Abstract: A matrix of a glass or a plastic is mixed with 1% to 10% of a niobium substance, 1% to 10% of a magnesium compound, 1% to 10% of barium fluoride, and 5% to 30% of lead, the percentages indicating the weight of these substances in the matrix. The mixture is heat-molded to form an anti-fogging material.

Abstract: The composition according to the invention is based on the use of an inert porous material which can be natural, artificial or synthetic, granular in form, and weighing less than 1 kg/dm3 in bulk. The porous granules, e.g. of expanded clay or similar, are partially saturated to the extent of 20-30% of their weight, with active ingredients which lower the freezing point of water. The melting additives can be added in the pure state or diluted in water, and there is provision for the addition of anti-acid limiters in amounts of about 0.2% by weight of the melting additive. The advantages of the composition with respect to sand are the greater manageability and ease with which it can be spread on icy or snow-bound surfaces; the low specific weight which reduces the tendency to settle in road drains and sewers, and, compared to salt, the almost non-existent corrosive action on the ironwork found in both vehicles and streets. Ecologically, the composition does not damage the natural vegatative environment.

Abstract: An anti-fogging and anti-wetting composition for coating at least one surface of an optically clear substrate, in particular, an automobile windshield, and comprising an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent, an alkane selected from the group consisting of isobutane, N-butane, and propane, a hydrocarbon wax, and water. A process for treating the surface of an optically clear substrate with an anti-fogging and anti-wetting composition, which is applied from a pressurized container in aerosol form, to provide a transparent layer of wax on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for preventing frost damage to plants, comprising applying a bactericide to the surfaces of the plants in an amount sufficient to effectively eliminate several species of ice-nucleation active (INA) bacteria, thereby reducing the temperature at which frost damage occurs.

Abstract: Derivatized anionic gums and compositions thereof are disclosed. The gum derivatives are prepared by reacting non-derivatized gum with quaternary ammonium compounds in an amount equal to or greater than the stoichiometric amount required for complete derivatization. The derived gums are soluble in organic solvents.

Abstract: A traction aid for snow and ice covered surfaces and method of use are disclosed. The preferred traction aid composition for highways comprises about 90% by weight of between 1/4 inch and 30 mesh hard, crushed limestone and about 10% by weight of 6/30 mesh heat treated ground clay. The preferred composition for sidewalks comprises about 80% by weight 4/30 mesh hard, crushed limestone and about 20% by weight of 6/30 mesh heat treated ground clay.

Abstract: An inorganic halide and a water soluble hydroxy-containing organic compound or urea are useful in treating particulate solids such that the solids are more easily dumped after being exposed to freezing temperatures. The combination of the inorganic halide and hydroxy-containing organic compound or urea not only reduce the strength of ice formed between the particles but also reduce the amount of particulate solids which sticks to the sides of the transport or storage container from which the solids are removed.

Abstract: A method of minimizing the adherence of ice on substrates which comprises coating said substrates with a polysiloxane composition which changes into a rubbery elastic material in the presence of water or atmospheric moisture which comprises .alpha.,.omega.-dihydroxy-polydiorganosiloxane having a viscosity of about 500 to 2,000,000 centipoise at 20.degree. C. and a cross-linking agent with or without a hardening catalyst.

Abstract: Retroreflective sheeting has been improved by a coating comprising silica and a transparent polymer selected from aliphatic polyurethanes and polyvinyl chloride copolymers having a minor amount of a comonomer containing at least one carboxylic acid or hydroxyl moiety. Silica comprises 10-80 weight percent of the transparent protective coating. For example, a solution or dispersion of polyurethane is mixed with a silica sol and possibly other ingredients (e.g. wetting agent, UV light absorber and adhesion promoter), and the composition is coated onto the retroreflective sheet and dried. The coated retroreflective sheeting has superior soil and dew repellancy, retaining a higher percentage of original brightness after exposure to dirt and/or dew conditions.

