Abstract: A steam appliance system in which steam is delivered from a steam generation unit to a steam applicator via a steam conduit which extends through a handle of the steam applicator. The steam conduit may be removable from the handle.

Abstract: A steam appliance includes a steam applicator which is connectable to the steam appliance, but the steam applicator is permitted to rotate without loosening or disengaging the connection of the steam applicator to the steam appliance. Embodiments may be particularly suitable for use with a portable, handheld steam appliance that employs steam pocket technology.

Abstract: An on-board optical sensor apparatus includes an optical sensor, an optical sensor cover, and a controller. The optical sensor has a lens. The optical sensor cover includes a holder and a washer nozzle. The holder holds the optical sensor. The washer nozzle performs a washing operation to wash a lens surface of the lens of the optical sensor or a glass surface of a cover glass located facing the lens by spraying a washer fluid, supplied from a washer fluid tank, onto the lens surface or the glass surface. The controller controls the washing operation of the washer nozzle.

Abstract: An ultrasonic wave vibrating apparatus includes a passive element converting electric energy to ultrasonic vibration, electrodes, a horn body arranged in a forward side of the element and amplifying the vibration, a backing arranged in the base side of the element and backing the element, and a horn connecting portion having one end connected to the body and the other end connected to the backing to connect the body and the backing to each other with the element sandwiched between the body and the backing. At least one of the body, the connecting portion and the backing is formed of metallic glass. The body and the connecting portion can be formed of the metallic glass integrally with each other. A cover covering the element may be included, and the cover, the body and the connecting portion can be formed of the metallic glass integrally with each other.

Abstract: Dish washing machine that includes a steam generator, which supplies steam during a washing operation, to aid in the washing of dishes and other items in the dish washing machine. The dish washing machine further including one or more dish washing racks that effectively orient the dishes, and other items to be washed, in such a way so as to avoid inhibiting the steam from being evenly distributed around each of the dishes and other items to be washed. The dish washing machine also including a steam zone indicator to aid in effectively positioning the dishes and other items to be washed by visually distinguishing the region or zone within the dish washing machine that corresponds with high-intensity steam.

Abstract: A device and a method for preventing the drying of fluid products in a delivery head of a machine for dispensing fluid products, wherein the delivery head is provided with a plurality of delivery nozzles. The device comprises first elements to generate a conditioning flow, second elements to convey the conditioning flow towards a space underneath the delivery nozzles and create in said space an atmosphere different from that of the environment in which the dispensing machine is to be found during use. The delivery nozzles are divided into at least two groups and the space is divided into at least two distinct conditioning zones, disposed in correspondence with the groups of delivery nozzles. Different atmospheres are created in the conditioning zones, according to the type of fluid product delivered by the corresponding group of delivery nozzles.

Abstract: In the exemplary embodiment, a steam-cleaning apparatus is described for sanitizing and cleaning a surface or object. The apparatus has a first reservoir for receiving water, a heater for heating the water within the first reservoir, a second reservoir for receiving a sanitizing agent, a mixing nozzle, a first actuator for enabling the heated water from the first reservoir through the mixing nozzle at the surface or object for cleaning the surface or object; and a second actuator for enabling the sanitizing agent from the second reservoir to the mixing nozzle for mixing the sanitizing agent with the heated water therein, and for enabling the mixed heated water and sanitizing agent at the surface or object for sanitizing the surface or object deeply into its finest fissures and pores.

Abstract: A method of cleaning at least one optical component of at least one irradiation device is described, which device comprises at least one radiation source in a vacuum chamber, which source generates in particular extreme ultraviolet and/or soft X-ray radiation whose rays are guided via the optical component onto a workpiece to be treated, during which said optical component is at least partly polluted because of an inorganic substance introduced by the radiation source. It is proposed that at least one reaction partner (124) that is substantially translucent or transparent to the rays (118) be introduced via a feeder device (126) in dependence on the prevailing reaction conditions, which reaction partner (124) reacts chemically with the polluting deposits (128) so as to remove them from the optical component (110).

Abstract: A dishwasher having a washing container to accommodate dishes to be washed; a hot-water intake to supply the washing container with hot water from an external hot water supply; a storage container in thermally conductive contact with the washing container; and a cold-water intake fitting to supply the storage container with cold water from an external cold-water intake fitting.

