Abstract: Combustion of hydrocarbon liquids and solids is achieved with less formation of NOx by feeding a small amount of oxygen into the fuel stream.

Abstract: According to a burner of the present invention, a stable combustion is obtained in a wide range from a high-load operation condition to a low-load operation condition even in the case of low quality solid fuel such as brown coal. The amount of air supplied from additional air holes or additional air nozzles 12 can be adjusted depending on the combustion load of furnace 41. At a low load, the amount of air supplied from additional air holes or additional air nozzles 12 is increased, whereby the oxygen concentration in a recirculation zones 19 formed downstream of the outside of a fuel nozzle 11 exit, permits a stable combustion. At a high load, the amount of air supplied from additional air holes or additional air nozzles 12 is reduced, whereby a flame is formed in a position far from the fuel nozzle 11. This suppresses thermal radiation onto a solid fuel burner 42 structure and a furnace 41 wall.

Abstract: A method and system for feeding and burning pulverized fuel, such as petroleum coke, in a glass melting furnace, which includes a glass melting and a plurality of burners associated with a pair of sealed regenerative chambers disposed side-by-side which act as heat exchangers, the burners are arranged in a series of ports that are associated with the glass melting region of the furnace. The system includes means for supplying the pulverized fuel by each one of the burners for melting glass raw materials. The emissions of flue gases produced by the combustion process of the fuel in the furnace are controlled in order to maintain clean the flue gases and for reducing the emission of impurities from the fuel such as SOx, NOx and particulates.

Abstract: A burner has a body portion and a main outlet. Fuel and primary oxidant outlets are arranged upstream of the main outlet and are disposed substantially concentrically about the axis of the burner. A chamber inside the body portion provides a place for the mixing of the fuel and oxidant. A laval nozzle provides acceleration of the mixed fuel and oxidant. Particulate matter are injected into a secondary oxidant flow immediately adjacent and downstream of the accelerating nozzle. The burner can be used in an electric arc furnace for decarburization of metals as well as post combustion. The burner can be mounted in a water-cooled box and can be fitted with an oxygen port for extra oxygen for post combustion while the burner injects hot oxygen and carbon for slag forming.

Abstract: A powdery fuel combustion apparatus disposed on furnace side plane (7) of vertical square body type furnace in which a vertical plane passing through a fuel jetting directional axis (8) does not cross the furnace side plane orthogonally, and thus the workability of furnace wall tubes and burner panel, and the maintainability of burner nozzle are improved. The apparatus includes a burner nozzle (1) that is formed such that the nozzle has right and left non-symmetrical shapes, with respect to a vertical plane passing through axis (8). Also, the nozzle has a tip portion opening lying in an opening plane (2) which coincides or is parallel to the furnace side plane (7).

Abstract: A control system for providing improved control over the combustion process of a multiple-intertube pulverized-coal burner that commonly forms a portion of a roof-fired boiler. The system utilizes actual mass fuel flow measurements to calculate corrected, optimal secondary and interjectory air demands. The corrected secondary and interjectory air demands are used by a proportional and integral control loop to regulate the respective supply of secondary and interjectory air to the combustion process of each in-service burner. The control system allows for optimal combustion of the fuel and a reduction in NOx emmissions.

Abstract: An improved mass fuel combustion system can be designed in a variety of embodiments and alternatives, including designs which include independent gas feeds, independent gas pulsing, independently controllable vibration systems and an overall control system which can coordinate a host of parameters for optimal combustion. One design includes overlapping grate elements (50) through which combustion gas is introduced and may include apertures to introduce a pulsed mix gas as well as a separate temperature control gas. Efficient poppet designs (44) can be used to provide an economical and efficient combustion system.