Abstract: The new agent, based on glycols and water and having crosslinked acrylic polymers as thickener and also customary corrosion inhibitors, surfactants belonging to the group of alkali metal alkylarylsulfonates and neutralizing agent to adjust the pH to a basic value, contains, as the thickener, two selected crosslinked acrylic polymers in a specific ratio by weight to one another, namely a selected crosslinked acrylic acid or alkali metal acrylate homopolymer and a selected crosslinked acrylic acid/acrylamide or alkali metal acrylate/acrylamide copolymer in a ratio by weight of 2 to 10:1 and, as the neutralizing agent, three alkaline compounds, each in a selected amount, namely ammonia, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and/or triethanolamine as the first alkaline compound, potassium hydroxide as the second alkaline compound and a further alkali metal hydroxide as the third alkaline compound.

Abstract: An anti-freezing coating material for application to the exposed surfaces of plants subject to freezing. The material consists of a foam composed of a fluid matrix surrounding gas bubbles and having viscosity permitting the foam to be spread by a tool or by spraying onto the plant. A specific foam is a mixture of egg whites and fruit pectin beaten to a stiff foam.

Abstract: The invention relates to solutions of silanols prepared by hydrolysis of alkyltrialkoxysilanes whose alkoxy groups are partially or completely hydrolyzed.Preferred hydrolyzed alkyltrialkoxysilanes are of the formula CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH.sub.2 --Si(OH).sub.n (OH').sub.3-n.

Abstract: Finely divided ore blends containing chemically active magnesium oxide and calcium oxide are physically combined with a critical amount of water prior to reaction with acetic acid. Intermediate products range in physical consistency from putty-like masses to viscous liquors, depending upon the relative fraction of magnesium oxide in the ore feed. Intermediate products freeze to form hydrates of magnesium calcium acetate, the freeze times being dependent upon a number of chemical and physical parameters. Product drying requirements range from minimal drying to none at all, depending upon the magnesium fraction in the products. Products are non-friable and have excellent crush strength, and are suitable for storage, shipping and application in chemical deicing as well as other end use applications where crude low-cost materials are called for.A unique situation centers around the composition corresponding to the magnesium mol fraction of 0.8.

Abstract: An anti-icing fluid suitable for ground treatment of aircraft, being a glycol-based solution containing a gel-forming carrageenan, in an amount of less than 5 wt %. The carrageenan is present in the glycol-based solution in an amount sufficient to thicken the fluid to promote its adherence to aircraft surfaces when applied to a stationary aircraft. Use of this thickened deicing fluid does not adversely affect airfoil lift characteristics during takeoff, because the fluid exhibits shear thinning and readily flows off the aircraft surfaces when exposed to wind shear during the aircraft's takeoff run.

Abstract: A deicing coating composition characterized in that the composition comprises a synthetic resin coating composition of the organic solvent type, at least one fluorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of urethane, phosphate, phosphonic acid derivative, phosphinic acid derivative, polyether, polyester and polyvinyl compounds having a perfluoroalkyl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and when required, an alkali metal compound of the formulaMa.sym.X.crclbar.wherein M is an alkali metal, X is an inorganic acid radical, hydroxyl group or organic acid radical, and a is an integer of from 1 to 4.

Abstract: The invention relates to an anti-freeze composition and preparation for making surfaces free of snow and ice, comprising in an amount of 20 to 90% by weight a waste concentrate of alcohol distilling industry, having a dry-substance content of 200 to 750 g/kg, in admixture with 10 to 80% by weight of water and optionally with additives.The composition is neither detrimental to environment nor does it exhibit any corrosive effect, and it can be used under optional weather conditions. It uniformly cools the surface to be melted and preserves the road surface.