Abstract: Provided is a parts washer that includes a multi-tiered basin, a cleaning fluid and a biological component, living within the fluid, that breaks down organic waste. The multi-tiered basin includes a sink member with a false bottom, and a support grid and filter are interposed between the false bottom and a bottom panel of the sink member. The false bottom, support grid, and filter are readily removable from the sink member. The tank is partially filled with the cleaning fluid and a pump and conduit assembly direct a flow of the cleaning fluid to the basin. The cleaning fluid discharged into the basin flows through a drain hole in the false bottom, through the filter and support grid, and then through a drain hole in the bottom panel of the sink member back into the tank for reuse. The cleaning fluid includes, at least, a surfactant that functions to remove organic waste from the parts being washed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cleaning apparatus (1) for cleaning welding torches (5), comprising at least two coils (4, 11) and an opening (3) in order to introduce the welding torch (5) for the electromagnetic cleaning thereof, a supply device (7) connected to the coils (4, 11), and optionally an apparatus for applying a cleaning fluid to the tip of the welding torch (5), wherein preferably all components are disposed in a common housing (2) and regulated by a controller (8), and to a corresponding method for cleaning welding torches (5). In order to increase the cleaning quality and the cleaning range, according to the invention the coils (4, 11) can be supplied independently of each other with electrical energy by the supply device (7) for the purpose of cleaning the welding torch (5), and a cooling apparatus (14) is provided for cooling the coils (4, 11).

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for cleaning a substrate in a cleaning module is disclosed. The method includes an operation that receives the substrate into a first level of the cleaning module. In another operation, the substrate is spun while contemporaneously applying a cleaning fluid to top and bottom surfaces of the substrate. In yet another operation, the substrate is spun at a second level of the cleaning module. The method also includes an operation to dry the substrate in an enclosed cavity at a third level of the cleaning module.

Abstract: A dry cleaning and surface treatment equipment used for a biochip or a medical tools includes a sealable chamber provided for putting a biochip, an ozone generator for supplying ozone to the sealable chamber, and a fluid transmission device filled with a chemical reactant. The sealable chamber includes a heater, a gas outlet, and a gas inlet interconnected with the ozone generator. The fluid transmission device is disposed outside the sealable chamber and includes a trace transmission pipe extended to the fluid transmission device. The sealable chamber further includes an evaporation container, and the trace transmission pipe of the fluid transmission device is extended to a corresponding position of the evaporation container for injecting the chemical reactant into the evaporation container.

Abstract: To provide a cleaning system performing a cleaning of a work after UV paint or the like used, for example, in baking coating or the like thereon has been completely dried, through use of a vegetable cleaning solution heated to a temperature equal to or higher than a flash point. A cleaning solution A put in a cleaning bath 16 is heated by a heater unit 15. A work 5 which has been used and has a coating film adhered thereto and completely cured is put into the heated cleaning solution A, and the cleaning is performed. As a result, the coating film adhered to the work is substantially completely cleaned.

Abstract: A substrate having a liquid film formed by pre-processing unit is transported by a substrate transport robot from the pre-processing unit to a freeze processing unit disposed away from the pre-processing unit. In the freeze-processing unit, the liquid film is frozen. This causes the adhesion power of contaminants adhering to the surface of the substrate reduce, and therefore the contaminants is detached from the surface of the substrate. Subsequently, the substrate which was subjected to the freezing process, is transported from the freeze processing unit to a post-processing unit which is disposed away from the pre-processing unit and the freeze processing. In the post-processing unit, a cleaning liquid is supplied to the frozen film on the rotating substrate, thereby easily removing the contaminants adhering to the substrate together with the frozen film.

Abstract: A monitoring device and method is disclosed for monitoring the saturation level of resin in solvent baths, such as those used to remove resin from objects form by stereolithography. The monitoring device operates by monitoring an electrical characteristic, such as impedance, of the solvent bath as the resin-to-solvent ratio of the bath increases during use. Signals are provided by the monitoring device to the operator of the liquid storage device containing the solvent bath in a manner allowing the operator to determine when the solvent bath has reached the end of its useful life.

