Abstract: An apparatus for use by a communication network control element or function configured to conduct a communication control for a communication with a communication element or function in a communication network, the apparatus comprising at least one processing circuitry, and at least one memory for storing instructions to be executed by the processing circuitry, wherein the at least one memory and the instructions are configured to, with the at least one processing circuitry, cause the apparatus at least: to prepare the communication element or function to conduct measurements for establishing a secondary connection during a random access procedure conducted for establishing a primary connection, wherein the measurements for establishing the secondary connection are to be based on a reference signal to be transmitted by at least one secondary communication network control element or function enabling the establishment of the secondary connection, to receive and process a random access related signaling from th

Abstract: A base station apparatus for communicating with a terminal apparatus transmits a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection reconfiguration request message including a Data Radio Bearer (DRB) configuration to the terminal apparatus. The DRB configuration includes a DRB identity and a Packet Data Convergence Protocol Layer (PDCP) entity configuration corresponding to the DRB identity. PDCP entity configuration information includes one of a PDCP entity configuration for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and a PDCP entity configuration for New Radio (NR). A PDCP entity is established in accordance with the PDCP entity configuration information.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to communication methods in multi-rat dual connectivity, apparatus, and systems. In one example method, when a packet data convergence protocol sequence number (PDCP SN) length of a bearer is changed, a secondary node (SN) sends a PDCP SN length change indication to a master node (MN).

Abstract: One feature pertains to a method that includes establishing a radio communication connection with a first radio access node (RAN) that uses control plane signaling connections to carry user plane data. The method also includes determining that the wireless communication device is experiencing radio link failure (RLF) with the first RAN and that the radio communication connection should be reestablished with a second RAN. A reestablishment request message is transmitted to the second RAN that includes parameters that enable a core network node communicatively coupled to the second RAN to authenticate the wireless communication device and allow or reject reestablishment of the radio communication connection. The parameters include at least a message authentication code (MAC) based in part on one or more bits of a non-access stratum (NAS) COUNT value maintained at the wireless communication device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the field of communications technologies, and in particular, to a communication method and a device. Second user equipment executes some tasks required for communication between first user equipment and a network device, and the first user equipment properly communicates with the second user equipment. In this way, energy consumption of the first user equipment required for communication with the network device can be reduced, thereby prolonging a standby time and improving user experience.

Abstract: A user equipment, apparatus and method for a user equipment includes receiving, from a network, configuration information indicating whether transmission of a specific uplink signal is possible when the user equipment is in a specific state where an RRC connection of the user equipment is suspended. The specific uplink signal is an uplink signal that the user equipment can transmit when the user equipment is in an RRC connected state. A determination is made, based on the configuration information, whether to transmit the specific uplink signal when the user equipment is in the specific state.

Abstract: A base station central unit control plane (CU-CP) receives, from a base station distributed unit (DU), an indication of completion of a small data transmission (SDT) procedure of a wireless device. The base station CU-CP sends, to the wireless device via the base station DU, a radio resource control (RRC) release message based on the indication of the completion.

Abstract: A base station transmits, to a wireless device, a first configuration parameter indicating whether data of a logical channel is allowed to be transmitted using a configured grant of type 1 and a second configuration parameter indicating whether data of the logical channel is allowed to be transmitted using a configured grant of type 1 while in RRC inactive state. The base station may receive or not receive data of the logical channel from the wireless device via configured grants of type 1 while the wireless device is in RRC connected state and while the wireless device is in RRC inactive state based on the configuration parameters.

Abstract: Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) configured to operate in discontinuous reception (DRX) mode switches to DRX active time of a DRX cycle of the DRX mode, and transmits one or more uplink positioning reference signal (UL-PRS) resources of an UL-PRS occasion based on the UL-PRS occasion at least partially overlapping DRX OFF time of the DRX cycle after the DRX active time.