Abstract: A vehicle traction material comprises a water scavenging agent such as an oxide, and a parting agent such as a stearate or oleate for keeping the material noncaking and free flowing. A relatively dense abrasive agent in either powdery or granular form imparts weight when carried in the vehicle and friction when spread under the vehicle tires. A nonchloride water-soluble melting agent from the group of compounds including nitrates, phosphates, sulfates and glycols liquefies ice and snow. The material is stored and carried in the vehicle by one or more bags (10) having an outer reinforced material (18) that is temperature, puncture and wear resistant and an inner lining (20) that is corrosion resistant and moisture proof. The bag is reinforced by gussets (16) and has a receivable closure (14) and handles (12), as well as stacking ribs (22) to allow several bags (10) of various sizes to be conveniently refilled, handled and stacked in a vehicle compartment.

Abstract: A process of making a deicing or dust control agent with reduced corrosivity comprises mixing spent sulfite liquor and chloride salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal proportionally so that the ratio of lignosulfonate solids of the spent sulfite liquor to metal chloride salt is from about 1:25 to about 15:1 and the pH of the mixture is from about 4.5 to about 8.5. The sulfite liquor: chloride salt product can be spread onto road surfaces in dried form, sprayed on as single or multiple solutions, and/or mixed with a non-slipping agent or the like.

Abstract: Certain blends of mono and diethylene glycol and ethers thereof, when combined in certain proportions with urea, are excellent freeze protection for moist coal solids.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a composition for use in preventing the formation of ice comprising (A) organopolysiloxane, (B) alkali metal compound and (C) liquid or solid paraffin; a method for preventing the formation of ice by applying the composition to the surface of an object; and another method for preventing the formation of ice by applying a primer containing a silane coupling agent to the surface of an object and applying the composition to the primer coat formed.

Abstract: Transparent silicone compositions for treating nonporous substrates to impart antifog properties thereto comprising an aqueous solution containing hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, an aliphatic alcohol and a surfactant.

Abstract: Finely divided lime, at any degree of slaking, is introduced in a steady stream into an agitated reactor designed to produce pellets or aggregates. Concentrated acetic acid is simultaneously introduced in a steady stream at a rate equal to the chemical combining rate required to produce calcium magnesium acetate. Water content of the reaction stream is critical; the mol ratio of water, including water of neutralization, to the calcium magnesium acetate product must fall in the range 3.3-7.0 in order to form the desired pellets and to avoid sticking, caking, and dust emanation from the reactor. Product pellets are drawn off in a stream from the reactor and dried for use as a non-polluting roadway and walkway deicer. Traction agent is optionally incorporated into the deicer pellets by introducing a steady stream of traction agent to the reactor simultaneous with raw materials introduction. Magnesium-to-calcium ratios greater than one are achieved by blending dolime with magnesium-rich ore.

Abstract: A dry and free-flowing composition containing salt, C.sub.2 to C.sub.6 monohydric and/or polyhydric alcohol, diatomaceous earth (or suitable substitute) and sodium metasilicate characterized by a particle size smaller than about 80 mesh. The composition is useful for facilitating the melting and removal of snow and ice.

Abstract: A biogenic ice nucleation inhibitor, derivable from a source plant which is normally subjected to freezing stress in its natural habitat, is employed for protecting light frost-sensitive plants against frost injury by inhibiting the ice-nucleating activity of the ice-nucleating bacteria normally present on the plants, and thereby reducing the temperature at which frost injury occurs. The inhibitor is applied to the plants in the form of a solution of a water-soluble denaturable proteinaceous material derivable as a water extract of a source plant component which survives the freezing stress to which the source plant is normally subjected in its natural habitat, such as the seed. The inhibitor is also applicable for reducing the temperature at which ice formation occurs in any other medium containing active ice nucleation initiators, such as, for example, the atmosphere and concrete.

