Abstract: Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving channel state information in a wireless communication system. A method for transmitting channel state information (CSI) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise the steps of: receiving configuration information related to the CSI from a base station, wherein the configuration information includes information on a CSI-RS resource set; receiving a CSI-reference signal (CSI-RS) from the base station; and transmitting the CSI to the base station on the basis of the configuration information and the CSI-RS. The CSI may include a first CSI set based on a single CSI resource in the CSI-RS resource set and/or a second CSI set based on a CSI-RS resource combination in the CSI-RS resource set, and the number of CSI processing units (CPUs) required for calculation of the second CSI set and the number of CPUs required for calculation of the first CSI set may be individually determined.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for multiple codebook channel state information (CSI) report prioritization. A method of wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving a CSI report configuration that configures one or more CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) resource sets. Each CSI-RS resource set includes one or more CSI-RS resources. The CSI report configuration also configures a plurality of codebooks for reporting CSI. The method includes receiving a priority order for the plurality of codebooks and reporting CSI based on the CSI report configuration and the priority order.

Abstract: A computerized method performed by a first apparatus. The method has the steps of: normalizing real and imaginary parts of parameters of a channel between the first apparatus and a second apparatus to a first bit-size, and quantizing the normalized real and imaginary parts of the parameters to obtain channel state information (CSI) coefficients of a second bit-size for feeding back to the second apparatus.

Abstract: Aspects relate to mechanisms for improved uplink and sidelink coverages. A first network entity determines one or more channel state feedback (CSF) parameters of one or more beams associated with the first network entity, selects one or more beam coefficients based on the one or more CSF parameters, and transmits the one or more beam coefficients to at least a second network entity. The second network entity selects one or more beams for beaming forming based on the one or more beam coefficients, determines one or more CSF parameters of the one or more beams associated with the second network entity, and transmits the one or more CSF parameters of the one or more beams associated with the second network entity to the first network entity. The first network entity selects one or more new beam coefficients based on the one or more CSF parameters from the second network entity.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of reporting, by a UE, CSI in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving, from a base station, a RRC signaling that comprises a plurality of reporting settings, wherein each reporting setting comprises a corresponding list of first values representing time offsets for transmitting a CSI report, forming a plurality of lists of first values; receiving, from the base station, DCI triggering the CSI report, wherein the DCI comprises an index value related to a time at which to transmit the CSI report on a PUSCH; determining, based on the DCI, a plurality of list entries; determining a second value that is largest among the plurality of list entries; and transmitting, to the base station, the CSI report on the PUSCH based on the second value.

Abstract: According to the present disclosure, there are provided methods and devices for estimating a high-dimensional MIMO channel by expressing the MIMO channel in the form of a flow function to determine a change from an input state to an output state. This may be considered similar to a manner in which fluid dynamic problems are solved. Instead of using linearization to estimate all of the coefficients of a matrix representing a MIMO channel, a receiver may determine the MIMO channel rank by detecting leading modes in a subspace of the entire MIMO channel matrix.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for precoding matrix indicator (PMI) transmission and a method for determining precoding granularity performed by a terminal, and a corresponding terminal and base station. The terminal includes: a receiving unit configured to receive first information about the precoding matrix indicator (PMI) from a base station of the communication system; and a control unit configured to determine whether to transmit second information about the precoding matrix indicator according to the first information, wherein the precoding matrix indicator is for a subcarrier-level precoding matrix.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a first user equipment (UE) may receive, from a second UE and via a receive beam of the first UE, an inter-UE coordination (IUC) request, wherein the IUC request is based at least in part on a transmit beam of the second UE that is associated with an intended transmission of the second UE. The UE may transmit, to the second UE, IUC information that indicates preferred resources or non-preferred resources for the intended transmission, wherein the IUC information is based at least in part on a channel sensing by the first UE. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: Aspect are direction to techniques for predicting future beams (e.g., transmit beams and/or receive beams) for communications between a network node and a user equipment (UE). In some examples, the UE may output, for transmission to a network node, beam information of a receive beam. The UE may obtain, via a beam pair comprising the receive beam and a transmit beam, signaling from the network node. In some examples, the UE may output, for transmission to the network node, a measurement of the signaling from a perspective of the receive beam.

