Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may determine an inactivity timer associated with a first set of one or more beams used for communicating with a network entity associated with a satellite has expired. The UE may identify location information corresponding to the location of the UE with respect to the network entity. The UE may identify beam geometry information for one or more beams associated with the network entity. For example, the UE may receive the beam geometry information from the network entity. The UE may process the location information and the beam geometry information to identify a second set of one or more beams, the second set different than the first set. The UE and the network entity may communicate according to the second set of one or more beams.

Abstract: Disclosed are various techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) may determine that the UE is or will be at a location within a calibration region. The UE may report, to a network entity, location information, the location information being associated with the location within the calibration region. In an aspect, a network entity may obtain calibration error information associated with a user equipment (UE) and a calibration region. The network entity may send the calibration error information to the UE, to a base station, or to combinations thereof.

Abstract: Methods, computer programs products, and apparatuses for CSI difference report are provided. An example method at a UE includes receiving, from a base station, a configuration for a channel state information (CSI) difference report that reports one or more statistics for a difference between at least one source CSI associated with a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) and at least one target CSI associated with a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). The example method further includes transmitting, to the base station, the CSI difference report based on the received configuration.

Abstract: In order to appropriately control the reception of a CSI-RS, one aspect of user terminal of the present disclosure includes: a receiving section that receives a channel state information reference signal based on downlink control information; a transmitting section that transmits given information related to the minimum number of symbols between the downlink control information and the channel state information reference signal; and a control section that performs a control an operation of receiving the channel state information reference signal according to a value of the given information.

Abstract: Measurement resources are often limited in 5G and 4G-LTE communications. As a result, SMTC and CSI-RS measurement windows will occasionally be assigned to the same resource elements of a signal frame. This results in a collision that must be resolved, since both measurements cannot be performed simultaneously. The collision can be resolved using restriction, where overlapping resource elements are assigned to either the SMTC or the CSI-RS measurements, or can be resolved using measurement sharing, where overlapping resource elements are divided among the two measurements according to a measurement sharing factor. Various factors, including priority or window periodicity may be taken into account by the measurement rules that dictate collision resolution.

Abstract: A method of wireless communication includes receiving, at a first communication node, information that includes one or more parameters indicating a time-domain characteristic of one or more interfered symbols due to a remote interference between the first communication node and a second communication node. The method also includes performing, by the first communication node, subsequent communications based on the information.

Abstract: The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support interference mitigation for remote devices. A first wireless device (e.g., a base station) may detect remote interference with its communications caused by a second wireless device (e. g., a second, remote base station) based on, for example, a measured interference over thermal noise level exceeding a threshold. The first wireless device may identify a set of time-frequency resources for remote interference reference signals and a data transmission for a user equipment (UE) that is in communication with the first wireless device. The first wireless device may transmit a remote interference signal to a second wireless device (e. g., a second base station) via the set of time-frequency resources. The first wireless device may further signal a resource allocation to the UE for the UE to use for transmitting uplink transmissions to the first wireless device.

Abstract: Techniques discussed herein can facilitate reduced density CSI (Channel State Information)-RS (Reference Signals). One example embodiment can be employed at a UE (User Equipment) and can comprise processing circuitry configured to receive and process a configuration message that comprises one or more configuration parameters for one or more CSI (Channel State Information)-RS (Reference Signal) APs (Antenna Ports) of a configurable density CSI-RS. The configuration parameters indicate a density of CSI-RS resource per Physical Resource Block (PRB) per CSI-RS AP and a PRB offset. The processing circuitry is further configured to determine a set of REs (Resource Elements) for the one or more CSI-RS APs of the configurable density CSI-RS based on the one or more configuration parameters and perform measurements on the configurable density CSI-RS from the set of REs to determine one or more CSI parameters. The one or more configuration parameters are provided per CSI-RS resource configuration.