Abstract: A method for treating particulate solids such as coal to reduce the cohesive strength of such solids when frozen which consists of spraying said solids with a hydrocarbon liquid solution of a balanced blend of surfactants which blend will form a single phase microemulsion at 20.degree. C. when added to water at the salinity of the water on said solids at a water to hydrocarbon ratio in the range between 99:1 and 85:15, said blend represented by the monoethanol amine salt of dodecyl o-xylene sulfonic acid and a dinonylphenol reacted with 9 moles of ethylene oxide, onto the wetted surface of said solids to form a single phase microemulsion which is optimally designed to undergo a lipophilic shift upon contacting the surface of said particles whereby an in-situ water-in-oil coarse emulsion is formed on the surfaces of said particles.

Abstract: An ice and snow melt material is provided which is a substrate of solid ice and snow melt material coated with a liquid ice and snow melt material. Urea is the preferred substrate and ethylene glycol is the preferred liquid coating.

Abstract: Clouded acrylate surfaces are cleaned permanently. The clouded surface is first cleaned using a petroleum distillate. Subsequently, a coating of an oil-monomer modified alkyl resin, 71-78% non-volatile, is coated on the surface to prevent further clouding.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the reduction of the strength of ice in association with solid particulate materials, such as, for example, coal, by applying to the solid particulate material, prior to exposure to water freezing conditions, a composition comprising a mixture of a glycol derived from ethylene oxide and containing from 1 to 4 oxyethylene units and an alkyl and/or an aryl ether of a glycol derived from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and containing from 1 to 9 oxyalkylene units.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of calcium or magnesium carboxylate coated aggregates as snow and ice control compositions. Also disclosed is a method for preparing these compositions by mixing lime and wetting agent coated sand and treating the resulting product with a carboxylic acid.

Abstract: The invention provides for a deicing compositions for use on airplanes, runways, streets, and the like, which deicing composition comprises (a) an alkylene polyol, (b) an anionic surfactant capable of forming a hydrophobic monolayer on the metal surfaces of the aircraft, (c) a hydrophilic wetting agent which is capable of associating with the hydrophobic monolayer, and (d) a coupling agent, which facilitates the association between the wetting agent and monolayer.

Abstract: A composition for waterproofing and inhibiting corrosion of silicon dioxide containing substrates, such as masonry structures. The composition is from about 7% by weight to about 60% by weight of an alkylalkoxysilane, including oligomers and mixtures thereof, having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 1000, and a solvent for the silane which can be an aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent or mixtures thereof, with the solvent being free of alcohol groups.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition for melting ice, particularly for melting ice from driveways, sidewalks and the like.The composition includes a salt, more particularly sodium and/or potassium chloride and an amide such as urea.The method of making the composition includes the steps of (1) sizing the salt, (2) spraying a liquid amide thereon, and (3) drying the resultant composition.

Abstract: A reduced pollutant-containing salt mixture and method of making same is provided wherein a salt mixture partially comprised of calcium acetate and partially comprised of at least one other pollutant salt is produced by mixing a pollutant salt-containing solution and a calcium acetate-containing solution and converting said mixture into a solid salt containing both the pollutant salt and the nonpollutant calcium acetate. A process option involves chemically reacting calcium chloride and calcium acetate in a calcium chloride-to-calcium acetate mole ratio in the range from 0 to 1 to produce a non-deliquescent salt. A further process option includes mixing either dry calcium chloride or dry sodium chloride with dry calcium acetate to obtain a reduced pollutant-containing salt mixture.

Abstract: A liquid general-purpose cleaner, having improved nonstreak and cleaning properties is obtained by inclusion, in a liquid compatible medium, of an at least 5% alcohol esterified resin copolymer and a nonionic surfactant having an HLB-value of between 10 and 15. The composition contains generally less than 5% of inorganic electrolyte salts, and can be applied to hard surfaces either in dilute form or neat.