Abstract: Disclosed is a supercritical processing apparatus which can suppress the occurrence of pattern collapse, improve the throughput, and prolong a maintenance interval. In the disclosed supercritical processing apparatus to remove a liquid remained on a substrate by a super-critical state processing fluid, a heating unit heats the processing fluid to place the processing fluid into a processing receptacle in a supercritical state, and a cooling mechanism forcibly cools an area capable of transferring the heat to the substrate from the heating unit in order to suppress the liquid from being evaporated from the substrate until the substrate is disposed on a seating unit.

Abstract: An object is to reduce changes in mechanical properties of a gas turbine blade base material during repair or regeneration of a gas turbine blade. For this purpose, a gas turbine blade after being operated is washed by being immersed into a strong alkaline washing solution, and the gas turbine blade after being washed with the strong alkaline washing solution is washed with water. The gas turbine blade after being washed with water is then washed by being immersed into a weak acid washing solution, and the gas turbine blade after being washed with the weak acid washing solution is subjected to heat treatment. The gas turbine blade after the heat treatment is then immersed into a strong acid washing solution, whereby the coating formed on the surface of the gas turbine blade is removed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for integrated cleaning of objects comprising a sequence of wet cleaning and vacuum drying in a same process chamber. The present integrated cleaning process can eliminate moving parts, improving the system reliability. Vacuum decontamination can be included for degassing and decontaminating the cleaned objects. In an embodiment, a cleaner system combines various movements into an integrated movement to be handled by a robot, for example, to improve the throughput. For example, an integrated robot movement comprising picking up a closed container from the input load port, moving both the lid and body together, and then depositing the body and lid separately into the appropriate positions in the cleaner to be cleaned.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to continuously feed an object to be treated to a high-pressure reactor which treats the object to be treated containing 10 mass % or more of water under high pressure, while preventing backflow of a high-pressure atmosphere from the high-pressure reactor. This is embodied by making a configuration such that the object to be treated is fed to the high-pressure reactor connected to a discharge port of a screw feeder which is provided with a feed unit for the object to be treated and the discharge port on one end side and the other end side respectively and forms a high-pressure atmosphere pressurized to, for example, 2 MPa or higher, while air-tightness between the high-pressure atmosphere and the one end side of the screw feeder is maintained by a sealing action of an accumulation compressed on the other end side of the screw feeder.

Abstract: A multi-function parts washer for removing contaminants from parts either by hand or automatically using an aqueous cleaning fluid includes a base cabinet having sides, a floor and an open top defining a compartment. A parts receptacle is mounted in the compartment for receiving parts to be washed. The receptacle is mounted for reciprocating, vertical movement in the compartment. An agitator assembly includes one or more compressed gas bladders mounted to the parts receptacle. The bladder has an inlet for introducing compressed gas into the bladder and an outlet for discharge of the compressed gas from the bladder. As compressed gas is introduced into the bladder, the bladder inflates and the parts receptacle is raised, and as compressed gas is discharged from the bladder, the parts receptacle is lowered to provide an agitating motion of the parts receptacle and the parts thereon in the cleaning fluid. The agitator can include a hydraulic cylinder to effect movement of the parts receptacle.

Abstract: A method for removal of wax deposited on an inner wall in contact with a fluid stream. The method includes the steps of cooling the inner wall and the fluid stream to a temperature of or below the wax appearance temperature, enabling wax to dissolve and precipitate on the inner wall, and heating of the inner wall for a short period of time to release the deposited wax from the surface of the inner wall, mainly in the form of solid parts. The thickness of wax deposits in a pipe section can be determined by computing the temperatures obtained upstream and downstream in the said pipe section, before and after applying heat pulse.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the pretreatment of polymer surfaces of components (20), which are to be painted, where at least one polymer surface of at least one component (20) is cleaned inside a pretreatment cell (12) and is subsequently reacted with an oxidizing flame, the cleaning of the polymer surface and the treatment of the polymer surface with an oxidizing flame being carried out in the same pretreatment cell (12).