Abstract: Techniques for beam width control, and devices and components including apparatus, systems, and methods for beam width control are described herein.

Abstract: Techniques and apparatuses are described for integrated access backhaul with an adaptive phase-changing device (APD) are described. In aspects, a donor base station determines to include an APD in a communication path for the wireless backhaul link with a node base station and apportions APD access to the APD for the node base station. The donor base station then communicates with the node base station using the surface of the APD and based on the apportioned APD-access by using the surface to exchange wireless signals with the donor base station.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of a radio base station (20) of controlling allocation of resources to wireless communication devices (23, 24), and a radio base station (20) performing the method. In an aspect, a method of a radio base station (20) of controlling allocation of resources to wireless communication devices (23, 24) is provided. The method comprises providing (S101) a first location with radio coverage using at least a first frequency band and a second frequency band and a second location with radio coverage using the first frequency band, the second frequency band being located at a higher frequency than the first frequency band and temporarily reallocating (S102) resources of the second frequency band from the first location to the second location upon acquiring an indication that a wireless communication device (24) at the second location requires improved coverage.

Abstract: A communication method includes that a sharing AP selects a first beam width used to schedule a sharing STA during coordinated transmission, and the sharing AP sends a coordinated transmission notification to a shared AP, where the coordinated transmission notification includes a coordinated transmission parameter, where the coordinated transmission parameter is obtained based on the sharing STA and the first beam width, where the coordinated transmission notification indicates the shared AP to select, based on the coordinated transmission parameter, a shared STA and a second beam width that are used for coordinated transmission, where the second beam width is one of adjustable beam widths of the shared AP, and where the first beam width is one of at least two adjustable beam widths of the sharing AP.

Abstract: Method comprising: ?selecting a subset of one or more beam pairs among a set of beam pairs via which a terminal and a base station are associated, wherein for each of the beam pairs of the subset, a suitability of the respective beam pair is better than a suitability threshold; for each of the beam pairs of the subset: ??determining a respective set of at least two tones; ??performing a respective relative phase measurement based on the respective virtual wavelength to obtain a respective virtual phase difference; and at least one of ??reporting the respective set of at least two tones and the respective virtual phase difference to the base station; and ??estimating a respective distance between the terminal and a transmission reception point of the base station emitting the respective beam pair based on the respective virtual phase difference and the preliminary uncertainty region.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a 5G or 6G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. A method by a terminal in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes obtaining information about at least one reference signal for beam failure detection; determining whether a beam failure is detected with respect to the at least one reference signal including a first reference signal set, a second reference signal set and a third reference signal set; and in a case that the beam failure is detected with respect to at least one of the first, second, or third reference signal set, transmitting beam failure recovery request information for the at least one reference signal. The first and second reference signal sets correspond to first and second CORESET pools, respectively, and the third reference signal set corresponds to a cell associated with the first and second CORESET pools.

Abstract: A communication system uses multiple communications links, preferably links that use different communications media. The multiple communications links may include a high latency/high bandwidth link using a fiber-optic cable configured to carry large volumes of data but having a high latency. The communications links may also include a low latency/low bandwidth link implemented using skywave propagation of radio waves and configured to carry smaller volumes of data with a lower latency across a substantial portion of the earth's surface. The two communications links may be used together to coordinate various activities such as the buying and selling of financial instruments.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes various techniques of automatically configuring a repeater system. In one embodiment, the techniques of present disclosure configure the repeater system as a dummy user equipment and connect to a cell served by a base station coupled to the repeater system and establish two-way communication between the repeater system and the base station for determining one or more signaling parameters related to the configuration of the base station. In another non-limiting embodiment, the techniques of the present disclosure operate the repeater system in a listener only mode and perform various signal processing/calculations to determine the one or more signaling parameters related to the configuration of the base station. Once the one or more signaling parameters are determined, the techniques of the present disclosure may configure the repeater system based at least in part on the one or more signaling parameters.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to systems and methods for communication of electronic signals. An example method includes receiving a first signal having a predetermined modulation. The example method includes generating a transmission for a second signal by superimposing the second signal on the modulation of the first signal by adjusting at least one of two phase states or two amplitude states of the modulation using a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS). The example method also includes transmitting the second signal using hierarchical modulation, the predetermined modulation and the superimposed second signal on the predetermined modulation, wherein the first signal is transmitted at a higher data rate than the second signal.