Abstract: The strength of ice is reduced by dissolving in water prior to freezing a composition of (A) a water-soluble polyhydroxy compound or monoalkylether thereof and (B) a water-soluble organic nonvolatile compound having a hydrophilic group such as amine, carboxyl or carboxylate groups in an amount to provide an effective amount, e.g., on the order of about 0.25-5 weight percent, of (A) plus (B) based on the weight of water. The method is especially useful for application to particulate solids, such as coal and mineral ores, which are shipped and stored in masses exposed to freezing temperatures. Any ice that is formed is physically weak and will not deter the unloading of the thusly conditioned particulate solids.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of a porous inorganic material e.g. stone, comprises contacting the porous inorganic material with a single phase liquid mixture comprising alkoxysilane, water, organic solvent and a silanol polymerization catalyst. There is also included a liquid treatment for a porous inorganic material in the form of a single phase liquid mixture, comprising alkoxysilane, water, organic solvent and a silanol polymerization catalyst; which mixture may be supplied in the form of a pack comprising an assembly of containers which contain the various components of the mixture either separated from one another or in suitable admixture.

Abstract: The freezing point of an aqueous system is lowered by adding to the system a freezing point lowering quantity of at least one and preferably two or more water soluble salts of dicarboxylic acids having at least three carbon atoms, specifically a dicarboxylic acid selected from the group which consists of adipic, glutaric, succinic and malonic acids, the salt being a sodium, potassium, ammonium or organoamine salt.

Abstract: A heat storage system which is comprised of calcium chloride hexahydrate as the storage medium and a nucleating agent, said nucleating agent being a mixture of dolomite and calcium hydroxide.

Abstract: A process of making a calcium acetate-containing solution having a pH value at room temperature between about 7 and about 8 is provided comprising reacting acetic acid with a carbonate compound, adding calcined limestone, and optionally finishing off the acid-base reaction with an amount of an alkali metal hydroxide comprising from about 2% to about 5% of the total stoichiometric complement to the amount of acetic acid. Further process options which may be used in the preparation of deicing agents include adding coarse limestone to the above-prepared calcium acetate-containing solution in amounts up to 10% by weight and converting the solution into solid flakes. The calcium acetate salt product can be mixed with an inert solid material having good anti-slip properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for insulating surfaces for the purpose of preventing or reducing occurrence of condensation on the surface, comprising applying to the surface a layer of a coating composition containing a binder and, distributed therein, granules of an expanded inorganic material having a bulk density of at least 150 kgs/m.sup.3. The invention also provides for a composition suitable for carrying out such process, comprising a binder and granules of an expanded inorganic material of the nature indicated.

Abstract: A storage stable Werner complex of stearato, CR.sup.+3, Cl and OH groups in the approximate molar ratio of 1:2:4:1 dissolved in from 15-30 weight percent pentanol and 47.7-32.7 weight percent isopropanol is disclosed. The solution contains from 5-7 weight percent chromium.

Abstract: A surface which is to be contacted with another surface, e.g., a particulate material, in the presence of moisture (water) which is subject to freezing, is coated with a composition containing water and substantially water soluble components comprising (1) a polyhydroxy compound or monoalkyl ether thereof, (2) an organic nonvolatile compound having at least one hydrophilic group, (2) being different than (1), optionally a salt which functions to lower the freezing point of water, and a sufficient quantity of an organic polymer which functions to increase the viscosity and tackiness of the composition sufficient to retain the composition on non-horizontal surfaces to freeze proof the same.

Abstract: A road surface has fixed thereon a salt which lowers the freezing point of water by means of an aqueous fixation composition which comprises a mixture of an adhesion-promoting agent formed by an aqueous dispersion of a film-forming polymer or copolymer and a water-soluble hydrophobic agent which, in air, becomes insoluble in water. The proportion by weight of hydrophobic agent relatively to the dry extract of the adhesion-promoting agent is from 5 to 25%. The fixation composition is used in a proportion such that all the adhesion-promoting agent and the hydrophobic agent represents, in dry weight, from 10 to 120% of the weight of the salt. The aqueous fixation composition may in addition possibly comprise a foam-inhibiting agent and/or a second hydrophobic agent.