Abstract: Provided in implementations of the present disclosure are a discontinuous reception (DRX) method, a terminal device and a network device, which may optimize a DRX mechanism, thereby further reducing power consumption. The method includes: a first terminal device monitoring a downlink control channel, the downlink control channel carrying m pieces of DRX information which are form terminal devices respectively, the m terminal devices including the first terminal device, m being a positive integer, and each piece of DRX information among the m pieces of DRX information being used to indicate at least one of the following: a target BWP, a target DRX configuration, target DRX parameters and the duration during which a PDCCH is monitored within an active period of a DRX cycle.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive, at a modem from an application processor, sets of values for connected mode discontinuous reception (C-DRX) configuration parameters, each of the sets of values for the C-DRX configuration parameters being associated with a corresponding one of a plurality of active applications. The UE may determine a set of selected values for the C-DRX configuration parameters based at least in part on the sets of values. The determination of the set of selected values may include identifying an extremum value for a first C-DRX configuration parameter among the sets of values and determining a selected value for the first C-DRX configuration parameter as the extremum value. The UE may transmit a request indicating the set of selected values for the C-DRX configuration parameters. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: Bandwidth parts (BWPs) and other resources for wireless communications are described. A wireless device may use a BWP control procedure and/or a BWP timer management procedure for activating, deactivating, and/or switching BWPs, for example, using multiple active BWPs. A base station may send information comprising one or more fields indicating an action associated with a BWP, for example, if multiple active BWPs are supported. A wireless device may control a first BWP inactivity timer associated with a first active BWP, for example, based on activating, deactivating, and/or switching a second BWP.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to method performed by a mission critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) server, the method comprises: receiving, from a first user equipment (UE), a request for a connection to communicate with one or more second UEs, wherein the request includes at least a first priority score associated with a type of the connection; determining, based on the request, a second priority score corresponding to the first UE, wherein the second priority score is associated with a type information; and performing based on the first priority score and the second priority score one of: approving the request for the connection, or rejecting the request for the connection.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods for software reconfiguration of a multi-radio wireless device that includes multiple radio computers. A wireless device may be configured to associate a first application with a first radio computer and a second application with a second radio computer. The second application may perform a different function than the first application. The UE may be configured to exchange, via a multiradio interface, data between a communication services layer of the wireless device and the first and second radio computers. In some instances, the first application may be a safety related application and/or a safety critical related application and the second application may be a non-safety related application and/or a non-safety critical application.

Abstract: Techniques for converged incident management workflows between private and public safety are provided. A workflow server connected to a network and associated with an enterprise detects that a workflow has been initiated. The workflow includes an action to request a public safety response. A workflow identifier for the workflow that has been initiated is sent to a public safety network. Information associated with the workflow that has been initiated is sent to the public safety network. An indication of capabilities of the public safety response is received. The workflow server creates at least one of a trigger node and an action node associated with the indication of capabilities of the public safety response. At least one existing workflow within the workflow server is modified to include the at least one of the trigger node an action node associated with the indication of capabilities of the public safety response.

Abstract: A method by a first security edge protection proxy (SEPP) for security edge protection of messages being communicated between first and second communications networks of a communications system. The method receives, from a first network function of the first communications network, a first message containing an address identifying a second network function which is located in the second communications network. The method receives, from a second SEPP operating to protect communications with the second communications network, a second message containing a fully qualified domain name, FQDN, reference for a combination of the second SEPP and the second network function. The method stores the FQDN reference for the combination of the second SEPP and second network function in a label-to-FQDN mapping data structure with a logical association to a substitute locally-unique label, and sends a third message containing the substitute locally-unique label to the first network function.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for controlling access and use of network resources and services by user equipment based on user equipment capabilities. In one aspect, a method for wireless communication by a network entity, includes: receiving, from a user equipment, a request to connect to a network, the request comprising a user equipment identifier and a reduced capability indication; determining a validity of the reduced capability indication based on at least one of: subscription data associated with the user equipment; or one or more capabilities associated with the user equipment; and making a connection decision based on the validity of the reduced capability indication.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. In addition, a method of a terminal in a radio communication system according to the disclosure includes: performing, by a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) entity of the terminal, deciphering and integrity verification of first data; if the integrity verification of the first data fails, indicating a failure of the integrity verification to an upper layer; and discarding the first data and considering that the first data has not been received.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a housing, at least one antenna located in the housing, a Wi-Fi module that is electrically connected with the at least one antenna, supports a Wi-Fi protocol, and includes one core, a processor that is located in the housing and is operatively connected with the Wi-Fi module, and a memory operatively connected with the processor. The memory stores instructions, when executed, causing the processor to establish a Wi-Fi link on a first channel with an access point (AP), through the Wi-Fi module, establish a mobile hotspot link on the first channel with an external electronic device, through the Wi-Fi module, detect an event associated with a change in state of the Wi-Fi link, and change a state of the mobile hotspot link, based at least on the detected event.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods relating to wireless communication mesh networks. In one aspect, the disclosed systems and methods may involve (1) a preexisting fiber network associated with a geographical area that includes buildings, where the preexisting fiber network comprises preexisting fiber links, (2) a first fiber link that is spliced into a given one of the preexisting fiber links coupled to the preexisting fiber network at a given location that was identified as being convenient for extending the preexisting fiber network, (3) a second fiber link that is deployed between the given location and a given building that is closest to the given location, where the given building is configured to serve as a seed node of a wireless communication mesh network that has backhaul connectivity through the preexisting fiber network, and (4) one or more point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication links that originate from the seed node.