Abstract: DIW is supplied toward a surface of a substrate to form a lower layer liquid film, which is then frozen to form a lower layer frozen film. Further, DIW cooled down to a temperature at which the lower layer frozen film will not melt is supplied toward a surface of the lower layer frozen film to form an upper layer liquid film, which is then frozen to form an upper layer frozen film in a layered structure. DIW which is at room temperature is thereafter supplied, thereby melting the entirety of the lower layer frozen film and the upper layer frozen film to remove these films together with particles off from the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A decoating device for axially symmetric components, particularly from aircraft engines is provided, the decoating process being carried out through the use of a decoating fluid-which is brought on a localized basis into contact with the component to be decoated, a receptacle for holding the decoating fluid being provided that rotates at least about one axis of rotation, and the decoating fluid surface forming a rotation paraboloid in response to the rotation, the component(s) to be decoated on a localized basis being accommodated in the receptacle and being dipped on the radially outer side into the decoating fluid. A decoating device is thereby devised which makes it possible for radially symmetric components to be decoated in the radially outer region in a simple process.

Abstract: A heater-mounting structure of a dish washer includes a sump housing for storing a washing water inside, and a heater disposed inside the sump housing. A heating portion of a heater is disposed inside the sump housing and bent at least one times.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing a substrate is provided. The apparatus includes a proximity head and a megasonic proximity head. The proximity head is configured to be applied to a substrate frontside and is capable of generating a preparation meniscus on the substrate frontside. The preparation meniscus includes a preparation chemistry that is configured to remove a material defined on the substrate frontside. The megasonic proximity head is configured to be applied to a substrate backside, and is capable of generating a coupling meniscus on the substrate backside. The megasonic proximity head is further capable of imparting megasonic energy to the coupling meniscus. The megasonic energy imparted to the coupling meniscus is configured to enhance a mass transport of the preparation chemistry through a material to be removed on the substrate frontside.

Abstract: An endoscope cleaning/disinfecting apparatus for processing an endoscope in a cleaning tank using a diluted chemical obtained by diluting a chemical with hot water in a dilution tank of the present invention introduces the hot water into the cleaning tank immediately before processing, introduces the hot water into the dilution tank after the temperature of the hot water introduced into the cleaning tank falls within a specified temperature range, generates the diluted chemical, introduces the diluted chemical into the cleaning tank and processes the endoscope.

Abstract: A substrate support for holding a substrate during fluid preparation is provided. The substrate support includes a support member defined from a resistive material. The support member is coupled to a first electrode and a second electrode to enable current heating of the resistive material of the support member. The support member is configured to support the substrate at a point. The current heating assists in evaporating fluid at the point during fluid preparation of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a component having an undesired substance thereon includes exposing the component to a cleaning solution and irradiating the component with microwave radiation to assist in removing the undesired substance.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for the dry removal of the scale from the surface of a metal product comprising at least one heating area that does not reduce the specific surface of the material to be treated and does not cause oxidation, at least one reducing area for performing the reaction between a specific reducing gas (normally hydrogen) and at least the scale, at least one cooling area for cooling the metal product, means for heating the metal product, means for heating the reducing gas, means for controlling the fluid dynamics of the boundary layer produced by the flow of said reducing gas over the surface of the metal product, means for removing the reaction products front the reducing gas after the reaction, means for cooling the metal product, and means for removing the reaction products from the treated surface of the metal product.

Abstract: A water-carrying household appliance, in particular a dish-rinsing or dish-washing machine, with at least one water-carrying line whose line end is connected to a connection pipe of a heat exchanger or water inlet. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the household appliance may include a holder which pre-positions the line end of the water-carrying line into a connection position for the connection to the connection pipe. The invention also discloses a method for assembling the water-carrying household appliance.

Abstract: An aircraft component with an aerodynamic surface coating comprising a resilient foam with an array of open cells infused with a cleaning material such as a gel, paste or liquid. This prevents contaminants such as insects from adhering to the aircraft component. The resilient foam stores at least part of the impact energy of the contaminant, the cleaning material is released from the deformed foam so that the cleaning material at least partially coats the contaminant, and the foam springs back to eject the coated contaminant from the aircraft component.

Abstract: Washing plant to perform a washing cycle of objects providing at least a pre-wash operation and a washing and heat disinfecting the objects operation. The plant includes a first battery of pre-wash units, in series one after the other along a first alignment axis and a second battery of washer and heat disinfection machines along a second alignment axis, different from the first alignment axis to operate parallel with each other and perform object washing and heat disinfecting. The second battery is able to receive, along a feed direction transverse to the second alignment axis, the objects subjected to pre-wash exiting from the first battery along the first axis alignment. The second battery feed direction is also transverse to the first alignment axis. Movement members are provided to divert the objects exiting from the first battery and direct them, aligned with the direction of feed, towards the second battery.