Abstract: A process for recovering the byproducts of a process that burns coal and for reusing the byproducts is disclosed. The process includes the steps of identifying a disposal site that contains the byproducts (typically flyash and bottom ash), removing at least a portion of the byproducts from the disposal site, analyzing a sample of the portion of the byproducts to determine the loss on ignition of the portion of the byproducts, introducing the portion of the byproducts along with pulverized coal into a pulverized coal furnace if the portion of byproducts have a loss on ignition greater than or equal to a predetermined loss on ignition value (typically greater than or equal to 1 to 5%), and burning the portion of the byproducts in the furnace with the pulverized coal to render the byproducts into a commercially valuable fly ash and bottom ash having very low loss on ignition, typically lower than 3%.

Abstract: Processes and systems are provided that include introducing ammonia liberated from organic waste to a coal burner in a coal burning power plant, preferably for NOx removal at the power plant. The ammonia is preferably either ammonia liberated upon drying a mixture of organic waste and coal combustion by-products or ammonia liberated when organic waste is mixed with coal combustion by-products and one or more alkaline additives. Also provided are processes and systems of fueling a coal burner of a power plant with coal and either a dried mixture of organic waste and coal combustion by-products, or a mixture of organic waste, coal combustion by-products and one or more alkaline additives. The present invention is further directed to mixtures of either organic waste and coal combustion by-products, or mixtures of organic waste, coal combustion by-products and alkaline additives made by the processes of the present invention.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor includes a furnace, defined by a substantially vertical and planar first wall, and a particle separator having a return duct adjacent to the first wall. In the lower part of the return duct is arranged a gas seal adjacent to a planar tube wall, which wall is the planar wall or a wall defining a space in gas flow connection with the furnace. The width of the horizontal cross section of the lower part of the return duct, measured in the direction of the first wall, is larger than its depth, measured perpendicular to the width. The gas seal includes a seal structure that includes water tubes bent from the tube wall.

Abstract: A thermal processing plant having heating tubes that are arranged in a zigzag or undulating line in an oven chamber. Burners generate a gas stream which is directed against a wall of the oven opposite the wall in which the burners are positioned. The burners direct a gas stream at each of the wave or zigzag crests and in each of the wave or zigzag troughs. The thermal radiation of the oven wall and of the reaction zone (combustion heat) heats the heating tubes uniformly.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of creating a high combustion rate in a combustor used to burn combustible matter. The combustor comprising a cylindrical combustion chamber extending vertically with at least one side loading bin for loading combustible matter into the combustion chamber while combustion is ongoing. The combustor creates a high combustion rate by inducing an acoustic excitation and an ascending vortex in hot gases that is reflected by a conical surface, converting the ascending vortex to a descending vortex. The shear between the ascending and descending vortices increases mixing. The descending vortex acts to separate the small, fully-combusted particles from larger particles that are thrown by centrifugal force back into the combustion zone.

Abstract: This describes a method for producing cement clinker using petroleum coke with a sulfur content over 4.5% by weight, in conventional equipment and facilities, wherein said method comprises the treatment of the raw mixture to synergistically improve its physical-chemical characteristics combined with the parameter control of the process, in such a way as to obtain a reduction of the clinkering temperature, all as a heretofore-unappreciated way to reduce, as a result, the concentration of SO3 in the calcinated material fed to the rotating kiln, and also usefully increasing with this the calcium sulfate content in the clinker.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a device for reducing emission from a combustion or gasification plant, said plant having an combustion chamber housing means for insertion of a first fluid into said chamber, introduction of said fluid into said chamber being effective to reduce the emission of at least one substance from said combustion and said fluid having an optimal operating temperature range for which emissions are particularly low. The temperature is established in a volume in said combustion chamber, where said volume includes the position for insertion of said first fluid. A second fluid is inserted into said combustion chamber and is effective to reduce the temperature in said volume in said combustion chamber, if said temperature is established to be higher than said optimal temperature range.

Abstract: A process for recovering the byproducts of a process that burns coal and for reusing the byproducts is disclosed. The process includes the steps of identifying a disposal site that contains the byproducts (typically fly ash and bottom ash), removing at least a portion of the byproducts from the disposal site, analyzing a sample of the portion of the byproducts to determine the loss on ignition of the portion of the byproducts, introducing the portion of the byproducts along with pulverized coal into a pulverized coal furnace if the portion of byproducts have a loss on ignition greater than or equal to a predetermined loss on ignition value (typically greater than or equal to 1 to 5%), and burning the portion of the byproducts in the furnace with the pulverized coal to render the byproducts into a commercially valuable fly ash and bottom ash having very low loss on ignition, typically lower than 3%.