Abstract: This application provides a data transmission method and a terminal device, to reduce a data transmission latency and improve data transmission reliability. The method includes: obtaining, by a terminal device, a grant-free GF resource configured by a base station; obtaining, by the terminal device, current channel quality; and if the current channel quality is first channel quality, transmitting, by the terminal device, to-be-transmitted data by using the GF resource, or transmitting, by the terminal device, the to-be-transmitted data by using a GB resource, where the first channel quality falls within a first range; or if the current channel quality is second channel quality, skipping, by the terminal device, transmitting to-be-transmitted data by using the GF resource, where the second channel quality falls within a second range; where the first channel quality is better than the second channel quality, and the first range is different from the second range.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. An example method for wireless communication at a first user equipment (UE) may include receiving at least a first sidelink transmission from a second UE, wherein at least a second sidelink transmission from a third UE is scheduled contemporaneously with at least the first sidelink transmission from the second UE. The method may also include transmitting an indication in a transmission occasion to at least one of the second UE or the third UE based at least in part on a prioritization of information for the transmission occasion, wherein the indication indicates that at least the first sidelink transmission from the second UE is scheduled contemporaneously with at least the second sidelink transmission from at least the third UE.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a random access method, a terminal device, and a network device. The method includes: A terminal device sends random access information to a network device. The random access information is used to indicate a quantity of sending times of the random access information sent by the terminal device to the network device; or the random access information is used to indicate a random access response window length corresponding to the random access information, and the random access response window length is configurable. The terminal device detects a random access response in a random access response window. According to the random access method, the terminal device, and the network device provided in the embodiments of this application, the random access response window length can flexibly vary with the quantity of sending times of the random access information, to meet requirements of different unlicensed spectrum systems.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatuses for transmitting data using a random access procedure in a communication system. An operation method of a terminal in a communication system includes transmitting a first MsgA including an RA preamble #i and a payload to a base station; receiving, from the base station, a MsgB including information indicating that an RA preamble #k is reserved; and transmitting a second MsgA including the RA preamble #k and data to the base station in a preamble reservation period associated with the RA preamble #k.

Abstract: Techniques for indicating system information block or paging waveforms for future communications may include a user equipment (UE) configured to identify a waveform configuration of a downlink (DL) signal including system information to be received from a base station during a random access channel (RACH) procedure in response to an indication of the waveform configuration of the DL signal. The UE may also be configured to receive, from the base station, the system information in response to the waveform configuration of the DL signal being identified.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to uplink (UL) null data packet (NDP) format for passive location. A device may cause to send a trigger frame that solicits poll response to one or more anchor stations involved in a passive ranging measurement. The device may identify one or more polling response frames received from the one or more anchor stations. The device may cause to send a trigger frame that solicits uplink null data packet (NDP) to the one or more anchor stations, wherein the uplink NDP comprises an indication of a high efficiency (HE) single user (SU) frame type. The device may identify one or more uplink NDPs received from the one or more anchor stations.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, the radio node being adapted for accessing a carrier for transmission based on a Clear Channel Assessment procedure, the method including transmitting Short Control Signaling on the carrier without a CCA procedure and/or with limited CCA procedure based on the fulfillment of one or more SCS criteria. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communications by a transmitter UE. The method generally includes receiving, from a network entity, a downlink control information (DCI) allocating resources in an unlicensed frequency band for multiple physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) transmissions to at least one receiver UE across transmission time intervals (TTIs), performing a listen-before-talk (LBT) channel access procedure in the TTIs, and transmitting at least one LBT report to the network entity on a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource that occurs before another PUCCH resource used for transmitting acknowledgment feedback for the PSSCH transmissions.

Abstract: A base station may transmit, to a wireless device, configuration parameters of a first bandwidth part (BWP) and a second BWP of an unlicensed cell. The base station may determine, for the wireless device and with the first BWP being an active BWP, a first number of consecutive listen before talk (LBT) procedures, for a first channel of the active BWP, performed based on a contention window being a maximum contention window of a plurality of contention windows corresponding to the first channel. Based on switching from the first BWP to the second BWP as the active BWP, the base station may determine, for the wireless device, a second number of consecutive LBT procedures, for a second channel of the active BWP, performed based on the contention window being the maximum contention window of a plurality of contention windows corresponding to the second channel.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic device including at least one processor, and at least one memory operatively connected with the at least one processor, wherein the at least one memory stores instructions, which when executed, instruct the at least one processor to receive, on a control channel, a control channel message, receive a set of reference signals (RSs) in which each RS corresponds to a beam direction, decode the control channel message to obtain a list of transmission state indicator (TCI) state information for one or more slots, wherein each TCI state information comprises a channel occupancy time (COT) duration indicator for each of the slots, and determine, based on the TCI state information list, whether each RS of the set is valid.