Abstract: The present disclosure is an apparatus that includes a housing having a lid pivotally connected to the housing. The lid has an open position and a closed position and a wall with a heating element connected thereto. A removable container can fit inside the housing, and can be divided into a first compartment and a second compartment when the lid is in its closed position. The heating element emits heat when it is activated. The wall is operatively arranged to divide the container into the first compartment and the second compartment when the lid is in the closed position such that the contents of the first compartment are prevented from entering the second compartment.

Abstract: In a process chamber of a substrate processing apparatus, such as an RTP apparatus, a carrier is placed and configured to carry out a contaminant that has been attached to it. In this state, a cleaning gas containing N2 and O2 is introduced into the process chamber, and cleaning is performed under conditions including a pressure of 133.3 Pa or less and a temperature of 700° C. to 1,100° C. This cleaning is repeatedly performed by sequentially replacing a plurality of carriers.

Abstract: A steam generator includes a case that forms a predetermined space for storing water, a heater provided within the case, a sealing member for preventing water leakage from the case, and a pressure part to press the sealing member and the heater. The sealing member is also configured to secure and seal the heater such that water is prevented from penetrating or leaking toward a circuit part of the heater. A drum-type washing machine having the steam generator installed therein is also disclosed.

Abstract: A device for cleaning oxidized or corroded components (26), especially gas turbine components which are exposed to hot gases, in the presence of a halogenous gas, includes a cleaning retort which is designed in the shape of a boiler or cylinder and into which, indirectly or directly, leads a feed line which is connected via a flow control unit to a gas reservoir which stores the halogenous gas, and in which a device for gas distribution is integrated. The flow control unit has a gas volume control valve (5), a heat exchanger unit (9), and also a gas volume measuring unit (6) in sequence along the throughflow direction of the halogenous gas which flows through the feed line. Furthermore, a gas distribution in the retort directs the halogenous gas directly to the components which are to be cleaned.

Abstract: A reservoir cleaning, treating and/or stimulation system allows the operator to control the speed and pressure of delivery of the treating fluid into the reservoir and remove or dissolve sediment particles settled in the reservoir or the reservoir formation. The system uses a thermal heater capable of heating the treating fluid from ambient temperature to about 400 degrees Fahrenheit. A charge pump mounted on an intake side of the heater forces the treating fluid through the heater, while the treating fluid passes through the tubing of the heater. The heated treating fluid is channeled to a discharge pump on an outlet side of the heater, where the treating fluid is pressurized to a value sufficient to overcome the pressure existing within the reservoir and cause displacement or dissolution of the sediment in the reservoir. A flow meter mounted between the heater and the charge pump regulates the volume of the treating fluid being admitted into the heater.

Abstract: A sheetfed resist removing apparatus having a substrate (111) being a cleaning object placed therein, includes a treatment chamber (101) forming a closed space, and a spray nozzle (102) to spray a cleaning liquid in a form so-called liquid drops over a surface of the substrate (111), in which the treatment chamber (101) forms the closed space containing the substrate (111) such that the placed substrate (111) faces the spray nozzle (102). This structure allows a cleaning liquid to be in the form of liquid drops in consideration of energy reduction, and permits desirable regulation of the temperature of the liquid drops when the liquid drops contact with the resist film in spraying the cleaning liquid over the resist film on the surface of the substrate (111) to thereby remove the resist film, so that secure removal of the resist film can be accomplished.

Abstract: Condensation of water from a gas, such as from atmospheric air or other nearby ambient gas, is provided for use in a variety of jetting devices, such as lab-on-a-chip applications. Further embodiments involve the use of frozen liquids, not limited to frozen condensed water, and microcooling of fluidic components or working materials for improved process control and reliability.

Abstract: A dishwasher includes a steam-generating vessel positioned in the wash chamber of the dishwasher's tub. A heating element heats water contained in the vessel to generate steam. The heating element may be embodied as thick-film heating element. The steam-generating vessel may be formed in the dishwasher's tub or embodied as a separate component that is secured to the tub.

