head-mounted display (22), taking into account the position and orientation of the head-mounted display (22) detected by the display position detection device (28), as soon as a selectable start criterion is met. Furthermore, the invention relates to an amusement ride having a synchronization device of this type. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating an amusement ride of this type.

Abstract: Electronic display devices include digital and analog control of pixel intensity. A digital pixel control circuit and an analog pixel control circuit are provided within each pixel. The digital pixel control circuit employs digital PWM techniques to control a number of subframes within each frame during which a driving current is supplied to a light emitting element within the pixel. The analog pixel control circuit controls the level of the driving current supplied to the light emitting element within the pixel during the frame. In one example, the digital pixel control circuit and the analog pixel control circuit may together control pixel intensity with the analog pixel control circuit providing additional in-pixel bits for increased color depth. Alternatively, the digital pixel control circuit may control pixel intensity and the analog pixel control circuit may control non-uniformity compensation.

Abstract: When a head-mounted display acquires data of a display image generated on the basis of position/posture information of a head of a user at time and given a distortion corresponding to the distortion of an eyepiece lens, the head-mounted display corrects the image on the basis of position/posture information of the head at time t for display. Then, the head-mounted display corrects chromatic aberrations on the basis of actual distortion coefficients of the lens, and outputs the image to a display panel.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device including a display panel configured to emit display light of linear polarization, a first retardation plate, a second retardation plate, a reflective polarizer configured to pass first linear polarized light, and to reflect second linear polarized light, a transflective layer including a concave surface opposed to the second retardation plate, and a transparent solid with almost zero refractive anisotropy, wherein the first retardation plate and the second retardation plate are a quarter-wave plate, and the transparent solid includes a first surface shaped convex to be opposed to the concave surface, and a second surface opposed to the reflective polarizer.

Abstract: A display device including a display panel including a planar portion and a curved portion extending from the planar portion, a controller to provide a data signal representing an image to be displayed on the planar portion and the curved portion to the display panel, in which the controller is configured to provide a data signal representing an image that is reduced at a greater extent to a portion of the curved portion that is disposed further away from the planar portion, and the display device is a head-mounted display device.

Abstract: A system and method capture a spatial orientation of a wearable device. The system has at least one capturing unit and at least one processor unit. The at least one capturing unit is designed to capture at least one first position parameter in relation to the wearable device and to capture at least one second position parameter in relation to a body part of a person on which the wearable device is arranged. The at least one processor unit is designed to determine a spatial orientation of the wearable device on the basis of the at least one first position parameter and the at least one second position parameter.

Abstract: A display control device is configured to control a display position of an image in an image projector configured to project the image onto a display object of a mobile body. The display control device includes a processor; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the display control device to perform operations including: acquiring a detection value of an acceleration acting on the mobile body; calculating an attitude angle of the mobile body based on the detection value of the acceleration; and setting a correction amount of the display position for controlling the display position of the image to be projected onto the display object by adjusting a correction amount per predetermined unit time in accordance with a change amount of the attitude angle in a predetermined period.

Abstract: A polarization control member includes a first dichroic mirror having a first incident face, a second dichroic mirror joined to the first dichroic mirror, the second dichroic mirror having a second incident face, and a waveplate joined to the first incident face of the first dichroic mirror.

Abstract: A collimated image projector that receives light from an illuminating source and propagates the light along a light path towards an exit pupil, the projector comprising: a first homogeneous dielectric polarizing beam splitter (PBS) deployed along the light path and defining a first transition from a first light path segment to a second light path segment; a second homogeneous dielectric PBS deployed parallel to the first PBS along the second light path segment and defining a second transition from the second light path segment to a third light path segment; and collimating optics deployed along the light path after the second PBS so as to direct a collimated image towards the exit pupil; wherein the first and second PBSs are deployed such that either the first and second transitions are both performed via transmission, or the first and second transitions are both performed via reflection.

Abstract: A display device includes a light emitting unit and a light controlling means. The light controlling means is disposed on a route that a light emitted from the light emitting unit moves. Through the light controlling means, the light is controlled to move at a first angle in a horizontal direction and at a second angle in a vertical direction. The first angle is different from the second angle.