Abstract: A method for retrofitting a solid fuel pulverizer and exhauster system includes replacing the bowl drive motor 38 with a new drive motor which is operable to drivingly rotate the bowl 12 at the pre-retrofit speed but which provides relatively more horsepower than the replaced bowl drive motor 38 and replacing the original exhauster fan coupling with a new exhauster fan gear set 46, 48 which effects rotation of the exhauster fan 30 at a relatively higher rotational speed than the pre-retrofit speed. A solid fuel pulverizer and exhauster system of the present invention acting in cooperative association with a fuel-fired steam generating power plant includes an exhauster fan transmission assembly 50, 52 operable to translate the rotation of the drive shaft 54 of the exhauster fan drive motor 44 through ninety (90) degrees to thereby effect rotation of the fan by the exhauster fan drive motor 44.

Abstract: A method for operating a boiler using oxygen-enriched oxidants includes introducing oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen and air, in which the oxygen concentration ranges from about 21% to about 100% by volume. Fuel and oxygen-enriched air are introduced into the combustion space within the steam-generating boiler. The fuel and oxygen-enriched air is combusted to generate thermal energy. At least a portion of the flue gases are collected and at least a portion are recirculated through the boiler. In the steam-generating boiler, the oxygen-enriched oxidant is introduced at one or more locations within the radiation zone and the convection zone of the boiler. Additionally, flue gas is collected and recirculated into one or more locations within the radiation zone and/or the convection zone of the boiler.

Abstract: Provided are a method of treating coal ash by mixing it with water, in which the coal ash and water undergo a temperature difference therebetween while they are mixed; and a method of desulfurization in a coal combustion boiler system, which comprises mixing coal ash that has been separated from a ash collector in the system, with water on the condition that the two undergo a temperature difference therebetween while they are mixed, and circulating the resulting mixture that serves as a desulfurizing agent into the coal combustor in the system. The desulfurization capability of the desulfurizing agent used in the desulfurization method is higher than that of the desulfurizing agent obtained through hydration of coal ash with water or steam.

Abstract: A method and system for combustion of fuel in a boiler in which flue gasses are produced The boiler includes a source of fuel a source of air, and a controller for controlling the ratio of the source of air and the source of fuel inputted into the boiler. A sensor is used for measuring the concentration of oxygen in the flue gasses. The controller is adapted to calculate the amount of air entering the boiler based on the amount of oxygen in the flue gasses to thereby adjust the air to fuel ratio to include calculated air input and air input from the source of air. A preferred fuel is pulverized coal The method and system provide for the air to fuel ratio to be adjusted to optimize efficiency as well as to minimize NOx production.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for combustion of a solid carbonaceous material in which the solid carbonaceous material is preheated and at least a portion thereof pyrolyzed on a stoker grate disposed in the lower portion of a combustion chamber to produce pyrolysis products. Overfire oxidant is then introduced into the combustion chamber above the stoker grate to ensure complete combustion of combustibles in the products of combustion generated by combustion of the solid carbonaceous material and the pyrolysis products. Preheating and pyrolysis of the solid carbonaceous material is carried out by the introduction of a pyrolysis agent directly into the bed of solid carbonaceous material.

Abstract: An improved method of burning low sulfur coal in order to power gas turbines using unmixed combustion that ensures virtually complete oxidation of the coal, with the sulfur content of the coal being recovered as elemental sulfur for use as recycle in the unmixed combustion process. An unmixed combustion catalyst is circulated between two fluid bed reactors and becomes reduced by low sulfur coal in the first fluid bed reactor and oxidized by air in the second fluid bed reactor. The first reactor produces carbon-containing fly ash which is then separated and contacted with gases containing SO2 from the first fluid bed reactor to produce CO2, CO, H2S, COS, CS2, and elemental sulfur. The elemental sulfur is separated and a portion thereof recycled back to the first fluid bed reactor.