Abstract: A method for providing functions as a node that relays communication between an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) donor and user equipment in IAB, the method comprising: generating notification information; and periodically transmitting the generated notification information, wherein the notification information includes New Radio (NR) Cell Identity information in System Information Block (SIB) 1, and wherein the NR Cell Identity information includes identification information of the IAB donor.

Abstract: A cellular repeater system is provided. The cellular repeater system includes an outdoor antenna communicatively coupled to a repeater. The outdoor antenna is configured to relay communications from the repeater to a cellular base station. The outdoor antenna includes a plurality of log-periodic antennas rotated relative to one another such that each of the plurality of log-periodic antennas is pointed in a different direction. The cellular repeater system includes a switching device configured to selectively couple one or more of the plurality of log-periodic antennas to a RF transceiver of the repeater in order to configure the outdoor antenna in a plurality of antenna modes. Each of the plurality of antenna modes have a distinct radiation pattern.

Abstract: A relay supporting multiple relay modes is provided. The relay transmits capability information to a base station, the capability information indicating support for a first relay mode and a second relay mode. The relay determines a mode of operation, either on its own or based on an indication of a mode of operation from the base station, wherein the mode of operation comprises the first relay mode or the second relay mode. The relay communicates with at least one of the base station or another wireless device based at least in part on the determined mode of operation.

Abstract: A relay device that relays wireless signals transmitted from a plurality of first communication devices to a second communication device while moving includes: a first reception unit configured to receive signals transmitted from the plurality of first communication devices through a reception antenna; and a direction control unit configured to control a reception direction of the reception antenna based on dense district information which is estimated based on the reception of the signals and indicates a district where the first communication devices are located with high density exceeding a predetermined reference.

Abstract: An acquisition unit acquires a plurality of signals received by a plurality of antennas included in a wireless communication device that moves in a predetermined orbit above a celestial body. A parameter determination unit determines a synthesis parameter of the plurality of signals according to the position of a transmission terminal provided on the celestial body, the orbit, and the reception time of the plurality of signals. A synthesis unit synthesizes a transmission signal of the transmission terminal according to the plurality of signals and the synthesis parameter.

Abstract: A method for a network entity for controlling a communication between a first communication device and a second communication device including obtaining positions of communication devices and determining radiation boundary volumes in an environment of the communication devices based on the positions. Each radiation boundary volume includes a horizontal layer. A method including allocating the radiation boundary volume of radiation boundary volumes to the first communication device of communication devices to communicate with the second communication device of communication devices and transmitting information about the allocated radiation boundary volume to at least one of the first communication device and the second communication device.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus includes: a transmission control unit that determines an earlier transmission timing as an elevation angle of a relay apparatus when viewed from the own wireless communication apparatus is larger; and a transmission unit that transmits a wireless signal to the relay apparatus at the transmission timing. The wireless communication apparatus may further include a reception unit that acquires an upper limit value. The transmission control unit may derive a subtraction value, which is a variable value to be used for subtraction, as a larger value as the elevation angle is larger, may subtract the subtraction value from a backoff counter value which is derived based on the upper limit value and is equal to or larger than 0, and may determine, as the transmission timing, a timing at which the backoff counter value becomes equal to or smaller than 0.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for enhanced AM RLC for NB-IoT UE in the NTN. In one novel aspect, the UE is configured with HARQ disabled, and configured with fast polling and/or fast status report for AM RLC enhancement. In one embodiment, the UE is configured with shortened AM window size, and wherein the shortened window size is smaller than an AM window size for an NB-IoT device. In other embodiments, the fast polling is triggered based on PDU threshold or byte threshold, or triggered based on an NTN polling timer, or triggered based on a combination of an NTN polling timer and one or more threshold triggers. In one embodiment, UE is configured to autonomously send a status report when a reception failure of an RLC PDU is detected, and wherein the status report is sent by a semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) uplink resource.

