Abstract: An atmospheric box for use with a fuel vent pressure sensor is operatively connected to a fuel tank of a vehicle. The atmospheric box includes a base including a floor, a sidewall extending upward from the floor and having an outer perimeter, and a drain hole opening in the floor, and a cover including a top section, an outer wall extending downward from the top section and having an inner perimeter substantially similar to the outer perimeter of the sidewall, thereby creating an interference fit between the cover and the base. An inner labyrinth wall extends downward from the top section inward of the sidewall, and a tube joint in the cover defines an opening inward of the inner labyrinth wall. The atmospheric box provides access to the atmosphere for measuring pressure while blocking water and debris intrusion.

Abstract: A filter element, which has an oval cross-section in a longitudinal direction thereof and includes a circumferential sealing device for, in particular, radially sealing the filter element off from a filter holder for the filter element, wherein the sealing device has two first curvature sections arranged one facing the other and two second curvature sections arranged one facing the other, wherein the first curvature sections each have a first radius of curvature and the second curvature sections each have a second radius of curvature, and wherein the first radius of curvature differs from the second radius of curvature.

Abstract: A particle separator (1) for fluids has an outlet chamber (3) arranged within an inlet chamber (2) and is fluidically connected to same, wherein the inlet chamber (2) has a curved guide surface (5) extending around a main axis (4) running transverse to the main flow direction in the inlet chamber (2) for the fluid flowing into the inlet chamber (2) via an inlet channel (6). Particles can be filtered out of the fluid largely independently of the orientation of the particle separator relative to the gravitational vector and without entering the outlet channel even after separation of the fluid flow and possible positional change. The outlet chamber (3) is closed with respect to the inlet chamber (2) transverse to the direction of the main axis (4) and open in the direction of the main axis (4), and has an outlet channel (7) that extends through the inlet chamber (2).

Abstract: A filter system includes a housing comprising a first housing part and a second housing part, a fluid inlet formed in the first housing part, a fluid outlet formed in the second housing part, and a filter element being accommodated in the housing, and comprising a filter body with a filter medium enclosed by a circumferential frame element, and structure elements protruding from a circumference of the filter element, the structure elements comprising grooves respectively in circumference walls of the structure elements. The first housing part comprises a receiving part for receiving the filter element, the receiving part comprising counter elements respectively corresponding to the structure elements, and the counter elements being breakthroughs that are arranged circumferentially on and formed through a wall of the receiving part. The grooves included in the structure elements are for receiving edges of the breakthroughs of the counter elements.

Abstract: An ambient air purification device has a filter device arranged in a filter receiving region of its housing. The filter device has a main filter element and a prefilter element, each having a circumferential frame device. A clamping force generating device is provided in the housing to exert an axial clamping force on the frame device of the main filter element resting, when mounted, at the frame device of the prefilter element. The clamping force is transmitted to the frame device of the prefilter element and presses the latter seal-tightly via a seal against a circumferential contact shoulder of the filter receiving region to seal the filter device in the filter receiving region. The frame device of the main filter element is sealed indirectly by the frame device of the prefilter element in relation to the housing and has no seal location of its own in relation to the housing.

Abstract: A compressed air filter includes a housing and a housing head with an inlet and an outlet, wherein a preparation element is arranged in an interior of the housing, and compressed air which is to be prepared flows through the inlet into the preparation element and flows out through the outlet as prepared useful air. The housing head has a through-opening through which, in the state in which the preparation element is used, there extends a functional element connected to the preparation element.

Abstract: Filter cartridges including tubular filter media having ovate cross-sections and filter systems using the ovate tubular filter cartridges are described herein. The inner perimeters of the ovate cross-sections of one or more of the filter cartridges may be asymmetric, i.e., the inner perimeters of the cross-sections of the tubular filter media in the filter cartridges may have no lines about which they are symmetric. The inner perimeters of the ovate cross-sections of the tubular filter media in one or more of the filter cartridges may have only one line of symmetry.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for reducing startup time of an equipment front end module (EFEM). The EFEM may include an EFEM chamber formed between a plurality of walls, an upper plenum at a top of the EFEM, the upper plenum in fluid communication with the EFEM chamber, a plurality of ducts that provide a return gas flow path enabling recirculation of gas from the EFEM chamber to the upper plenum, one or more filters in fluid communication with the upper plenum and the EFEM chamber and at least one isolation component configured to removably attach to the EFEM to isolate at least the one or more filters from an ambient environment when the EFEM is opened to the ambient environment.