Abstract: Channel occupancy time (COT) aware sensing and resource selection for new radio-unlicensed (NR-U) sidelink operations is disclosed. A first sidelink user equipment (UE) determines a sensing window or resource selection window (RSW) based on a projected listen-before-talk (LBT) completion time. The UE may sense for a subset of sideline resources within the RSW and COT-SI from a neighboring sidelink UE including identification of a COT initiated by the neighboring UE and one or more parameters associated with the COT. The UE may identify in-COT resources of located within the COT and out-of-COT resources located outside of the COT and then randomly select a set of transmission resources from the in-COT and out-of-COT resources. The UE may then transmit to a second UE using the set of transmission resources.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and a device for low latency communication in a communication system. An operation method of a base station comprises the steps of: transmitting first scheduling information of data units, transmitted through A sections in subframe #n, to a terminal through a first control channel in subframe #n; transmitting the data units to the terminal through the A sections; and transmitting second scheduling information of data unit(s), transmitted through B section(s) in subframe #(n+k) following subframe #n, to the terminal through a second control channel in subframe #(n+k). Therefore, the performance of the communication system can be improved.

Abstract: A wireless device initiates an Up-Link Trigger Based Multi-User communication by transmitting a trigger frame. The communication may be an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access communication. The trigger frame includes allocation information for resources of the communication, including Random Access (RA) allocation information. The trigger frame may also include a padding field after the allocation information. A length of the padding field is determined according to an amount of time needed for a station receiving the trigger frame to process the RA allocation information. The amount of time may correspond to a time between an end of a last RA allocation information and an end of a Physical layer Protocol Data Unit including the trigger frame. The amount of time may be determined according to a maximum processing time of stations associated with the wireless device, or may be determined according to a predetermined interval.

Abstract: A communication method and system for converging a 5th-generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of things (IoT) are provided. The disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. The disclosure provides a method of a terminal, including receiving random access resource configuration information and quasi co-location (QCL) information from a base station, measuring a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS), identifying a random access resource based on the CSI-RS, the QCL information and the random access resource configuration information, and transmitting a random access preamble based on the random access resource.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a random access method, a communications apparatus, a chip, and a storage medium. A network device sends a first synchronization signal/PBCH block SSB on a first candidate SSB occasion, and/or sends a second SSB on a second candidate SSB occasion, where both the first candidate SSB occasion and the second candidate SSB occasion are associated with a first random access channel time-frequency-code resource. The network device receives random access information sent by a terminal device on the first random access channel time-frequency-code resource. According to the embodiments of this application, two candidate SSB occasions are mapped to a same PRACH time-frequency-code resource. In this way, even if an SSB cannot be sent on one of the two candidate SSB occasions due to a channel sensing failure, but another SSB can be sent on the other candidate SSB occasion due to a channel sensing success.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods, performed by a network node, for configuring a physical random-access channel (PRACH) of a cell in a time-division-duplexed (TDD) radio access network (RAN). The methods include determining an increase in a level of remote interference in the cell and, in response to determining the increase, selecting a first PRACH configuration from a first subset of available PRACH configurations. The first subset of available PRACH configurations can be more robust against remote interference than a second subset of the available PRACH configurations, and the first subset can be exclusive of the second subset. The methods also include transmitting, to one or more user equipment (UEs) first information indicating that the first PRACH configuration should be used for accessing the cell via the PRACH. Embodiments also include complementary methods performed by UEs, as well as network nodes and UEs configured to perform such methods.

Abstract: A user equipment may be configured to perform active interference cancellation for random-access channel. In some aspects, the user equipment may receive, from a base station, physical layer random-access channel (PRACH) configuration information including one or more active interference cancellation (AIC) parameters for applying AIC to a PRACH message to the base station. Further, the user equipment may transmit, to the base station, the PRACH message with one or more AIC subcarriers based on the one or more AIC parameters.