Abstract: A process of reacting aqueous acetic acid and crushed raw limestone in such a way as to produce a mixture of calcium acetate, calcium acid-acetate, and unreacted raw limestone devoid of undesirable fine limestone. Such a product is useful in winter highway treatment, where the environmentally safe soluble acetates function to depress the freezing point of water, and the limestone acts as a roadway traction agent. When as much as 3 mols of acetic acid per mol of active calcium carbonate in limestone are used, all the limestone is consumed, with virtually 100% yield of calcium acid-acetate.

Abstract: De-icing chemicals intended primarily for de-icing pavement such as roads, ridges, and runways are prepared from polysaccharide sources (e.g. waste products such as sawdust) by reaction at elevated pressure and temperature with alkaline earth metal oxides or hydroxides in the presence of water. The de-icing chemicals are impure mixtures of alkaline earth metal salts of acetic acid, lactic acid and glycolic acid with the mixture being substantially free of alkaline earth metal salts of oxalic acid and formic acid. The de-icing chemicals are intended to be a substitute for the inorganic chloride salts (e.g. sodium chloride) commonly used for de-icing highways.

Abstract: A process of making a calcium acetate-containing solution having a pH value at room temperature between about 7 and about 8 is provided comprising reacting acetic acid with a carbonate compound, adding calcined limestone, and optionally finishing off the acid-base reaction with an amount of an alkali metal hydroxide comprising from about 2% to about 5% of the total stoichiometric complement to the amount of acetic acid. Further process options which may be used in the preparation of deicing agents include adding coarse limestone to the above-prepared calcium acetate-containing solution in amounts up to 10% by weight and converting the solution into solid flakes.

Abstract: A method for treating fine particles such as minerals and coal particles having surface moisture to reduce the cohesive strength of such particulate particles when frozen which comprises spraying the particles prior to freezing with an effective amount of a dilute aqueous solution of a water-soluble cationic polymer, which solution also contains a freezing point depressant amount of an anti-freeze chemical.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, there is also included in the aqueous solution of the freezing point depressant polymer solution from 1/2 to about 5% by weight of gelatin or hydrolyzed gelatin.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition for melting ice, particularly for melting ice from driveways, sidewalks and the like.The composition includes a salt, more particularly sodium and/or potassium chloride and an amide such as urea.The method of making the composition includes the steps of (1) sizing the salt, (2) spraying a liquid amide thereon, and (3) drying the resultant composition.

Abstract: Finely divided lime, at any degree of slaking, is introduced in a steady stream into an agitated reactor designed to produce pellets or aggregates. Concentrated acetic acid is simultaneously introduced in a steady stream at a rate equal to the chemical combining rate required to produce calcium magesium acetate. Water content of the reaction stream is critical; the mol ratio of water, including water of neutralization, to the calcium magnesium acetate product must fall in the range 3.3-7.0 in order to form the desired pellets and to avoid sticking, caking, and dust emanation from the reactor. Product pellets are drawn off in a stream from the reactor and dried for use as a non-polluting roadway and walkway deicer. Traction agent is optionally incorporated into the deicer pellets by introducing a steady stream of traction agent to the reactor simultaneous with raw materials introduction. Magnesium-to-calcium ratios greater than one are achieved by blending dolime with magnesium-rich ore.

Abstract: Finely divided ore blends containing chemically active magnesium oxide and calcium oxide are physically combined with a critical amount of water prior to reaction with acetic acid. Intermediate products range in physical consistency from putty-like masses to viscous liquors, depending upon the relative fraction of magnesium oxide in the ore feed. Intermediate products freeze to form hydrates of magnesium calcium acetate, the freeze times being dependent upon a number of chemical and physical parameters. Product drying requirements range from minimal drying to none at all, depending upon the magnesium fraction in the products. Products are non-friable and have excellent crush strength, and are suitable for storage, shipping and application in chemical deicing as well as other end use applications where crude low-cost materials are called for.A unique situation centers around the composition corresponding to the magnesium mol fraction of 0.8.