Abstract: Filter media and filters, such as air filters, face masks, gas turbine and compressor air intake filters, panel filters and the like, are provided that include nanoparticles dispersed throughout at least a portion of the filter media. A filter media comprises a fiber substrate with a first surface and an opposing second surface. The filter media includes nanoparticles disposed within the fiber substrate at least between the first and second surfaces such that an area density of the nanoparticles decreases from the first surface towards the second surface. This density gradient formed by the nanoparticles through at least a portion of the substrate improves the performance characteristics of the filter. The nanoparticles increase the overall surface area within the fiber substrate, which may increase its filtration efficiency and allows for the capture of submicron contaminants without significantly compromising other factors, such as pressure drop or air flow through the filter.

Abstract: An exhaust system for the treatment of a humid exhaust gas comprising a species to be treated, the system comprising: a dehumidifier system comprising a humid air inlet for providing a flow of humid exhaust gas; a first gas inlet for providing a flow of dehumidified exhaust gas; a second gas inlet for providing a flow of heated gas; a plurality of sorbent beds for releasably storing the species; a treatment unit comprising either: one or more catalysts for decomposing the species; or a condensing unit for recovering the species in liquid or aqueous form; first and second exhaust gas outlets; and a valve system configured to establish independently for each sorbent bed fluid communication in a first or second configuration, wherein: i) in the first configuration the flow of the dehumidified exhaust gas from the first gas inlet contacts a sorbent bed for storing the species and then passes to the first gas outlet; and ii) in the second configuration the flow of heated gas from the second gas inlet contacts a so

Abstract: A natural gas adsorptive separation system and method is described. A method of separating natural gas includes directing a natural gas mixture through an activated carbon adsorption tower until the adsorption tower is saturated, collecting methane from the output of the adsorption tower, heating the saturated carbon adsorption tower with adsorbate using a heater and/or a vacuum pump in a closed loop circuit with the carbon adsorption tower until the input to the vacuum pump is within a specified temperature of the output of the heater, lowering the pressure in the heated activated carbon adsorption tower using the vacuum pump to desorb at least one hydrocarbon compound of the plurality of different hydrocarbon compounds, compressing and cooling the desorbed hydrocarbon compound, separating the cooled and compressed hydrocarbon compound into gas and liquid in a fluid separator, and collecting the liquid from the fluid separator.

Abstract: An air purification and recirculation system positioned within an animal rearing/sheltering facility. The system draws untreated air into an elongated air treatment apparatus having a dust scrubbing section, an ammonia scrubbing section, and acid scrubbing section, configured so that the treatment sections are positioned in series. At the end of the air treatment process, the treated air is exhausted back into the animal rearing facility so that the air is circulated within the facility. Acid and water used during the air treatment process are continuously recycled and directed back through the scrubbers in the air treatment apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for removing carbon dioxide from a synthesis gas having at least hydrogen and carbon dioxide in which the synthesis gas is at least partially freed of carbon dioxide in an absorption apparatus by physical absorption at elevated absorption pressure. The carbon dioxide is subsequently desorbed by pressure reduction relative to the absorption pressure in a plurality of serially arranged flash stages and an at least partially regenerated absorption medium is withdrawn from the last of the plurality of serially arranged flash stages, recompressed to absorption pressure and recycled into the absorption apparatus for use as absorption medium. It is also provided according to the invention that a partially regenerated absorption medium from a flash stage upstream of the last of the plurality of serially arranged flash stages is recompressed to absorption pressure and recycled into the absorption apparatus for use as absorption medium.

Abstract: An aqueous CO2 absorbent comprising a combination of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and 3-aminopropanol (AP), or AMP and 4-aminobutanol (AB), is described. A method for capturing CO2 from a CO2 containing gas using the mentioned absorbent, and the use of a combination of AMP and AP, or a combination of AMP and AB are also described.

Abstract: An aqueous liquid sorbent suitable for use in separating a target gas from a mixture of gases in a rotating packed bed gas capture system, comprising a first amine compound, a second amine compound and water, wherein the sorbent comprises at least 16 wt % of the first amine compound and at least 51 wt % of total amine compounds, the first amine compound has a reaction rate with the target gas that is greater than the reaction rate of the second amine with the target gas, and the second amine compound has a solubility in water that is greater than the solubility of the first amine compound in water.