Abstract: Dish-washing machine comprising a chamber (2) for washing articles (3), an air inlet line and an air outlet line both communicating with the chamber, air circulating means for forcing an inlet airflow sucked from the atmosphere into the chamber (2) via said air inlet line and exhausting an outlet airflow saturated with moisture after passing over said articles (3) to the atmosphere via said air outlet line; heating means are provided for heating said outlet airflow before exhausting to the atmosphere in order to reduce the relative humidity of the discharged air.

Abstract: Cryogenic fluids are used to remove contaminants such as hard scale deposits from heating and/or heat transfer equipment. The fluid may be cryogenically cooled to achieve a liquid phase and/or a mixture of liquid and gas phases. The fluid may also be pressurized. The mixture does not include a solid phase. A particle injection port is not required. The cryogenic fluid contacting the surface of a scale or other contaminant that has built-up during service of heating or heat exchanging equipment causes a near instantaneous contraction at the scale surface. Cracks form at the scale surface contacted by the cryogenic fluid. These cracks extend through the scale thickness to the underlying material of the equipment of the heating and/or heat exchanging component. The fractured surface scale separates by spalling or de-cohesion from the underlying equipment structure and is moved off the surface by the action of the exiting cryogenic fluid.

Abstract: A child care storage having a steam sterilizing apparatus, wherein the steam sterilizing apparatus includes an outer tub defined by walls of a steam sterilizing compartment; a hollow upstanding coupling member installed on the center bottom of the outer tub and having an interlocking hole formed at its top; an inner tub inserted inside the outer tub for accommodating infant accessories therein, the inner tub having a reception hole formed at its bottom center and a latch part formed along the circumference of its bottom center; an evaporation vessel having a flange along its circumference, the flange being coupled to the latch part of the inner tub; a flat-type heater installed under a rear bottom surface of the evaporation vessel; and a supporting plate for placing the flat-type heater thereon.

Abstract: A steam appliance, such as a steam mop having a main body including a water pump for pumping water from a water tank to a steam generator in response to any movement of the appliance is provided. Movement causes a pump actuator to slide within a frame. The actuator has a camming surface with a pump piston rod biased against the camming surface that causes the pump piston rod to move in and out of a pump cylinder when the actuator moves. This operates a the pump to pump water to the steam generator for feeding steam to a steam pad mounted on a steam frame connected to the steam generator outlet.

Abstract: A pump, particularly for dishwashers, is provided and includes a housing made of a housing bottom, a housing cover, and a heating device disposed in between the bottom and cover for heating a washing fluid. The heating device forms a ring-shaped side wall of the housing. An impeller is arranged in the housing, an intake connection is arranged axially in the housing cover relative to the axis of rotation of the impeller, and a pressure connection is arranged in the housing cover.

Abstract: A steam mop that includes a handle, an extension member, a base mount, a steam generator, and a mop head. The steam generator includes a body that at least partially contains a fluid tank, fluid pump and a heating element used to at least partially vaporize fluid. The body of the steam generator is designed to be releasably connected to the base mount such that the steam generator can be used as a steam producing device for the steam mop or can be disconnected from the base mount and be used as a stand alone steam producing device.

Abstract: A process of cleaning a semiconductor device fabrication equipment is provided. In one embodiment, the semiconductor device fabrication equipment is placed in a chamber; a fluid is introduced into the chamber; a pressure and temperature of the fluid is controlled to bring the fluid to a supercritical state; the semiconductor device fabrication equipment is cleaned by having the supercritical fluid contact the semiconductor device fabrication equipment; the supercritical fluid is removed from the chamber; and the semiconductor device fabrication equipment is removed from the chamber.

Abstract: A steam appliance having a water pump controlled by a motion switch response to movement of the appliance is provided. In one embodiment, a micro-switch is turned ON and OFF by movement of a micro-switch actuator in operative engagement with the towel frame at the base if the appliance. In another embodiment, the actuator is operatively connected to a mechanical pump to activate the pump. The motor switch or actuator will be displaced whenever the unit is moved by a user, thus causing the pump to pump water to the boiler. Steam is then fed to a steam pad that may have a replaceable fabric pad fit snugly on the frame to distribute clean steam to a surface to be steamed.