Abstract: The present application provides a satellite receiver comprising: an antenna unit for receiving a satellite signal; a transmission line unit comprising a bandpass filter for selecting a reception band of the satellite signal, and a variable attenuator for generating artificial noise in the satellite signal which has passed through the filter; a low noise amplifier and converter for carrying out low noise amplification and frequency conversion of the satellite signal in which the artificial noise has been generated; and a modem for receiving, from the low noise amplifier and converter, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the satellite signal.

Abstract: Solutions pertaining to spectrum sharing in coordination between a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and a terrestrial network (TN) are proposed. An apparatus implemented in a UE measures a signal strength of each of one or more TN cells and one or more NTN cells. The apparatus reports a result of the measuring to a TN. The apparatus also receives an indication from the TN configuring and activating a bandwidth part (BWP) that separates transmission by a base station of the TN from NTN downlink (DL) transmissions.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, methods, and software are described herein that provide enhanced satellite link-coupled communication nodes. In one example, a parent communication node includes a communication interface configured to communicate with a plurality of child communication nodes over corresponding satellite communication links. The parent communication node includes a resource manager configured to determine physical resources local to each of the plurality of child communication nodes, establish a pool of resources from among the physical resources, and responsive to a request for execution of an application, allocate resources from the pool of resources for execution of the application at one or more selected child communication nodes. The parent communication node can initiate execution of the application using the allocated resources at the one or more selected child communication nodes.

Abstract: Systems, computer program products, and methods are described herein for network discovery, port identification, and/or identifying fiber link failures in an optical network, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The present invention may be configured to sequentially connect each port of an optical switch to a network port of a server and generate, based on information associated with network devices connected to the ports, a network map. The network map may identify which network devices are connected to which ports of the optical switch and may permit dynamic port mapping for network installation, upgrades, repairs, and/or the like. The present invention may also be configured to determine a fiber link in which a failure occurred and reconfigure the optical switch to allow communication between an optical time-domain reflectometer and the fiber link to test the fiber link.

Abstract: An on-chip wavefront sensor, an optical chip, and a communication device are disclosed. The on-chip wavefront sensor includes an antenna array configured for separating received spatial light to obtain a plurality of sub-light spots; a reference light source module configured for generating a plurality of intrinsic light beams; a phase shifter array configured for performing phase shifting processing on the intrinsic light beams to obtain reference light; and an optical detection module configured for performing coherent balanced detection according to the reference light and the sub-light spots to obtain a photocurrent corresponding to each of the sub-light spots.

Abstract: A learning model is trained so that a signal state can be estimated with high accuracy even in a case where a constellation on a complex plane is rotated. A learning apparatus (1) includes: an acquisition section (11) that acquires a constellation of a known state optical signal transmitted through optical fiber; a generation section (12) that generates a corrected constellation obtained by rotating the constellation on a complex plane; and a learning section (13) that uses the constellation and the corrected constellation to train a learning model.

Abstract: A method comprises receiving streaming data in the form of peak readings developed from spectrum data produced by multiplexed optical sensors of one or more optical fibers. The streaming data comprises wavelength and intensity data associated with the sensors. The method comprises determining, for a particular fiber, whether a number of the peak readings is the same as, or differs from, an expected number, N, where N corresponds to a total number of sensors of the particular fiber. The method also comprises correcting anomalous streaming data in response to determining that the number of the peak readings differs from the expected number, N. The method further comprises storing nominal wavelength and intensity streaming data and the corrected wavelength and intensity streaming data in a structured data table indexed by fiber ID and sensor ID.

Abstract: A multi-sensor data fusion-based self-powered online monitoring system for a transmission line includes a plurality of detection nodes, an optical communication receiving and demodulation module, and a data processing module. The detection nodes each include a vibration energy harvesting module, a sensing module, and an optical communication modulation and transmitting module. The detection node uses a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to convert and harvest energy, uses the sensing module to acquire a plurality of types of sensing data, and uses the optical communication modulation and transmitting module to modulate and transmit the sensing data. The optical communication receiving and demodulation module correspondingly receives and demodulates the sensing data, and transmits the sensing data to the data processing module for processing.