Abstract: Steric effects on amine sites beta to amide or ester functional groups are utilized to result in a family of CO2 solvents with an unprecedented hybridization of chemisorption and physisorption properties. These versatile solvents provide very high CO2 working capacities in applications typically involved with physical solvents such as Selexol, Genosorb, Fluor Solvent, Purisol, and Rectisol with the added benefit of operation near ambient conditions without the need for solvent chilling along with the potential for high pressure recovery of CO2.

Abstract: A scrubber for cleaning exhaust fumes generated by internal combustion engines, in particular for reducing the concentration of the sulfur oxides SOx in exhaust fumes generated by the combustion of high sulfur content fuels, said scrubber comprising a main hollow tubular body, an inlet and an outlet for introducing and discharging said fumes into and from said main hollow tubular body, respectively, and inlet means for introducing at least partially atomized pressurized water into said main hollow body, wherein said inlet means comprise a plurality of nozzles arranged in said main hollow body and each adapted to dispense said at least partially atomized pressurized water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a coupling device for a tube having a Palladium-based membrane deposited thereon, for use in separation and purification of hydrogen in a hydrogen separator or reactor. The coupling device has an inlet for gas and configured to couple said tube to the inlet; a body part with a cylindrical opening for receiving the tube and for receiving gas flow to the inlet; a nut, the body part and the nut being configured such that the nut can be screwed onto the body part at the opening; a stack of at least two sealing rings. The body part, the nut and sealing rings are configured such that the tube extends through an axial end portion of the nut, the sealing rings into the opening such that, in use, the sealing rings are compressed axially as a result of screwing the nut onto the body part so that the sealing rings sealingly engage the tube.

Abstract: A compressed air drying system is provided for removing moisture from compressed air. The dryer operates in two modes in response to the demand for compressed air. In a first mode of operation, a refrigeration compressor runs continuously and the speed of a condenser fan is varied to maintain a constant cooling temperature. In a second mode of operation, the refrigeration compressor runs intermittently between on and off periods. As result, the cooling temperature fluctuates during the second mode of operation.

Abstract: An atmospheric water harvesting material includes a deliquescent salt, a photothermal agent, and a polymeric hydrogel matrix containing the deliquescent salt and photothermal agent.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for wet removal of sulfur dioxide by silicate bacteria-enhanced pulp. The method includes: treatment of ore waste residue, activation and domestication of silicate bacteria, preparation of pulp, removal of sulfur dioxide, and resource utilization of a desulfurization product. The present disclosure combines flue gas desulfurization with resource utilization of the ore waste residue, and improves a desulfurization efficiency of the method by the pulp and a utilization rate of ore waste residue resources through silicate bacteria. The present disclosure has a high desulfurization efficiency, simple production process, and low cost, and realizes the recycling of resources such as the ore waste residue, the sulfur dioxide, and silicon. The present disclosure has obvious economic and environmental benefits and broad prospects for use.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide is removed from a gas stream by bubbling a gas stream having ?100 ppm hydrogen sulfide through a scavenging mixture. The scavenging mixture includes: 1) at least one sweetener selected from the group consisting of triazines, oxazolidines, hemiacetals, and mixtures thereof, and 2) at least one reaction catalyst selected from the group consisting of dipropyl amine (DPA), diethyl amine (DEA), dimethyl amine (DMA), pyrrole, and mixtures thereof. The scavenging mixture interacts with the hydrogen sulfide to produce a cleaned gas stream having ? 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: A system including biogas purification and provides biogas as feedstock to a solid oxide fuel cell. The biogas purification treatment process provides a polished biogas that is substantially free of carbonyl sulfides and hydrogen sulfide. The system uses a biogas treatment apparatus, that includes apparatus such as a packed columns, comprising copper oxide or potassium permanganate packing material, and an activated carbon component configured to treat the biogas by polishing it to remove carbonyl sulfides and deleterious trace residues, such as hydrogen sulfide, that were not removed by any prior bulk H2S removal steps. In addition, an oil removal device is used to remove any entrained fine oil droplets in the biogas. A polished biogas having in the range of 60% methane is charged to the fuel cell. Electricity generated may be fed into a grid or used directly as energy to charge electrical-powered vehicles, for example. Energy credits are tracked in real time and are appropriately assigned.