Abstract: A method for operating a boiler using oxygen-enriched oxidants includes introducing oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen and air, in which the oxygen concentration ranges from about 21% to about 100% by volume. Fuel and oxygen-enriched air are introduced into the combustion space within the steam-generating boiler. The fuel and oxygen-enriched air is combusted to generate thermal energy. At least a portion of the flue gases are collected and at least a portion are recirculated through the boiler. In the steam-generating boiler, the oxygen-enriched oxidant is introduced at one or more locations within the radiation zone and the convection zone of the boiler. Additionally, flue gas is collected and recirculated into one or more locations within the radiation zone and/or the convection zone of the boiler.

Abstract: The invention provides a boiler provided with low cost means which can reduce a concentration of CO, an unburned matter, an attached ash and the like near a side wall and maintain a combustion state well with a simple structure. In a boiler having a combustion chamber 13 formed by front and rear walls (burner walls) provided with a plural stages of burners 2, 3 and 4 on at least one of them and opposing to each other, and side walls 1a and 1b crossing to said burner walls 14a and 14b, a gas port 6 containing no fuel for making a pressure of a gas near said side walls 1a and 1b within said combustion chamber 13 higher than a pressure of a gas at a center portion of said combustion chamber 13 is provided between an outermost burner and the side walls 1a and 1b within a range of a height of said burner stages 2, 3 and 4. A combustion gas 16 can not come close to the side walls 1a and 1b due to the jet 18 of the gas.

Abstract: A method for monitoring and reducing corrosion in furnace boiler tubes measures electrochemical noise associated with corrosion mechanisms while corrosion is occurring at the surface of the tubes as they are exposed to combustion products. This noise is detected using a probe at the boiler waterwall surface that is connected to a corrosion monitor. The monitor contains a computer and software which determines a corrosion rate from the measured electrochemical noise. That rate is compared to a standard to determine if the rate is within acceptable limits. If not, the operator of the furnace or an Adaptive Process Controller (APC) is notified and adjusts one or more burners to change the combustion products that are responsible for the corrosion. Such an adjustment could be made by changing the amount of air or fuel being provided to the burner or other air slots or air ports.

Abstract: According to a burner of the present invention, a stable combustion is obtained in a wide range from a high-load operation condition to a low-load operation condition even in the case of low quality solid fuel such as brown coal.

Abstract: A fluidized bed material including mineral particles of a gabbro class or darker rock type. The rock type includes several minerals and having a quartz content of 5 wt-% or less. The particles are made by comminuting a gabbro class or darker rock type. A fluidized bed process including performing a reaction or a processing of a material in a fludized bed reaction in connection with the fluidization of a fluidized bed material, wherein the fludization bed material includes particles of the gabbro class or darker rock type.

Abstract: A method and system for feeding and burning pulverized fuel, such as petroleum coke, in a glass melting furnace, which includes a glass melting and a plurality of burners associated with a pair of sealed regenerative chambers disposed side-by-side which act as heat exchangers, the burners are arranged in a series of ports that are associated with the glass melting region of the furnace. The system includes means for supplying the pulverized fuel by each one of the burners for melting glass raw materials. The emissions of flue gases produced by the combustion process of the fuel in the furnace are controlled in order to maintain clean the flue gases and for reducing the emission of impurities from the fuel such as SOx, NOx and particulates.

Abstract: A method for burning lumpy combustion material, in particular limestone, dolomite and magnesite, in a regenerative shaft furnace comprising at least two shafts (1, 2) comprised of a preheating zone (A) as well as a combustion zone (B). The shafts are connected below a cooling zone (C) by a transfer channel (3). The combustion air is charged at the head of one shaft (1), heated by hot combustion material as it flows through the preheating zone (A), and brought into contact with fuel before it enters the combustion zone (B). The combustion zone (B) is flowed through by combustion gas produced in the combustion of the fuel. Cooling air is admitted at the lower end of the shaft (1) and, as it flows through the cooling zone (C), heated by hot combustion material exiting from the combustion zone.