Abstract: A method of transmitting and receiving downlink information in a wireless communication system supporting Internet of Things (IoT) and a device therefor are disclosed. The method performed by a user equipment (UE) comprises transmitting, to a base station, a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble, receiving, from the base station, a random access response including an uplink (UL) grant based on the PRACH preamble, transmitting, to the base station, a message 3 based on the UL grant, and receiving, from the base station, a message for contention resolution based on the message 3.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an access point of an overhead mesh of access points in an area selects a range of client identifiers. The access point sends, via a beam cone transmitted in a substantially downward direction towards a floor of the area, a trigger signal that includes the range of client identifiers and prompts client devices having identifiers in that range to send best effort transmissions towards the overhead mesh. The access point detects a collision between the best effort transmissions of the client devices. The access point adjusts the range of client identifiers so as to avoid future collisions between the best effort transmissions of the client devices.

Abstract: A method and a device is provided for switching a source device through sharing of Bluetooth connection information, the device comprising a communication module, a memory, and a processor operatively connected to the communication module or the memory, wherein the processor is configured to connect with an external device via the communication module through a first network, broadcast device information of the external device through a second network, transmit connection information associated with the first external device to an external electronic device responsive to a connection request received from the external device for a connection with the first external device through the second network, release a connection between the first network and the first external device, without processing a reconnection message received from the external device.

Abstract: A method of radio bearer transmission in dual connectivity for a network in a long term evolution (LTE) system comprises generating at least a packet data convergence protocol protocol data unit (PDCP PDU) by a PDCP entity of the network corresponding to a radio bearer (RB), and assigning each PDCP PDU with an identity, wherein the identity indicates which PDCP entity the PDCP PDU belongs to.

Abstract: Technologies described herein are generally directed to facilitating the allocation, scheduling, and management of network slice resources. According some embodiments, a system can facilitate performance of operations. The operations can include facilitating receiving information regarding a characteristic of a potential connection, by a user device, to respective network devices of a group of provider networks. The operations can further include facilitating selecting an identifier resource from a group of identifier resources, the group comprising the identifier resources available to the user device for a connection to a corresponding network device of a provider network from the respective network devices of the group of provider networks, resulting in a selected identifier resource. Further, the operations can include communicating the selected identifier resource to the user device for use by the user device to establish the connection to the corresponding network device.

Abstract: Systems and methods to configure sidelink resources in a dual connectivity operation are provided. In some aspect, a method comprising: transmitting, from a user equipment (UE), a first message to a first evolved Node B (eNB), wherein the first message indicates a request to establish a sidelink communication; receiving, at the UE, a second message from the first eNB, wherein the second message indicates a frequency that is used by a secondary evolved Node B (SeNB); transmitting, from the UE, a measurement result to the first eNB; and receiving, at the UE, sidelink configuration information from the first eNB, wherein the sidelink configuration information indicates sidelink resources managed by the secondary eNB.

Abstract: Techniques are discussed herein for providing wireless communication services using mobile nodes in a cellular network, such as a 5G network. The mobile nodes may operate as Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) nodes which are utilized to provide wireless backhaul links and access links in a 5G network. One or more mobile nodes may be wirelessly coupled to a base station node (which may also be referred to herein as a “wired node”), such as a gNodeB, that includes a wired connection to the core network. The wireless backhaul extends coverage to user equipment (UE) that are not directly connected to a gNodeB base station.

Abstract: A method includes connecting, by a terminal device, in a protocol data unit session establishment procedure, to at least one master node and at least one network node that provides a proxy for at least one connection of the terminal device, and establishing a master multipath transmission control protocol sub-flow. The method includes receiving, at a multipath transmission control layer, a notification that includes at least one multipath transmission control segment with an add address option that advertises an internet protocol interface address of at least one of the proxy and the at least one network node, and establishing a secondary multipath transmission control protocol sub-flow to the internet protocol interface address in response to receiving the notification.

