Abstract: A mass flow controller includes a base having a passage that allows a fluid to pass through the passage. A first control valve controls a mass flow of a fluid passing through the passage. A second control valve controls a full scale of the mass flow of the fluid. A bypass portion is disposed in the passage through which the fluid passes. A mass flow sensor measures the mass flow of the fluid passing through the bypass portion. The second control valve is connected to the passage adjacent to the bypass portion for controlling the full scale of the mass flow of the fluid passing through the bypass portion.

Abstract: Tubular needles have a reduced inner diameter tip portion that increases back pressure behind the tip portion. This constricted tip portion promotes improved atomization, particularly when the liquid passes through the needle at near-supercritical conditions. A preferred method for constricting the inner diameter of a needle tip is to dip the dip of the needle in an electroless plating solution, such as an electroless nickel solution.

Abstract: Representative embodiments provide for a flow laminarizing device including a plurality of walls defining a plurality of passageways, each passageway defining a hexagonal cross-sectional area and configured to permit fluid flow there through, a casing configured to mechanically support the plurality of walls, and at least one support extension mechanically coupled to the casing, the at least one support extension and the casing cooperatively configured to support the flow laminarizing device in a substantially fixed slidingly received position relative to a fluid flow port of a fluid impelling device. A method includes the steps of decoupling an air line from a turbocharger, installing a flow laminarizing device in fluid communication with the turbocharger, and recoupling the air line to the turbocharger.

Abstract: An orifice plate for use in a conduit through which fluid flows is defined by a central circular region having a radius R0 and a ring-shaped region surrounding the central circular region. The ring-shaped region has holes formed therethrough with those holes centered at each radius R thereof satisfying a relationship AR=a/(XRVRb) where AR is a sum of areas of those holes having centers at radius R, XR is a flow coefficient at radius R, VR is a velocity of the fluid that is to flow through the conduit at radius R, b is a constant selected to make at least one process variable (associated with the fluid that is to flow through the conduit) approximately equal at each radius R, and a is a constant that is equal to (XRARVRb) at each radius R.

Abstract: An expansion device for the heat pump applications consists of a flow resistance device that has a different resistance to refrigerant flow depending on the flow direction through this device. The flow resistance device has no moving parts so that it avoids the damage, wear and contamination problems of the moveable piston in the prior art. The flow resistance device is a fixed obstruction about which the fluid must flow when traveling through the expansion device.

Abstract: A fabric flow restriction and method for conveying a volume of air through a fabric duct prevents the violet popping that may occur with a fabric duct upon start-up. The fabric ducts are air permeable and/or include discharge openings that evenly disperse supply air from within the duct to a room being heated, cooled, ventilated, or otherwise conditioned by the air. The ducts are typically in a collapsed positioned prior to blower start-up. With the initial airflow, the ducts quickly fill with air and may make a popping sound at their distal ends as the airflow fills the entire fabric duct. The flow restrictions disclosed may be formed of a flexible fabric that has an airflow resistance that varies with radius across the flexible fabric. The flow restrictions may have a first region and a second region each with different resistances, for example. Varying the resistance across the fabric flow restriction reduces or eliminates the popping condition.

Abstract: A piping device for use in a cutting oil coater includes an oil supply path, a narrower path connected with the oil supply path and having an inside diameter smaller than that of the oil supply path, an oil tube, for feeding liquid oil to the oil supply path, a gas tube for feeding a gas to the oil supply path, where it mixes with the oil and changes it into a droplet state, an air space into which the oil is discharged from the narrower path, and is changed into a spray, a wall defining the air space having a recess, and a plurality of branch paths into which the oil impinges on the recess flows, with a substantially even flow distribution in each branch path, wherein a vertex of the recess and an end of the narrower path face each other. The apparatus suppresses an uneven distribution of flow rate of oil discharged into the air space.

Abstract: A replaceable orifice unit is disposed outside a pressure or a flow regulator valve, and therefore easy in maintenance, requires the smallest possible number of components, is compact in construction to save space, free from any fear that fluid impurities in a fluid circuit bank up against an upstream side of an orifice piece (2) of the unit, advantageous in replacing one type of chemicals flowing through the circuit with another type, and also advantageous in manufacturing cost. The replaceable orifice unit is constructed of a tube member (1), in which the orifice piece (2) assuming two symmetrically arranged similar triangular shapes in longitudinal cross section is fixedly mounted. Formed between vertexes of the triangle shapes is an orifice (2a). An O-ring is coaxially disposed between the tube member (1) and the orifice piece (2) to prevent the fluid from passing through therebetween.

Abstract: A pressure reducer is configured for use in a liquid delivery system that requires its liquid contents to be pressurized to a first, relatively high pressure but also requires that the liquid be delivered to a downstream location such as a faucet at a second, relatively low pressure. The pressure reducer reduces the pressure of the flowing liquid by repeatedly imparting directional changes to the liquid. Preferably, the pressure reducer comprises a stationary restrictor having multiple aligned segments, each of which is configured to divide the liquid into two or more diverging streams and to recombine the streams at the end of the segment. Each segment preferably comprises a curved blade having opposed generally toroidal surfaces that border one of two divided liquid streams. The device may be located either remote from or adjacent to the faucet or other terminal point of the system and can include either a single passage or multiple parallel passages.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a throttle (3) in a hose (1), characterized in that the wall (13) of the hose (1) is manufactured in such a way that the interior of the hose (1) has a constriction in part of its length.