Abstract: Provided is a device for removing nitrogen oxide, the device including an inflow path for gas containing nitrogen oxide; and a reversible metal complex compound coming into contact with the gas containing nitrogen oxide which is introduced through the inflow path, wherein the reversible metal complex compound includes a central metal ion reacting and binding with nitrogen oxide; and a ligand coordinating with the central metal ion, wherein when the central metal ion is oxidized, the bound nitrogen oxide is separated, and the oxidized central metal ion is reduced to recombine with nitrogen oxide.

Abstract: There is an air purification system comprising a housing a fan, at least one water inlet comprising a water inlet valve, at least one biological solution which when combined with water forms a biological agent, at least one pump, wherein there is a computer configured to control the inlet valve, the pump and the fan to control cleaning of the air inside of the housing. Inside the housing is a circulating manifold, at least one tray, at least one air inlet, at least one air outflow, and a plurality of interaction surfaces comprising a plurality of different surfaces slanted at different angles, said plurality of interaction surfaces configured to receive the biological agent.

Abstract: Methods and systems for sequestering carbon dioxide and growing algae can include: producing fluids from a subsurface formation; separating the fluids into hydrocarbons and produced water; transferring the produced water to a treatment pond; transferring the hydrocarbons to a gas fractionation plant; separating the hydrocarbons resulting in a carbon dioxide side stream; and discharging the carbon dioxide side stream into the treatment pond.

Abstract: Catalytic filters are usable in hydrogenation and emissions control processes. The catalytic filters include an open inlet into a hollow body and a closed end thereby forcing fluid or gas through a porous catalytic layer of the filter. The catalytic layer includes inorganic fibers and a catalyst disposed on or incorporated into the fibers.

Abstract: A fluid treatment method, cycle treatment device, system and medical device are provided, wherein a cycle is formed by allowing a fluid to flow in a pipeline, and the cycle includes a treatment unit to treat the fluid to selectively change structures or concentrations of molecules or combinations thereof in the fluid, thereby avoiding loss of beneficial components; the fluid is treated by at least one cycle, and in any cycle, dynamic equilibrium of the total amount of the fluid in the cycle can be maintained through controlling the rate of adding the to-be-treated fluid into the cycle and the rate of the treated fluid leaving the cycle, so that the cycle is sustainable, and therefore the duration of the fluid treatment method is adjustable and can be determined based on a preset treatment target.

Abstract: A membrane-wafer assembly comprises a core resin-wafer (RW) having a first ionexchange surface comprising a thin anionic ionomer layer (AIL) bonded thereto, and a second ion exchange surface comprising a thin cationic ionomer layer (CIL) bonded thereto; wherein the resin-wafer comprises cation exchange resin beads and anion exchange resin beads bound together with a polymeric elastomer. A resin-wafer electrodeionization apparatus comprising a plurality of the membrane-wafer assemblies, and a method of preparing the membrane-wafer assembly also are described.

Abstract: A bubble generation device is provided which is capable of discharging bubbles of about the same size from each of a plurality of bubble discharge ports. The device is provided with a bubble discharge chamber communicating with each of a plurality of bubble discharge ports, a turnaround path including a first communication port communicating with a gas storage chamber and a second communication port communicating with the bubble discharge chamber on a downstream side in a gas traveling direction of a turn-around point of the turnaround path, opening areas of the plurality of bubble discharge ports being the same as each other, and a total of the opening areas of the plurality of bubble discharge ports being smaller than an opening area of the second communication port.

Abstract: This invention provides a long-lasting artificial cell membrane with a prefabricated, freestanding biopolymer hydrogel as the cytoskeleton that is partially tethered to and supports lipid bilayer for high stability. The highly stable lipid bilayer has unrestricted fluidic, optical and electrical accesses to both sides of the lipid bilayer, which has significant impact on fundamental biological studies and advanced pharmaceutical industries.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing method for producing a component having at least partially or at least locally a porous material structure includes providing a porous or porosable base material, applying the porous or porosable base material to build up the component, and adjusting a porosity of the porous or porosable base material during the applying.

Abstract: A photothermal distillation membrane including a polydopamine (PDA) coated, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane is disclosed, as well as a process for synthesizing same. A photothermal aerogel membrane including a polydopamine (PDA)-containing bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is also disclosed, as well as a process for synthesizing same.