Abstract: Techniques are described herein that are capable of establishing multiple infrastructure connections to multiple access points via a single wireless network interface controller (WNIC). Capability information is analyzed to determine combination(s) of identified frequency bands over which the WNIC is capable of communicating simultaneously. Availability information is analyzed to determine signal qualities associated with respective available frequency bands. A primary infrastructure connection is established to a first access point via the WNIC based at least in part on a first frequency band associated with the first access point being included among the identified frequency bands and being associated with a relatively high signal quality.

Abstract: A User Equipment (UE) includes a controller configured to, in a case of a failure of a first emergency call connection attempt using Packet Switched (PS) domain, perform a second emergency call connection attempt using the PS domain, and a transmission and/or reception unit configured to receive a Packet Data Unit (PDU) SESSION ESTABLISHMENT REJECT message as the failure of the first emergency call connection attempt. The UE uses a first access network for the first emergency call connection attempt, and the UE uses a second access network for the second emergency call connection attempt. Thus, for a 5th Generation (5G) mobile communication system corresponding to a next generation mobile communication system, a control method is provided that is performed by a user equipment, an access network apparatus, a core network apparatus, and an IMS apparatus to allow the user equipment to connect to a network suitable for an emergency notification service.

Abstract: A UE for beam failure detection is provided. The UE includes a radio frequency (RF) signal processing device. The RF signal processing device receives a first candidate-beam reference-signal (RS) list and a second candidate-beam RS list and reports a beam failure information. The first candidate-beam RS list is associated with a first beam-failure-detection RS (BFD-RS) set and the second candidate-beam RS list is associated with a second BFD-RS set. The beam failure information includes at least one of following: at least on component carrier (CC) index, at least one new candidate beam, an identity of BFD-RS set, or an CORESETPoolIndex.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. The present disclosure provides method and apparatus for managing system information in a wireless communication system.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may start a timer after a repetition of a communication, where calculation of a length of the timer includes an offset that corresponds to a propagation delay between the UE and a base station via a non-terrestrial network (NTN) entity. The UE may start a discontinuous reception (DRX) retransmission timer after expiration of the timer. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: A terminal is disclosed including a receiver that receives an instruction for a quality measurement of a cell in Dual Connectivity (DC), the cell being in an unconnected state; and a processor that performs the quality measurement in accordance with the instruction, wherein the processor performs the quality measurement in a measurement period based on a discontinuous reception configuration in a Secondary Cell Group (SCG). In other aspects, a measurement method for a terminal is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method, terminal and non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for processing a radio link failure and a related product are provided. The method includes: triggering, by the terminal, a communication failure process according to a configuration of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer entity, when the RLC layer entity reaches a maximum number of retransmission times.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and computer-readable media are set forth for providing digital and non-digital content to a segment of a population that is identified using geolocation data and other activity data. In some implementations, non-digital content is delivered via postal mail to a segment of a population according to whether the segment of the population viewed certain content before, during, or after visiting a particular geographic location. In other implementations, digital content, such as phone calls or voice messages, can be delivered to a segment of a population according whether the segment of the population is present or has recently been present at a particular location and previously viewed certain content associated with the location. Segmenting populations in this way can conserve computational resources and materials that might otherwise be wasted on serving a larger population that may have less of an interest in the content.

Abstract: A wireless telecommunication system comprises a base station and a terminal device (UE). The UE is configured to determine its mobility status and an associated reliability, e.g. an indication of the extent to which the UE is moving and the confidence in this determination. In some cases the reliability may be based on how the UE determined its mobility status. For example, if the UE determined itself to be of relatively low mobility because it has an internal configuration setting indicating it is deployed in a fixed position, the reliability of this mobility status may be considered to be greater than if the UE determined itself to be of relatively low mobility because it has not recently undergone many base station handovers. The UE is configured to convey an indication of the mobility status and the reliability to the base station.