Abstract: A fuel being primarily a liquid fuel is ejected through a fuel ejection pipe having an annular ejection opening; primary air is ejected through primary air-ejecting openings arranged on outer and inner sides of the fuel ejection opening, to form outer and inner primary air-ejection straight stream openings between which the fuel ejection stream is interposed, and to burn the fuel ejection stream. The fuel-spraying openings are arranged on the same circumference. The outer and inner primary air-ejecting openings, respectively, are each arranged on a respective concentric circumference having a center point identical to the center of the circumference on which the fuel-spraying openings are arranged. When a power fuel is used, optionally a liquid fuel is further ejected and mixed with the primary air stream, and the liquid and power fuels are burnt together.

Abstract: A method for operating a boiler using oxygen-enriched oxidants includes introducing oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen and air, in which the oxygen concentration ranges from about 21% to about 100% by volume. Fuel and oxygen-enriched air are introduced into the combustion space within the steam-generating boiler. The fuel and oxygen-enriched air is combusted to generate thermal energy. At least a portion of the flue gases are collected and at least a portion are recirculated through the boiler. In the steam-generating boiler, the oxygen-enriched oxidant is introduced at one or more locations within the radiation zone and the convection zone of the boiler. Additionally, flue gas is collected and recirculated into one or more locations within the radiation zone and/or the convection zone of the boiler.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide a fluidized bed incinerator which will increase the thermal capacity of the freeboard to respond to fluctuations of the load imposed by waste matter such as sludge or garbage with a high moisture content; which would absorb local and momentary temperature spikes due to load fluctuations or variations in the characteristics of the waste material.

Abstract: A process is provided for NOx, removal at coal burning power plants, which includes introducing ammonia that is liberated upon drying a mixture of organic waste, coal combustion by-products, and optionally lime, having a pH of at least 9.5, to a coal burner in the power plant. A process is also provided for fueling a coal burner of a power plant with coal and a dried mixture of organic waste and coal combustion by-products. The present invention is further directed to the dried mixture of organic waste and coal combustion by-products made by the processes of the present invention, which may optionally be used as a soil additive or as a supplemental fuel.

Abstract: A process for the incineration of particulate solids, especially biological waste matter with low caloric value, feeds the solids into a combustion chamber of a furnace together with a sub-stoichiometric amount of fresh air to control the rate of combustion and to inhibit the formation of sintered ash. The furnace for implementing the process can be a cyclone furnace having a primary combustion chamber with a first feed inlet for the solids and air and a second air inlet positioned between the first inlet and an exhaust gas outlet. A supply tube extends through the exhaust gas outlet of the primary combustion chamber to supply a source of fresh air at ambient temperature to maintain the primary combustion chamber at a desired temperature. The fresh air maintains the furnace temperature at least at about 850° C. and generally at about 850° C. to less than about 1100° C.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a method for supplying solid material such as hot carbonaceous material from a pyrolyzer or reactor to a furnace, is provided comprising providing a screw conveyor for receiving the solid carbonaceous material from the pyrolyzer or reactor preferably from above the conveyor and transporting it along its length to a vaned rotor preferably positioned on the axle of the screw conveyor preferably substantially near the end of the screw conveyor for supplying the carbonaceous material to the furnace.

Abstract: A fuel selected from powder fuels and liquid fuel is ejected through a fuel ejection pipe having an annular ejection opening; primary air is ejected through primary air-ejecting openings arranged on outer and inner sides of the fuel ejection, to form outer and inner primary air-ejection straight streams between which the fuel ejection stream is interposed, and to burn the fuel ejection stream. When a powder fuel is used, optionally, a liquid fuel is further ejected and mixed with the above-mentioned primary air streams, and the liquid and powder fuels are burnt together.