Abstract: An anti-microbial metal coating may be applied to filter membranes for use in actively depressing microbial viability in filtration applications. The anti-microbial metal coating may be applied to substrates that are considered to be sensitive to damage by conventional metal coating techniques or resistant to metal bonding. The coating may be applied from a salt absorbed to the substrate in solution, converted to a reducible form with a conversion agent, and reduced to active metal format through a low temperature plasma treatment.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane for separating blood plasma from blood, comprising a blood contact layer and a support layer each comprising a hydrophobic polymer, a hydrophilic polymer and vitamin E, and a method for producing said hollow fiber membrane to provide a hollow fiber membrane is described. The hollow fiber membrane is characterized by a reduced hemolysis activity so that the hollow fiber membrane can be advantageously used in plasmapheresis methods.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nonwoven fabric for a separation membrane which can prevent a bleed-through of a resin solution used for coating in a step of producing the separation membrane, can produce a separation membrane having a large permeate flux of a liquid by non-solvent induced phase separation, has high adhesiveness between a coating membrane and the nonwoven fabric, and can make the coating membrane thin, and a method of producing the same. In an exemplary aspect of the present invention, a two-layer nonwoven fabric 10 for a separation membrane is configured to have a surface layer 11 and a back surface layer 12, a coating surface of a coating solution during membrane formation is a surface 11a of the surface layer 11, and, when the nonwoven fabric 10 is impregnated with the coating solution for membrane formation, the surface layer 11 has a large Laplace force and the back surface layer 12 has a small Laplace force.

Abstract: A lithium-air battery includes a battery cell and a case configured to accommodate the battery cell. The case includes an inlet communicating with outside and an outlet communicating with outside. At least one of the inlet and the outlet is equipped with a gas separation membrane that includes a matrix including a polymer resin and a metal-organic framework (MOF) dispersed in the matrix. The gas separation membrane has a thickness of 150 ?m or more.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for proportional gas mixing. A method for mixing gas may include receiving, at a modified ball valve, a first gas via a first gas input port of the modified ball valve, and a second gas via a second gas input port of the modified ball valve. The method may also include coupling a motor control device with the modified ball valve. The method may further include operating the modified ball valve via the motor control device by adjusting a position of the modified ball valve. In addition, the method may include releasing a gas mixture of the first gas and the second gas through a gas output port of the modified ball valve.

Abstract: A bubble generation device is provided which is capable of efficiently peeling off contaminants from a surface of a filtration membrane. There is provided a bubble discharge chamber disposed above a turnaround portion of a turnaround path. The turnaround path includes a first communication port communicating with a gas storage chamber and a second communication port communicating with the bubble discharge chamber on a downstream side of the turnaround portion. Each of the gas storage chamber and the bubble discharge chamber includes an opening facing downward at a lower end. A cross-sectional area of the bubble discharge chamber in a horizontal direction is equal to or larger than an opening area (a sum of the opening areas of the two second communication ports in an illustrated example) of the second communication port.

Abstract: A static mixer includes two or more mixing segments, each mixing segment including an inlet section, an outlet section oppositely disposed to the inlet section, a longitudinal axis defined between the inlet section and the outlet section, a plurality of mixing passages and a common distributor connected to each of the plurality of mixing passages of the mixing segment. The common distributor is arranged at the inlet section. Furthermore, inlets of the passages of the mixing segments form an inlet arrangement at the distributor of the corresponding mixing segment and outlets of the passages of the individual mixing segments form an outlet arrangement at the outlet section of the corresponding mixing segment. Thereby, the outlet arrangement is different from the inlet arrangement.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides apparatuses and methods related to a high pressure processing device that is configured to simplify batch processing. In an embodiment, a high pressure processing device includes a processing module configured to reduce a particle size of a material or achieve a desired liquid processing result for the material, a pump configured to pump the material to an inlet of the processing module, a recirculation pathway configured to recirculate the material from an outlet of the processing module back to the pump, an input device configured to receive at least one user input variable, and a controller configured to (i) determine a number of pump strokes for the pump based on the user input variable, and (ii) control the pump according to the determined number of pump strokes so that the material makes a plurality of passes through the processing module.