Abstract: eSIM software creates eSIMs within a WSP secure private network to share outside of the secure private network using information entered via a Partner user interface accessed using credentials that grant limited access to modify an eSIM profile template. Information entered by the Partner user is used to generate a requested quantity of eSIMs based on an eSIM profile template. The software provides generated eSIMs to components of the network that already exist for wirelessly distributing eSIMs to user equipment devices. Software interfaces facilitate access to a subset of information in modifying the templates, for generating eSIMs based thereon, and for storing generated eSIMs for distribution to user equipment. Transport of highly guarded security information, like master keys, outside of the secure private network does not occur. Real-time alerts notify that user-entered mismatched data precludes generation of eSIMs that will function in authenticating to the network.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for providing subscription profiles to a subscriber identity module, preferably an eUICC, by means of a subscription server, preferably an SM-DP, wherein: the subscription server has knowledge of a first subscription profile, which is installed in the subscriber identity module, has a first profile file structure and first profile data stored in the first profile file structure; and at least a portion of a second profile file structure of a second subscription profile is flagged in the subscription server and the second subscription profile is sent to the subscriber identity module, the flagged portion of the second subscription profile being sent without second profile data. The invention additionally relates to a corresponding method in a subscriber identity module, a subscriber identity module, a subscription server and a computer program product.

Abstract: A wireless communication device controls Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) layers that use a radio band. The wireless communication device determines radio band status for the radio band. The wireless communication device wirelessly indicates the radio band status for the radio band to a wireless access node. The wireless access node selects a number of the MIMO layers based on the radio band status for the radio band. The wireless communication device wirelessly receives signaling from the wireless access node that indicates the number of the MIMO layers. The wireless access node wirelessly receives user data from the wireless access node over the radio band using the number of MIMO layers in response to the signaling.

Abstract: A user apparatus includes a reception unit that receives, from a base station, information requesting a capability report of the user apparatus; a transmission unit that transmits, to the base station, the capability report of the user apparatus; and a control unit that receives a first signal transmitted from the base station, and a second signal transmitted from another base station or a third signal transmitted from the base station, within a maximum receive timing difference associated with a band combination included in the capability report of the user apparatus, wherein the band combination includes a combination of a band of the first signal and a band of the second signal or the third signal, a radio access technology for the first signal differs from that of the second signal, and the radio access technologies for the first signal and for the third signal are the same.

Abstract: An aerosol provision device includes a power source, at least one heating element for generating aerosol, and temperature monitoring means configured to monitor the temperature of the heating element. In an operational configuration the device is configured to control the supply of power to the heating element to: supply power to the heating element to initially raise the temperature of the heating element to a first threshold temperature; remove power supplied to the heating element when the temperature monitoring means detects that the temperature of the heating element is at the first threshold temperature, such that the temperature of the heating element decreases to a second threshold temperature; supply power to the heating element when the temperature monitoring means detects that the temperature of the heating element has reduced to the second threshold temperature, such that the temperature of the heating element increases towards the first threshold temperature.

Abstract: A method and system for monitoring a heating arrangement includes applying a first polarity voltage to a heater of the heating arrangement, detecting a first polarity heating leakage current, applying a second polarity voltage to the heating arrangement, detecting a second polarity heating leakage current, and determining health of the heating arrangement via the first polarity heating leakage current and the second polarity heating leakage current.

Abstract: Disclosed is a ceramic electric heating element. The ceramic electric heating element is completely wrapped by an insulating layer. The ceramic electric heating element can prevent the occurrence of a short circuit when the ceramic electric heating element is in use or is installed. The strength of the ceramic electric heating element is increased, and the shock resistance is enhanced. The service life of the ceramic electric heating element is prolonged, and the power-on duration of the ceramic electric heating element is prolonged. Moreover, the process is simplified, the structure is simple, and the cost is low.

Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus for curing composites out-of-autoclave and out-of-oven. The apparatus is a multilayered composite tool for shaping and curing composites. It also contains a sealant layer and composite resistive heating element on the tool's surface. This heating element provides heat to the composites during cure while binding it to the other layers, eliminating the need for external heat from autoclave and oven sources. A ceramic layer is applied to the top surface of the resistive heater for electrical insulation, heater protection and to provide a smooth surface for finish for the composite components being processed with the invention. A method for using the invention is also described. Finally, one embodiment of the invention is presented where a negative composite tool is created to apply additional pressure to the composite component during curing. This additional pressure enables the current invention to more closely mimic autoclave composite processing.