Abstract: A functionalized waveguide for a detector system is provided. A transparent base body of the waveguide has a partly transparent coupling-in region and a coupling-out region at a distance therefrom in a first direction. The coupling-in region includes at least two volume holograms, which each deflect only part of radiation coming from an object to be detected and striking the front side such that the deflected part, as coupled-in radiation in the base body, is propagated by reflections as far as the coupling-out region and strikes the coupling-out region. The volume holograms of the coupling-in region differ in that their deflection function has different spectral angular properties. The coupling-out region deflects at least part of the coupled-in radiation striking said region such that the deflected part exits the base body via the front side or rear side, in order to strike the detector system.

Abstract: A method for displaying virtual content to a user, the method includes determining an accommodation of the user's eyes. The method also includes delivering, through a first waveguide of a stack of waveguides, light rays having a first wavefront curvature based at least in part on the determined accommodation, wherein the first wavefront curvature corresponds to a focal distance of the determined accommodation. The method further includes delivering, through a second waveguide of the stack of waveguides, light rays having a second wavefront curvature, the second wavefront curvature associated with a predetermined margin of the focal distance of the determined accommodation.

Abstract: A lens driving device is proposed, including a cover can whose upper side surface includes an opening formed to expose a lens and whose side surface extends from the upper side surface to a base, a base that is secured to the cover can; a housing that is arranged on top of the base and moves in first and second directions that are perpendicular to an optical axis, a bobbin that is housed in the housing and moves in an optical axis direction, an actuator that includes a magnet unit arranged in the housing, a first coil unit arranged in an outer side surface of the bobbin, and a second coil unit that is arranged on top of the base, and a substrate that is disposed between the second coil unit and the base so as to control the first coil unit and the second coil unit.

Abstract: A multiview backlight having applications in a multiview display employs an array of multibeam elements located a predetermined distance below a top surface of a light guide in the multiview backlight. The multibeam elements may be configured to scatter out through the top surface a portion of guided light from the light guide as directional light beams having different principal angular directions corresponding to different views of the multiview display. For example, the multibeam elements each may comprise one or more of a diffraction grating, a micro-reflective element, and a micro-refractive element. Moreover, the multiview display may include an array of light valves configured to modulate the directional light beams as a multiview image to be displayed by the multiview display, and the predetermined distance may be greater than one quarter of a size of a light valve of the set of light valves.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lens edge simulation tool (10) for measuring the fitment of a lens edge profile (LEP) with respect to a frame groove profile (FGP) of a spectacle frame (20), the lens edge simulation tool (10) having a defined edge profile (STP) like a lens edge profile (LEP) of a lens (6) being machined by a defined edger machine (4), the defined edge profile (STP) comprising a bevel portion (11) protruding towards a protrusion direction (A), wherein the lens edge simulation tool (10) further comprises a probe (15) provided at a distal end tip portion (14) of the bevel portion (11) and being moveable (M) along the protrusion direction (A) between a retracted position in which the probe (15) does not protrude from the defined edge profile (STP) and an extension position in which the probe (15) protrudes from the distal end tip portion (14).

Abstract: An eyewear retention apparatus is configured for use with an eyeglass frame having a pair of temples, each temple having a first extremity configured to attach to a lens holder and a second extremity configured to rest behind an ear of a wearer. The eyewear retention apparatus includes a strap formed of a flexible material and having a length extending between first and second ends, wherein each of the first and second ends includes a first hole extending through the strap. The eyewear retention apparatus also includes first and second fittings, each of the first and second fittings includes an end region having an opening configured to receive a respective one of the second extremity of the pair of temples and a tab having a second hole. The eyewear retention apparatus further includes a fastener extending through the first hole and the second hole.

Abstract: An ophthalmic lens includes an optic with a first surface, a second surface, and a phase-shift structure having one or more phase-shift regions. A method for fabricating an ophthalmic lens includes designing an optic with a first surface, a second surface, and a phase-shift structure having one or more phase-shift regions. The phase-shift regions may be adapted to generate respective chromatic focal shifts such that an incident radiation in a respective wavelength range at least partially converges towards a respective selected wavelength. The method includes determining a chromatic aberration target for the optic and determining the quantity of the phase-shift regions meeting the chromatic aberration target. The optic is formed with the phase-shift regions having respective optimal heights obtained based in part on an overall interaction effect. The phase-shift structure may be adapted to increase a depth-of-focus of the optic in the direction of extension.

Abstract: Example ophthalmic lenses are described herein. The optic includes a front surface, and a rear surface that opposes the front surface. The optic also includes a concavity provided on the front surface of the optic and configured to engage with the upper eyelid of the wearer.