Abstract: A method and portable apparatus is described for the conversion of cellulose and other blomass waste materials through a pyrolysis and partial combustion sequence in a downdraft gasifier to produce a gas which can be immediately utilized to fuel an internal combustion engine in a generator set (genset). More specifically, the heat from the combustion of part of the cellulosic or other waste input is used to pyrolyze the remainder of the input to produce a mixture of permanent fuel gases. Particulates are removed (water scrubbers, filters) from the gas mixture which can then be used directly as a major part of the fuel to operate the internal combustion engine in the genset. All movement into, through, and out of the gasifier and purification train is controlled by the vacuum associated with the intake of the internal combustion engine, thereby ensuring a steady production of electricity.

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling the operation of a furnace. A furnace generally includes a boiler having a combustion zone, a plurality of burners burning a mixture of fuel and air in the combustion zone producing a gaseous by-product, and an electrostatic precipitator in fluid communication with the boiler removing particulates from the gaseous by-products. The method includes the steps of monitoring operating conditions of the electrostatic precipitator on a section-by-section basis, and controlling a select one or more of the burners based upon the section-by-section monitored operating conditions.

Abstract: A method for reducing NOx emissions from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels using two sequential stages of partial oxidation followed by a final oxidation stage. In the first stage, substoichiometric air condition of about 0.55 to 0.75 is used in a plug flow fashion, while second stage combustion is performed at a stoichiometric ratio of about 0.80 to 0.99. As the second stage combustion products are cooled by radiant heat transfer to the boiler furnace walls, overfire air is added to produce an stoichiometric ratio of about 1.05 to 1.25 to complete the combustion process. In this manner, the formation of thermal NOx is reduced.

Abstract: A method for reducing NOx emissions from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels using three stages of oxidation and second stage in-situ furnace flue gas recirculation. In the first stage, a partial oxidation combustor is used to partially combust the fuel in the presence of preheated combustion air. The fuel gas produced in the partial oxidation process is passed to a second stage partial oxidation combustor while molten slag is removed and disposed of. Preheated combustion air also is introduced into the second stage of combustion to produce a slightly reducing flue gas and is injected into the furnace in such a way as to create the desired in-situ furnace flue gas recirculation. In the upper part of the furnace a third combustion air is mixed with the flue gas in a third stage of combustion to substantially complete the combustion process. Preheated steam may be added to the first or second stages of combustion.

Abstract: Gasification of waste is performed in a gasifier having a gasification space (1) and a liquid rotating slag bath (2). The slag bath (2) is preferably caused to rotate by tangentially injecting gasification medium and/or at least a portion of the waste via a burner toward the surface of the slag bath. Waste with a diameter of to 5 mm is preferably introduced into gasifier (1) above the slag bath (2), while larger waste is preferably introduced directly into the slag bath. Slag is a removed, together with cracked gas accumulated during gasification through the floor of the gasifier via a slag drain having a lateral opening which protrudes above the slag bath.

Abstract: A fuel selected from powder fuels and liquid fuel is ejected through a fuel ejection means; primary air is ejected through primary air-ejecting means arranged on outer and inner sides of the fuel ejection means, to form outer and inner primary air-ejection straight streams between which the fuel ejection stream is interposed, and to burn the fuel ejection stream. When a powder fuel is used, optionally, a liquid fuel is further ejected and mixed with the above-mentioned primary air streams, and the liquid and powder fuels are burnt together.

Abstract: In a method of supplying air to a pulverized solid fuel burner passing through the burner cowl of a furnace, the fuel is dried and then conveyed by means of a given large quantity of hot air, which may or may not be depleted in oxygen in a separator in which the fuel is extracted from it. The fuel is then conveyed to the burner by means of a first portion only of the air from which the fuel has been removed. This conveyor air portion is used as primary combustion-supporting air for burning the fuel in the burner, into which the first portion of air, mixed with the fuel it conveys, is fed via an annular duct. The other portion of the hot air purified in the separator is used at least as additional primary combustion-supporting and flame adjustment air and is fed into the burner peripherally and centrally relative to the first portion of air charged with fuel.