Abstract: Provided is a light receiving device includes a ball lens and a light receiver disposed in a condensing region of the ball lens. The light receiver includes a light receiving element array in which light receiving units each of which includes a light receiving element and an amplifier circuit associated with the light receiving element are disposed in an array, and a selection circuit that selects a light receiving unit included in the light receiving element array.

Abstract: A modulator unit for modulating the polarization of an optical signal includes a light source, a polarization-dependent phase modulator, and a reflector. The light source outputs an optical signal and emits it as the input signal directed at the phase modulator. The optical signal contains a first and a second polarization components having a first and a second polarization directions, respectively. The phase modulator modulates a first phase of the first polarization component in the first polarization direction and passes on the modulated input signal to the reflector. The reflector retroreflects the received optical signal towards the phase modulator and changes its polarization by 90°. The phase modulator modulates a second phase of the second polarization component of the retroreflected optical signal in the first polarization direction. The modulator unit outputs the modulated optical signal as the polarization-modulated output signal.

Abstract: A bi-directional and multi-channel optical module incudes an encapsulation casing, a TOSA, a plurality of ROSAs and a plurality of optical folding elements. The TOSA is accommodated in the encapsulation casing. The TOSA includes a light emitting element and a thin film LiNbOx modulator, and a light receiving end of the thin film LiNbOx modulator is optically coupled with the light emitting element. The ROSAs are accommodated in the encapsulation casing. The ROSAs are configured to receive external optical signals propagating into the encapsulation casing. The optical folding elements are optically coupled with a plurality of light propagation ends of the thin film LiNbOx modulator, respectively, for changing a traveling direction of light emitted by the TOSA. Each of the optical folding elements is configured to enable one of the ROSAs share a fiber access terminal with the TOSA.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field Quantum Key distribution (QKD) and discloses an apparatus (100) and method (300) for adjusting the phase modulator's modulating signal time reference in a phase-based QKD system. The QKD system comprises a pulse generator (10) that generates optical pulses and a phase modulator (20) that modulates the phase of each of the pulses. The apparatus (100) comprises abeam splitter/tap (112), a 1-bit delay interferometer (110), two photodetectors (106,108), and a processing device (104). The splitter feeds the phase modulated optical pulses to the interferometer (110). Two photo detectors are connected to the constructive and destructive output legs (110a,110b) of the interferometer (110). The photo detectors' output are then converted to digital signals and fed to the processing device (104).

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for two-dimensional optical transmission, including systems and methods for modulating and detecting two-dimensional short-reach optical communications. Two-dimensional optical transmissions may be generated by mapping a first data set to a first dimension of an optical signal and mapping a second data set to a second dimension of an optical signal. The encoded data for the first data set may be combined with the encoded data for the second data set so as to produce drive signals for a dual-drive modulator using a combination of both a common-mode and differential signal. The disclosed systems and methods also include dual-mode optical receivers that are configured to operate in either a one-dimensional or two-dimensional mode.

Abstract: A shutdown circuit may include a filter, for receiving a laser trigger signal for a laser emitter, that is configured to output a filtered signal. The shutdown circuit may include a logic gate configured to receive the filtered signal and at least one of a first signal based on a signal from a photodiode or a second signal based on a signal from a conductive path. The shutdown circuit may include a flip-flop configured to receive an output of the logic gate and to output an enablement signal that is based on the output of the logic gate, and a driver circuit for a switch configured to control current flow to the laser emitter. The driver circuit may be configured to receive the enablement signal and the laser trigger signal and to output the laser trigger signal based on whether the enablement signal is a first or a second voltage.

Abstract: A complex-wavefront photonic transceiver including a coherent source; a complex transmitter waveform generator programmable to modulate a first portion of the coherent electromagnetic radiation, when received from the coherent source, to form a complex waveform comprising at least a pre-distortion to compensate for, or an adaptive beamforming to determine, a distortion of the complex waveform caused by at least the transceiver or during transmission of the complex waveform to a receiver aperture, the receiver aperture outputting receiver signals in response thereto; and a transmitter aperture for transmitting the complex waveform when received from the complex transmitter waveform generator. The transceiver further includes a receiver processor programmable to determine a phase and amplitude of the complex waveform, when received on the receiver aperture, from a combination of the received signals with a second portion of the electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: A method, system, and apparatus enabled to selectively choose a baud rate for communication of optical data using a modem enabled to operate with an optical signal modulated at plurality of finely tuned baud rates.