Abstract: This ophthalmic lens for improving vision has a light cut factor CutLED between 32% and 90%, for wavelengths ranging from 380 nm to 500 nm, defined by formula (I), where ? is a discrete or continuous sum operator, ? is the wavelength in nm, lens T % is the spectral transmittance of the lens in % and LED emission is the spectral distribution of a white light emitting diode; a mean luminous transmittance in the visible range higher than or equal to 75%; and light transmitted through the ophthalmic lens has a colorimetric value b*, as defined in the colorimetric CIE L*a*b* with illuminant D65, lower than 25.

Abstract: An eye shield includes a frame having a plurality of receivers located along the frame and a plurality of latches located to cooperate with the receivers, and a lens having a plurality of spaced apart lens apertures extending through the lens and located so as to align with the receivers of the frame when the lens is positioned for installation onto the frame. The latches are engageable with the receivers by rotating the latches to pass an elongate catch of the latch into the receiver through the aligned lens aperture and an open front of the receiver to latchingly engage a tooth of the latch with a catch surface of the receiver in a snap-fit frictional relationship. The latches are also selectively disengageable from the receivers by applying force to a lower edge of the latch and flexing the lower edge of the latch rearward slightly to disengage the tooth from the catch surface.

Abstract: A single unit in one piece, comprising components for smart glasses, to be positioned in glasses, the single unit comprising at least one cpu, at least one sensor and at least one battery provided on a pcb reaches, when positioned in glasses, at least from a first temple via a frame at least past a first lens positioned closest to the first temple in the frame up to a second lens positioned closest to a second temple, and preferably past also said second lens, and preferably further to said second temple. The single unit comprises at least one hinge, which, when positioned in glasses, will provide at least a hinge between the first temple and the frame, and the single unit is in one piece. A method of making a pair of smart acetate glasses comprising the single unit. A method of exchanging electronics in a single unit comprising electronics.

Abstract: A modular, wearable electronic system is disclosed. The modular, wearable electronic system can include an eyewear unit which can be worn on a user's head and one or more modular units which can removably couple with the eyewear unit via one or more ports and/or connectors. The eyewear unit and the modular unit can communicate with each other via the port or connector to which the eyewear unit and the modular unit are coupled. The modular units can supplement the functionality of the eyewear unit.

Abstract: This method for predicting at least one eye gazing parameter of a person wearing visual equipment includes steps of: measuring data of at least two individuals wearing visual equipment, such data including at least head motion parameters and eye gazing parameters of the individuals; measuring head motion parameters of the person in real-life conditions; comparing the head motion parameters of the person with the head motion parameters of the at least two individuals; and predicting the at least one eye gazing parameter of the person at least on the basis of the results of the comparing step and of the eye gazing parameters of the at least two individuals.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards an integrated chip including a waveguide and a heater structure. The waveguide is disposed on a substrate and comprises an active region that extends continuously along a first distance. The heater structure overlies the waveguide. The heater structure comprises a conductive structure over the active region and a vertical structure disposed between the conductive structure and the substrate. The vertical structure comprises a conductive upper vertical segment and a lower vertical segment. The conductive structure and the conductive upper vertical segment continuously laterally extend across a second distance that is greater than or equal to the first distance. The first distance is greater than a width of the conductive structure.

Abstract: A thermo-optic phase shifter includes a substrate having a cavity formed into an upper region of the substrate. The thermo-optic phase shifter includes an optical waveguide disposed above the substrate. The optical waveguide extends across and above the cavity. The thermo-optic phase shifter also includes a heater device disposed along a lateral side of the optical waveguide. The heater device extends across and above the cavity. The cavity is formed by an undercut etching process after the optical waveguide and the heater device is formed. The optical waveguide can be formed to include one or more segments that pass over the cavity. Also, a second heater device can be included such that the one or more segments of the optical waveguide that extend over the cavity are bracketed by heater devices. Thermal transmission structures can be included to enhance heat transfer between the heater device(s) and the optical waveguide.

Abstract: A thin film polymer device including a waveguide core surrounded by dielectric material positioned on a platform. The core has a passive input portion and a passive output portion joined by a necked down active portion. A layer of EO polymer material positioned on the dielectric material overlying the active portion of the core and the core, the EO polymer, and the dielectric material all having refractive indices with the refractive index of the EO polymer being higher than the refractive index of the dielectric material. Light progressing through the core from the passive input portion to the passive output portion transitions to the layer of EO polymer material as it enters the necked down active portion and transitions back to the core as it leaves the necked down active portion.