Abstract: A support pedestal includes a support member including a resistive layer having a plurality of zones, a routing layer, and a plurality of conductive vias. The plurality of zones are defined by a plurality of independently controllable resistive heating elements. The resistive layer and the routing layer are disposed in different planes of the support member and are connected by the plurality of conductive vias.

Abstract: A ceramic heater includes a ceramic plate in which inner circumferential side and outer circumferential side resistance heating elements are built in; and a cylindrical shaft joined to a rear surface of the ceramic plate. A long hole is provided along a direction deviated from the diameter direction of the ceramic plate, and extends from a start point of a shaft inside area to a terminal position of the outer circumferential portion of the ceramic plate. A portion of the long hole forms a long groove, the portion passing through the shaft inside area. Terminals of the resistance heating elements are collectively provided in one of two division areas which are in the shaft inside area and divided by an axial line of the long groove, the one being a first division area having a larger area.

Abstract: An electrical heating element for an electrical heating device is provided, wherein the electrical heating element is made from a coiled resistive wire with flat ribbon geometry and one or two connector assemblies, wherein the resistive wire with flat ribbon geometry is coiled into coils with an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a distance between adjacent coils such that the flat side of the resistive wire with flat ribbon geometry runs parallel to the coil axis, and wherein the connector assemblies have at least one connection element that is in surface-area contact with a section of the resistive wire with flat ribbon geometry. In addition, an electrical heating device with such an electrical heating element and a method for manufacturing such an electrical heating device are also provided.

Abstract: An electrical tubular heating element is disclosed with a tubular metal sheath, in whose interior an electrical heating element is arranged, which is formed from a resistive wire and is electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath at least in sections by an electrically insulating material, in which the resistive wire, from which the electrical heating element is formed, is penetrated by at least one opening and/or has a contoured peripheral surface. A method for manufacturing such an electrical tubular heating element is also disclosed.

Abstract: A power supply may provide a constant source of DC power through a first inductor-capacitor network, across a two-line conductor, and through a second inductor-capacitor network to a remote load. A modulator at the supply may modulate a carrier frequency with an information signal containing control data and may pass a modulated signal to the load via the conductor with the DC power. At the load, a demodulator may extract the control data, and operation of the load, such as a bank of LEDs subjected to dimming, may be modified based on the control data. The inductor-capacitor networks enable decoupling of the DC power and data for simple and low-cost implementations at comparatively low frequencies. In examples, the carrier frequency is at least 10 times the rate of the information signal yet below typical communication frequencies such as 525 KHz.

Abstract: A device, system, and method protect circuits of a lighting device. The lighting device includes a current source generating a current and a first load and a second load receiving the current. The lighting device includes an inductor positioned between the current source and the first and second loads that balances the current powering the first and second loads. The lighting device includes a detector monitoring a voltage peak of the first 5 and second loads. The lighting device includes a voltage controller receiving a reading of the voltage peak from the detector and determining when the voltage peak is at least a voltage peak threshold. The voltage controller is configured to adjust a setting for the current generated by the current source based on the reading of the voltage peak.