Abstract: At least one processor included in an optical signal state estimation apparatus carries out: an acquisition process for acquiring a constellation of an optical signal; a generation process for generating time series data in which pieces of histogram information are arranged in time series, the histogram information being obtained by counting the number of signal points of the constellation, the signal points being included in each of grids obtained by dividing an in-phase component direction and a quadrature component direction into a specific number of rows and the specific number of columns, respectively; and an estimation process for estimating a state of the optical signal by inputting the time series data to a learned model.

Abstract: Provided are a device and a method performed by the device to correct an error in a quantum communication system. The method is characterized by comprising: transmitting a random access (RA) preamble to another device; receiving a random access response (RAR) from the other device as a response to the RA preamble; performing a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the other device; and transmitting data to the other device, wherein the data is encoded on the basis of key information, the error is measured on the basis of a test pulse, and the key information is distributed to the device and the other device on the basis of the error being corrected using an improved Faraday rotator mirror of the device.

Abstract: An optical power supply system includes a power supply optical communication device that supplies power using an optical signal for power supply and a power reception optical communication device that is driven by power obtained from the optical signal for power supply transmitted from the power supply optical communication device, wherein the power supply optical communication device includes an optical power supply unit that transmits the optical signal for power supply to the power reception optical communication device and a data transmission/reception unit that transmits the optical signal for power supply to the power reception optical communication device when there is no data to be transmitted to the power reception optical communication device, and the power reception optical communication device includes a power storage unit that stores power obtained based on the optical signal for power supply transmitted from the optical power supply unit and the optical signal for power supply transmitted from t

Abstract: To provide a mobile terminal testing device capable of easily referring to an EVM measurement result of an SRS by automatically calculating an allocation position of the SRS. The mobile terminal testing device includes: a pseudo base station unit 2 that transmits and receives an RF signal to and from a mobile terminal 10; a scenario processing unit 3 that transmits notification information to the pseudo base station unit 2 and executes a communication sequence with the mobile terminal 10, based on a scenario of a test; and a control unit 6 that calculates an allocation position of an SRS based on a set parameter, and displays an EVM measurement result such that the allocation position of the SRS is recognized.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a measurement application device calibration unit, comprising a coupling element comprising a first connection and a second connection for coupling the coupling element into a signal measurement path, and a third connection, wherein the coupling element is configured to at least one of couple out a signal from the signal measurement path into the third connection, and couple in a signal from the third connection into the signal measurement path, and comprising a signal processing device that is coupled to the third connection of the coupling element and that is configured to receive the predetermined calibration signal when the coupling element couples out a signal from the signal measurement path into the third connection, and to generate a predetermined calibration signal when the coupling element couples in a signal from the third connection into the signal measurement path.

Abstract: A communication system includes one or more transmitters, each transmitter to: transmit communication signals using a defined signaling protocol with multiple antenna elements to a target receiver, the communication signals containing known specific transmit sequences spread across a frequency spectrum of the communication signals to be detectable only by receivers having the known specific transmit sequences, and receive feedback from the target receiver indicating any errors in reception of the communication signals based upon the known specific transmit sequences, and a machine learning system to use configuration of the multiple antenna elements when the communication signal was sent and the feedback to predict preconfigured settings for transmitters.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive, from a network node, an indication of a non-linearity level associated with transmit antennas of the network node. The UE may selectively perform non-linearity correction for a downlink communication received from the network node based at least in part on the indication of the non-linearity level. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: A measurement application device calibration unit, system, and method includes at least one coupling element comprising a first and second connections for coupling the coupling element into a signal measurement path that is coupled to a measurement application device, and a third connection, wherein the coupling element is configured to at least one of couple out a signal from the signal measurement path into the third connection, and couple in a signal from the third connection into the signal measurement path, and a signal processing device that is coupled to the third connection of the coupling element and that is configured to receive a predetermined calibration signal when the coupling element couples out a signal from the signal measurement path into the third connection, and to generate a predetermined known calibration signal when the coupling element couples in a signal from the third connection into the signal measurement path.