Abstract: An optical forming device includes a resin tank that holds a photocurable resin, a light source that emits light for curing the photocurable resin, and an optical modulator. The optical modulator includes a liquid crystal, a first substrate and a second substrate that sandwich the liquid crystal, and a first electrode and a second electrode that apply voltage to the liquid crystal. The optical modulator modulates, in a pattern based on the shape of a three-dimensional shaped object, light that causes the photocurable resin to cure, and irradiates the modulated light on the photocurable resin. The optical modulator includes a plurality of modulation regions including a first region and a second region that have mutually different voltage transmittance characteristics.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and a display device. The display panel includes a first substrate. A pixel area is defined on a side near a second substrate and includes a plurality of pixel electrodes arranged in an array manner. Each of the pixel electrodes includes at most two domains, and each of the domains includes a plurality of pixel electrode branches which are parallel to and spaced from each other, thereby maximizing light transmittance of the LCD device, realizing high light transmittance display, and ensuring the display panel has good viewing angles.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a backlight module, a display module and an assembling method thereof. The backlight module includes: a backplane; a fixing member fixedly connected to the backplane; and an insertion clamp including a mounting portion fixedly connected to the fixing member, and a clamping portion for clamping to a circuit board inserted between the fixing member and the insertion clamp.

Abstract: A wavelength-tunable etalon includes a pair of substrates, each comprising a reflection layer, an electrode, and an alignment layer on opposing surfaces of the pair of substrates; a first seal line configured to seal liquid crystal between the pair of substrates; and a second seal line configured to divide a space in which the liquid crystal is sealed into a main liquid crystal accommodating space configured to pass laser and a sub-liquid crystal accommodating space provided external of the main liquid crystal accommodating space. The first seal line comprises a sub inlet configured to fluidly communicate the main liquid crystal accommodating space with the sub-liquid crystal accommodating space.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a sheet-like display panel having a first area, second and third areas, and a support substrate bonded to the display panel. The support substrate has a first support portion overlapping the first area, second and third support portions overlapping the second area, fourth and fifth support portions overlapping the third area, a first groove between the first and second support portions, a second groove between the second and third support portions, a third groove between the first and fourth support portions, and a fourth groove between the fourth and fifth support portions. The first and second grooves extend along the second direction. The third and fourth grooves extend along a first direction.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a display panel and a display device. The display panel includes: a display liquid crystal panel, including a plurality of sub-pixels defined by a first grid structure and arranged in an array; and a dimming liquid crystal panel, located on a light incident side of the display liquid crystal panel and stacked with the display liquid crystal panel, the dimming liquid crystal panel including a plurality of dimming pixels defined by a second grid structure and arranged in an array, and the second grid structure comprising a plurality of first shading lines extending in a waveform along a row direction; wherein the dimming liquid crystal panel further includes a plurality of second shading lines extending along the row direction, and the second shading lines are intersected with the first shading lines.

Abstract: An array substrate and a display panel are provided. In the array substrate, sub-pixels include a main pixel area, a transistor connection area, and an auxiliary pixel area arranged along a first direction. Branch portions of pixel electrodes of the sub-pixels in the main pixel area and the auxiliary pixel area form included angles, and two adjacent included angles along a second direction face opposite directions. Every two rows of the sub-pixels form a balance unit, wherein a number of the included angles of first sub-pixels located in even positions of an odd-numbered row and in odd positions of an even-numbered row facing the second direction is equal to that of the included angles of the first sub-pixels located in the even positions of the odd-numbered row and in the odd positions of the even-numbered row facing a third direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes an array substrate and a color filter substrate. Each of the pixel units includes a thin film transistor layer and a pixel electrode disposed on the thin film transistor layer. The pixel electrode includes a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode, and a spacing region disposed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a color filter substrate, a display panel, and an electronic device. The color filter substrate includes a preset region, a display region, and a light-shielding region. The light-shielding region is provided with spacers. The light-shielding region includes a first sub-region and a second sub-region. A deformation amount of the first sub-region is greater than a deformation amount of the second sub-region when the color filter substrate is pressed. The color filter substrate, the display panel, and the electronic device of the present invention can increase a resolution and photographing effect of an under-screen camera.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal device includes a first liquid crystal cell, a second liquid crystal cell, a first flexible wiring board including a first terminal and connected to the first liquid crystal cell, a second flexible wiring board including a second terminal and connected to the second liquid crystal cell, and a circuit board including a first connector connected to the first terminal and a second connector connected to the second terminal. The first flexible wiring board and the second flexible wiring board are arranged without overlapping each other in plan view. A first distance from an edge of the circuit board to the first connector and a second distance from the edge to the second connector are different from each other.