Abstract: An illumination device, an LED driver circuit, a bleeder control circuit and a control method are provided. An AC input voltage is transmitted to a bus line after phase-cut processing. The bleeder control circuit includes a timing module configured to receive a bus voltage and at least one threshold voltage and generate a first time signal; a time processing module configured to receive the first time signal and generate a second time signal based on the first time signal in a previous power frequency half-wave cycle; and a control signal generation module configured to receive the second time signal and generate a first control signal for controlling a bleeder circuit. The beneficial effects of the present disclosure include the bleeder circuit being accurately controlled through the detection of the bus voltage and the implementation of the adaptive control method, thereby improving the operational efficiency and stability of the system.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode (LED) array includes an array of pixel assemblies and a pulse width modulator. The pulse width modulator generates pulse width modulation (PWM) signals for controlling a duty cycle of each of the pixels. The pixel assemblies each include an LED, a switching circuit, and a close loop circuit. The switching circuit receives a PWM signal and alternately turns on and off the LED based on the PWM signal. The close loop circuit regulates an LED current provided by the switching circuit to the LED based on a feedback signal received from the switching circuit.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode (LED) drive method, an LED drive circuit, and an LED lighting device are provided. The method includes: setting preset values of a maximum on-time parameter and a current limit parameter, where the preset values are in at least two sets; selecting a set of the preset values of the maximum on-time parameter and the current limit parameter after a value of a voltage signal on a direct current (DC) bus is detected; controlling a drive current flowing through an LED load based on a selected maximum on-time parameter and a selected current limit parameter. The maximum on-time parameter and the current limit parameter of the system can be adaptively adjusted according to an input voltage, so that the system can have a preferred dimming schedule and dimming depth while realizing a constant current in a wider input voltage range.

Abstract: A high-efficiency LED driving circuit includes a rectifying module, a power converting module and a power supply module. The power converting module is connected to the rectifying module and a load, and includes a controller. The load includes a plurality of LEDs. The power input pin of the controller is connected to a connecting point and the connecting point is disposed between two of the LEDs. The quantity of the LEDs can be 2 or more than 2. The circuit design of the driving circuit can effectively reduce the power consumption and heat generation thereof, such that the reliability of the driving circuit can be effectively enhanced.

Abstract: A leakage protection circuit and a dimming drive circuit are provided. A leakage detection circuit is configured to detect whether leakage occurs between two input terminals that receive an external signal. When leakage occurs, leakage protection measures are taken. A pulse generation circuit receives the sampling signal characterizing the voltage between the two input terminals to compare the sampling signal with two thresholds to control a detection path of the leakage detection circuit to be turned on or off according to a comparison result. The leakage detection path is enabled to be turned on twice by setting two pulse signals in a power frequency period, which can consider the leakage detection of the front-edge phase-cutting dimming and rear-edge phase-cutting dimming of the dimming drive circuit and has a wide range of applications.

Abstract: A smart lamp system and method for monitoring a status of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The system can provide LED status monitoring using a logic controller communicating with at least one strip of LEDs. The system can utilize the logic controller to assign a unique identifier (ID) to the at least one strip of LEDs based on a physical position of a plurality of dual-inline package (DIP) switches incorporated within a smart lamp housing. The system can provide a hardware architecture to interface the logic controller with a power-line communication (PLC) transceiver. The system can establish a communication protocol between the PLC transceiver and a PLC receiver to efficiently communicate the statuses of the LEDs. The logic controller can generate a payload including a binary representation of the unique ID of the smart lamp and the statuses of the LEDs and transmit the payload to the PLC transceiver.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods, devices, and systems for controlling motion-activated switches. The present implementations more specifically relate to relay controller that prevent motion-activated switches from turning off devices associated with an environment in which people are present. In some aspects, a motion-activated switch may include a relay controller coupled to a motion sensor, a camera, and a relay. The motion sensor outputs a motion trigger to the relay controller responsive to detecting motion in an environment. The motion trigger may cause the relay controller to acquire one or more images of the environment, via the camera, and selectively toggle the relay based on the acquired images. For example, the relay controller may close the relay responsive to identifying an image that includes an object of interest or may open the relay controller may open the relay responsive to identifying an image that does not include an object of interest.

Abstract: Systems and apparatuses for dual-mode pressure-sensing and illumination mats are provided. The systems include a surface that includes a plurality of row wires and a plurality of column wires forming intersection points. At the intersection points, the systems include a pressure sensor configured to sense a pressure exerted upon the surface and a light emitting diode (LED) connected in parallel. The systems include a controller coupled to the selector and configured to control operation of the surface, wherein the controller is configured to operate in one of a pressure-sensing mode or an illumination mode. When the controller is configured to operate in the pressure-sensing mode, the controller scans pressure values provided by the pressure sensors. When the controller is configured to operate in the illumination mode, the controller configures the surface to enable the LEDs in accordance with an illumination pattern.