Abstract: A method of controlling operation of a particulate fuel burning boiler, such as a coal fired boiler, having a plurality of burners each receiving pulverized coal, primary air and secondary air. The flow rate of the pulverized coal, primary air and secondary air is determined independently for each burner and is compared with a model. In the event that the comparison results in a determination that one or more of the flow rates depart from the desired rate by a predetermined amount, a control signal is emitted to adjust the air to flow ratio entering the specific burner. The control signal which alters the air to fuel ratio may result in alteration of the air or fuel flow rates. The method may be employed to reduce NOx emissions, loss on ignition and to optimize heat rate.

Abstract: A system and method for treating, injecting and co-combusting sludge in a municipal waste or other combustor is disclosed. The system includes a sludge receiving and treatment module and a sludge injection and combustion module. The sludge is received and stored in one or more storage hoppers where it is first diluted with a liquid and subsequently mixed to a desired homogeneous consistency suitable for pumping. The high liquid content sludge is then pumped to a furnace injection nozzle where it is preferably atomized with steam and sprayed into the combustion zone of the furnace. The disclosed system and method increases sludge moisture content and controls the solids content of the sludge to control furnace temperature.

Abstract: A method for automatized combustion of solid fuel in a combustion apparatus which comprises a burner with a device, which is rotatable about the center axis of the burner for stirring the fuel in the burner which is connected to a boiler and has a feeding-in opening for fuel in the rear end of the burner outside of the boiler and an outlet opening for completely or partly combusted flue gases in the front end of the burner which opens in a combustion chamber inside the boiler which comprises a convection unit, from which a hot water conduit extends, the combustion apparatus also including a fan provided to be driven by a second motor for blowing combustion air into the burner, and a fuel charge feeder for fuel provided to be driven by a third motor.

Abstract: A method of combustion in a pressurized, fluidized bed and in the freeboard thereof. The combustion method is further characterized by the recirculation of solid sulfur absorbing materials. A gas channel, designed so as to prevent fluidizing gas from entering the channel from below, is provided such that it opens to the freeboard and to a separating member which separates particulate matter from the combustion gasses.

Abstract: A fuel selected from powder fuels and liquid fuel is ejected through a fuel ejection means; primary air is ejected through primary air-ejecting means arranged on outer and inner sides of the fuel ejection means, to form outer and inner primary air-ejection straight streams between which the fuel ejection stream is interposed, and to burn the fuel ejection stream. When a powder fuel is used, optionally, a liquid fuel is further ejected and mixed with the above-mentioned primary air streams, and the liquid and powder fuels are burnt together.

Abstract: A method of treating a fossil fuel for combustion, which includes heating the fossil fuel and an additive in a combustion zone. The additive contains a lime flux that lowers the melting point of lime sufficiently so that lime in the combustion zone melts wholly or partially. The additive reacts with the fossil fuel char and its sulphur plus ash components, in the combustion zone to achieve the following results alone or in combination: accelerated combustion, desulphurization, nitrogen oxides emission reduction, pozzolanic or cementitious product production or combustor anti-fouling.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for low-NOx combustion of a pulverized solid fuel in which combustion products from a partial oxidation combustor are mixed with a pulverized solid fuel, thereby preheating the pulverized solid fuel and resulting in devolatilization of at least a portion of the pulverized solid fuel. The preheated pulverized solid fuel and the devolatilization products are then burned in a burner firing directly into a combustion chamber.

Abstract: High-temperature and high-pressure water, preferably at or above supercritical conditions for water, is injected into a high-temperature flame of a fuel combustor such as a coal-fired furnace, or boiler, or a turbine, internal combustion engine, rocket or the like. The process enhances efficiency of the combustion process, and, when used with fuels such as coal, renders ash, particularly fly ash, cementitious, so that it can be used as a substitute for conventional cement, reduces the carbon content of the ash, so that it can be used as a cement additive, and reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the environment.