Abstract: A mixing paddle specifically designed to produce pastry dough is disclosed. The mixing paddle is comprised of a collar, a rim, and a plurality of parallel blades enclosed within the rim. An axis from the collar to a bottom of the mixing paddle bisects the rim, creating a first side and a second side.

Abstract: A laboratory instrument for mixing a medium in an object carrier, wherein the laboratory instrument includes a support body, a main component for receiving the object carrier which is disposed on the support body and is movable with respect to the support body for mixing, and a mixing drive mechanism disposed on the support body, with a drive device, a first eccentric and a second eccentric, which can be driven by means of the drive device and which are configured in order to transmit a driving force produced by the drive device to the main component in order to mix the medium in the object carrier, wherein the first eccentric and the second eccentric are disposed on a peripheral edge of the support body and outside a central region of the support body.

Abstract: A stirring assembly includes a turntable configured to rotate about a central axis. A cooking vessel is configured to engage a top surface of the turntable. A bar is disposed proximate a bottom surface of the turntable. The bar maintains a fixed position relative to the turntable. A stirrer is magnetically attracted to the bar. The stirrer is configured to generally maintain a fixed orientation within the cooking vessel as the cooking vessel rotates with the turntable.

Abstract: A method for preparing a graphene-containing ultra-fine powdered natural rubber masterbatch, including: mixing a diluted graphene oxide dispersion with an anionic surfactant to obtain a modified graphene oxide dispersion; mixing the modified graphene oxide dispersion with a natural rubber latex suspension to obtain a mixed emulsion; and subjecting the mixed emulsion to spray drying to obtain the ultra-fine powdered natural rubber masterbatch with a particle size of less than 5 ?m. This application further provides a method for preparing a graphene-modified natural rubber nanocomposite, including: mixing the ultra-fine powdered natural rubber masterbatch with natural rubber block, and carbon black.

Abstract: A reactor (1) for hydrolysis of uranium hexafluoride comprises a tubular injector (9) comprising first (11), second (13) and third (15) concentric fluid circulation ducts intended to be connected respectively with a source of UF6, a source of inert gas and a source of water vapor. The tubular injector (9) is obtained by additive manufacturing.

Abstract: A device (1) and method are claimed for converting thermal energy into dissociation energy of molecules of a gas medium (3). The device incorporates a reaction vacuum chamber (2), designed to enable a gas medium (3) to be supplied therein, at least one thermal radiator (4), of which at least one emission spectral line of a medium (5), in the temperature range 350° C. to 1500° C., at least partially corresponds to the absorption spectral line of molecules of the gas medium (3). At least part of the volume of the vacuum chamber (2) is positioned in the zone of optical visibility of the radiator (4) and is a reaction volume (7) for the gas medium (3), in which reaction volume, as a result of resonance oscillations of molecules of the gas medium (3), excited by the radiator (4), at least partial dissociation of the gas medium (3) takes place. The device also incorporates a system (8) for drawing off at least one product of dissociation of molecules of the gas medium (3).

Abstract: The invention relates to tubular reactors. In particular the invention provides for a reactor internal component for a fixed bed reactor which is axially receivable within a portion of an internal reaction cavity of a reactor tube. The reactor internal component includes a tubular insert, having a tubular wall with an outer surface shaped and dimensioned to fit into the internal reaction cavity of the reactor tube, the tubular insert having an inner passage of varied diameter which is operable to change a profile of the internal reaction cavity, in use to improve temperature distribution in a catalyst bed provided within the internal reaction cavity of the reactor tube.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting a toxic gas to benign substances comprises a housing characterized with multi-stages including a first stage, a second stage, a third stage and a fourth stage coupled to one another in sequence, wherein the first stage comprises a catalytic system configured to convert the toxic gas into its derivatives; the second stage comprises a carbonaceous fibrous material adapted to capture the remaining toxic gas and the derivatives; the third stage comprises at least one oxidizer to oxidize the remaining toxic gas to benign substances including CO2 and water; and the fourth stage comprises a scrubber configured to remove all of volatile organic compounds or water molecules generated as part of the first and third stages.

Abstract: Systems and methods for polynucleotide synthesis utilize electrochemical deprotection and novel redox chemistries compatible with advanced CMOS nodes, for highly reliable and massively scalable parallel construction of polynucleotide segments having a desired sequence or sequences. Via use of these exemplary techniques, low-cost and large-scale polynucleotide synthesis is facilitated, for example for data storage and retrieval applications.