Abstract: A lighting system comprising a plurality of controllable lighting devices (15) distributed in an area to be illuminated and an artificial intelligence (20) adapted to learn traffic data and to determine the lighting settings of said plurality of controllable lighting devices (15), wherein said artificial intelligence (20) comprises: —a plurality of intelligent devices (22) arranged in said area, each associated with at least one of said controllable lighting devices (15), wherein each intelligent device (22) comprises sound sensing means (25) adapted to acquire sound data and a local neural network (21a) adapted to learn traffic data based on the acquired sound data, to predict local traffic events and to process local lighting commands, within predetermined lighting setting limits, for the at least one associated controllable lighting device, —at least one general neural network (21b) remote with respect to the plurality of intelligent devices (22), and —sound training means comprising image sensing means (3

Abstract: A method of initiating power-on of a light driver for driving a light source, the method including retrieving a stored load voltage of the light driver from a memory, determining a turn-on delay based on the stored load voltage, stalling power-on of the light driver for a period of time equal to the turn-on delay, initiating startup of the light driver based on the stored load voltage, determining whether current is flowing to the light source, in response to determining that current is flowing to the light source, measuring a load voltage of the light driver, and storing the load voltage in the memory.

Abstract: Disclosed is a performance directing system including a control console device that generates at least one emission control signal including data, in which an emission-related operation is defined for each direction scene, and transmits the at least one emission control signal to at least one communication device, the at least one communication device that transmits the emission control signal received from the control console device, and at least one light emitting device that identifies an emission control signal, which includes predetermined identification information of a communication device, from among the emission control signal thus transmitted and performs the emission-related operation defined in the data in the identified emission control signal.

Abstract: A cooking apparatus includes: a working coil, an inverter configured to output a resonant current to the working coil, a current detector configured to detect the resonant current and output a detection value corresponding to the resonant current, and a controller. The controller is configured to control the inverter to flow a first resonant current through the working coil, control the inverter to flow, through the working coil, a second resonant current having a frequency different from the first resonant current, and determine, based on a difference between a first detection value for the first resonant current and a second detection value for the second resonant current, whether a target object that is located adjacent to the working coil is a predetermined object.

Abstract: An induction heating apparatus is provided. The induction heating apparatus includes a heating coil configured to heat an object to be heated, a full-bridge type inverter configured to supply power to the heating coil, a capacitor provided between an intermediate node of one arm of the inverter and one end of the heating coil, and a first relay provided between the intermediate node and the other end of the heating coil 30. An intermediate node of the other arm of the inverter and an intermediate point of the heating coil are connected through a first wire. The induction heating apparatus includes a processor configured to open or close the first relay based on an impedance of the object to be heated.

Abstract: Devices and methods that use returned power (RP) measurements during microwave energy delivery to perform one or more functions. For example, microwave devices and systems with one or more features to measure the returned microwave power. One or more measurements of the returned microwave power may be used to obtain information about one or more of: antenna shape, system status and system performance. One or more measurements of the returned microwave power shaping elements may also be used to obtain information about one or more properties of the target material. Devices and methods for delivering microwave energy to a variety of target materials to achieve a variety of desired microwave effects.

Abstract: A cooking apparatus of the disclosure includes a heat source configured to provide heat into a cooking chamber. The cooking apparatus also includes a communication interface configured to receive recipe data including first output information of a reference cooking apparatus from a server. The cooking apparatus further includes a memory configured to store second output information of the cooking apparatus. Additionally, the cooking apparatus includes a processor configured to change an operation setting of the heat source included in the recipe data based on a difference between the first output information and the second output information.

Abstract: An irradiator includes: a first electrode to which a voltage is applied for generating a plasma; and a holding member holding the first electrode; wherein: the holding member has a first member and a second member that are in contact with each other to constitute an accommodation space accommodating the first electrode; and a contact surface between the first member and the second member includes a non-perpendicular contact surface that is non-perpendicular to an axis of the first electrode.