Abstract: A film type package includes: a base film having first and second sides; a driver integrated circuit mounted on the base film; first connection pads disposed on a first area of the base film that is adjacent to the first side of the base film, and configured to be connected to a first external circuit; second connection pads disposed on a second area of the base film that is adjacent to the second side of the base film, and configured to be connected to a second external circuit; first signal lines disposed on the base film, and connecting the driver integrated circuit and the first connection pads; second signal lines disposed on the base film, and connecting the driver integrated circuit and the second connection pads; and a plurality of test lines extending from the driver integrated circuit to the first side of the base film.

Abstract: A thin film transistor substrate allowing an increase in proportionate size of the display area includes gate driving units, signal test pads, a first function line, and a first-stage gate output signal line in a surrounding non-display area, the display area having pixels. The gate driving units include a first-stage gate driving unit with an output terminal electrically connected to one row of pixels. The first function line has a first function but can also multiplex as a connecting line between the first-stage gate output signal line and one test pad. The first-stage gate output signal line is electrically insulated from the first function line during the first function of the first function line but is electrically connected to the first function line when multiplexed.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of an electronic device is provided. First, a mother panel including a first flexible mother board, a second flexible mother board and at least one sealing material is provided, and the sealing material is disposed between the first flexible mother board and the second flexible mother board. Then, a separating process including a laser-cutting process is performed to cut the first flexible mother board into a first flexible substrate and to cut the second flexible mother board into a second flexible substrate. The first flexible substrate includes a first laser-cutting buffer region and a first edge. The second flexible substrate includes a second laser-cutting buffer region and a second edge. The sealing material is away from the first edge by the first laser-cutting buffer region and away from the second edge by the second laser-cutting buffer region.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel and a frame disposed along an outer edge of the display panel. The frame has a first inclined face, of which a normal direction points to a rear face side of the display panel, at a position facing an end face of the display panel.

Abstract: A display device includes: a panel including a display screen and a side face that extends along a periphery of the display screen; a backlight located on a side of the panel opposite to the display screen to radiate light on the panel; a case, for containing the backlight, including a bottom that faces the panel with the backlight in between and a side wall that stands at a periphery of the bottom and faces the side face of the panel; and a combining member provided between the side face of the panel and the side wall to combine the panel and the case.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a cover plate and a cover plate manufacturing method, and a display device. The cover plate includes: a first underlay substrate; a second underlay substrate disposed opposite to the first underlay substrate; and a light shielding structure disposed between the first underlay substrate and the second underlay substrate.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a first base substrate, a partitioning wall pattern disposed between a first pixel area and a second pixel area and on the first base substrate, a first color conversion pattern disposed in the first pixel area and including quantum dot particles and/or phosphor, a first fluorine layer disposed on the first color conversion layer, fluorine content of the first fluorine layer being higher than that of the first color conversion pattern, and a second color conversion pattern disposed in the second pixel area and including quantum dot particles and/or phosphor.

Abstract: Provided is a display device, including a display screen, a transparent cover plate and a first light-shielding structure, wherein the display screen includes a display panel, a transparent bonding layer, a touch structure and a second light-shielding structure, and the display screen is provided with a through hole penetrating through the display panel, the transparent bonding layer and the touch structure. The first light-shielding structure is disposed on the transparent cover plate and surrounds the through hole, the second light-shielding structure is disposed on the touch structure and surrounds the through hole, and orthographic projections of both the first and second light-shielding structures onto the display panel are within the non-display region.

Abstract: The present invention provides a quantum dot material structure, a liquid crystal display device, and an electronic device. The quantum dot material structure is applied in the liquid crystal display device. The quantum dot material structure includes a quantum dot core, a quantum dot shell, and a quantum dot ligand layer in order from an inside to an outside. The quantum dot core comprises a cadmium arsenide magic-size, and the quantum dot core is used to absorb green light of a predetermined wavelength. The quantum dot shell is used to protect the quantum dot core. The quantum dot ligand layer is used to promote a structural dispersion of the quantum dot material.