Abstract: A plasma source comprising a first hollow electrode and a second hollow electrode separated by a gap and a dielectric barrier of a constant width; wherein the plasma source is configured to selectively produce a plasma in either one of a first configuration and a second configuration; wherein, i) in the first configuration, a plasma-forming gas flows in the gap while a non plasma-forming gas flows within the first hollow electrode; and ii) in the second configuration, a plasma-forming gas flows within the first hollow electrode and a non plasma-forming gas flows within the gap. The method comprises selecting at least two gases of different breakdown voltages, injecting a first gas in a first electrode separated from a second hollow electrode by a gas gap of a constant width, injecting a second gas in the gas gap under an applied power.

Abstract: A dielectric barrier discharge tube includes a quartz tube, the middle of the quartz tube is sleeved with a high-voltage electrode, an inner electrode is arranged in the quartz tube, a drive fan is arranged at the end of the inner electrode, a discharging needle set is arranged on the surface of the inner electrode, and a spiral discharging wire is suspended and arranged at the tip of the discharging needle set. After a high voltage electric field is applied to the high voltage electrode, the discharging needle set and the spiral discharging wire discharge, the discharging needle set and the spiral discharging wire discharge at different time points. When the gas passes through the driving fan, the flow direction of the gas is changed. A cyclone can be generated to drive the gas to flow towards the discharging area.

Abstract: A hybrid plasma source and an operation method thereof, the hybrid plasma source is formed by combining the mechanisms of microwave plasma and transformer coupled plasma for gas dissociation and chemical activation. A reaction chamber of the hybrid plasma source is composed of two microwave resonant chambers and sets of hollow metal tubes, after a high-intensity electric field is generated by the microwave resonant chambers to generate a plasma, a high power and high density plasma generated by the highly-efficient coupling mechanism of the transformer coupled plasma is capable of greatly improving a gas conductance, each set of the hollow metal tubes is driven by each set of ferrite transformer magnetic cores to disperse power, which reduces an energy density of each of the hollow metal tubes and reduces occurrence of plasma entering a contraction mode from a diffusion mode, thereby further improving an operable gas flow rate.

Abstract: Embodiments herein are directed to a linear accelerator assembly for an ion implanter. In some embodiments, a LINAC may include a coil resonator and a plurality of drift tubes coupled to the coil resonator by a set of flexible leads.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention relate to an electronic device including a stacked circuit board. The electronic device comprises: a first circuit board; a second circuit board; one or more circuit elements disposed on the second circuit board; and a connecting member disposed between the first circuit board and the second circuit board facing the first circuit board to form an internal space surrounding at least some of the one or more circuit elements, and to electrically connect the first and second circuit boards, wherein the internal space may be filled with a phase change material (PCM) that absorbs heat generated by the at least some circuit elements to change the state of the material. Various other embodiments of the present invention may be additionally provided.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a printed circuit board substrate (12) comprises a polymer matrix; a reinforcing layer (42); and a plurality of coated boron nitride particles (44); wherein the plurality of coated boron nitride particles comprise a coating having an average coating thickness of 1 to 100 nanometers. The polymer matrix can comprise at least one of an epoxy, a polyphenylene ether, polystyrene, an ethylene-propylene dicyclopentadiene copolymer, a polybutadiene, a polyisoprene, a fluoropolymer, or a crosslinked matrix comprising at least one of triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, 1,2,4-trivinyl cyclohexane, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, or trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate.

Abstract: A module according to the present disclosure includes a circuit board, an electronic component on one of two principal surfaces of the circuit board, a connection conductor on the principal surface of the circuit board, and sealing resin on the principal surface of the circuit board. The electronic component and the connection conductor are covered with the sealing resin. The connection conductor includes a plate-shaped conductor and terminal sections. The plate-shaped conductor is disposed upright on the principal surface of the circuit board. The terminal sections extend from the plate-shaped conductor and away from the principal surface of the circuit board and are arranged side by side. Tip portions of the terminal sections are exposed at a surface of the sealing resin.

Abstract: A copper-clad laminate includes an insulating layer and a copper foil in contact with at least one surface of the insulating layer, in which the insulating layer contains a cured product of a resin composition containing a modified polyphenylene ether compound of which a terminal is modified with a substituent having a carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond, a chromium element amount on an exposed surface on which the insulating layer is exposed by an etching treatment of the copper-clad laminate with a copper chloride solution, measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 7.5 at % or less with respect to a total element amount measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a surface roughness of the exposed surface is 2.0 ?m or less in terms of ten-point average roughness.