Abstract: An exhaust system for a small watercraft wherein exhaust gas can flow smoothly includes a water muffler in the exhaust system for an engine incorporated in a small watercraft. An exhaust pipe is connected to the water muffler extending upwardly once and then extending downwardly in such a manner as to have a substantially U-shape. Spiral baffle plates are provided for spirally introducing exhaust gas on an inner face of the U-shaped exhaust pipe. Since the baffle plates are provided on the exhaust pipe, cooling water and exhaust gas can be separated from each other.

Abstract: A combination fitting for flow control devices in an automotive power steering system having channels disposed in the fluid receiving in of the fitting.

Abstract: Flange plates control the flow of fluid between fluid handling devices. In one embodiment, a sealing plate includes an O-ring and a structural support ring disposed within the O-ring. The support ring prevents the O-ring from being dislodged due to fluid pressure in the line. The support ring may have chamfers which aid in centering the O-ring. The support ring may also have a plurality of orifices allowing fluid flow between the interior of the support ring and the O-ring. In another embodiment, a blanking plate includes a domed portion, oriented in a direction towards the fluid being contained. The domed portion imparts strength to the blanking plate, allowing the plate to be made of a thinner piece of material. In another embodiment, an orifice plate includes a domed portion as described above, with an orifice located at the center of the dome.

Abstract: A process for mixing or dispersing liquids is provided that includes introducing liquids to be mixed or dispersed into a mixing device having a cylindrical support. The cylindrical support includes an inlet nozzle having a bore which is in fluid communication through a turbulence chamber with a bore of an outlet nozzle, wherein the bores of the nozzles are axially spaced apart relative to one another. The liquids are then allowed to enter the turbulence chamber through the bore of the inlet nozzle where the liquids are mixed or dispersed. The mixed or dispersed liquid is then recovered from the outlet nozzle. Various devices for mixing or dispersing liquids are also provided.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fluid flow rate economizing device having a tubular body and a reduction in the inner diameter, suitable to install inside residential, commercial or industrial hydraulic tubing at fluid intakes, meters and/or registers.

Abstract: A micro channel unit having a shape designed to reduce a pressure drop when fluid passes through a connecting channel portion is provided. The micro channel unit includes a micro channel with a width of micrometer dimensions through which liquid flows. The micro channel includes a plurality of straight channel portions and connecting channel portions that connect each pair of adjacent straight channel portions. The connecting channel portions are wider than the straight channel portions connected by the connecting channel portions. The use of the micro channel unit can reduce the pressure drop when fluid passes through the connecting channel portions, thereby reducing the amount of power required to drive the fluid flow and further enabling miniaturization of microfluidic devices such as pumps and peripheral devices.

Abstract: Pellets which may, for example, simulate snow are brought to a position such as the top of a tree from where they are dispensed. After falling to the bottom. the pellets are collected and re dispensed. The pellets are blown through a venturi tube and from there to a tube which runs to the position at where the pellets are dispersed. An adjustable flap is provided in the venturi tube, this flap functioning both to contribute to the venturi action controlling the fluid pressure and as a valve to control the rate of flow of pellets for optimum operation.

Abstract: A method of securing a restrictor, having an open hollow cylindrical end shell, to a spirally wound tuning cable having an end disposed in the shell, wherein the shell is magnetically deformed radially inwardly to grip and conform to the outer surface of the tuning cable end. The restrictor may be of steel, brass or, most preferably, aluminum construction.

Abstract: A heat exchanger tube having an integral restricting and turbulating structure consisting of dimples formed by confronting indentations pressed into the sides of the heat exchanger tube. The dimples are comprised of indentations disposed in pairs which extend into the tube to such a depth as is necessary to significantly reduce the cross sectional area of the heat exchanger tube and provide a pair of converging, diverging flow nozzles to promote turbulence of the flue gases. The turbulence characteristics of the tube can be controlled by varying the size of the aperture of the nozzles. In certain applications, the dimples are located along the sides of the heat exchanger tube, thereby providing unobstructed drainage for liquids even when the tube is bent into a serpentine shape.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fluid flow rate economizing device having a tubular body and a reduction in the inner diameter, suitable to install inside residential, commercial or industrial hydraulic tubing at fluid intakes, meters and/or registers.

Abstract: A choke valve for an automatic transmission is formed from a valve hole having a circular section that runs through a valve body in its thickness direction and a columnar valve main body that is fitted in the valve hole. The valve main body has a pair of annular channels formed on the outer periphery of the valve main body at opposite ends and a small diameter section formed between the two annular channels, the small diameter section together with the valve hole forming a choke. An inlet port and an outlet port formed between two separator plates and oil channels formed on opposite faces of the valve body communicate with the pair of annular channels, respectively. Thus, the structure of the choke valve for an automatic transmission is simplified, thereby reducing the cost.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cost effective means by which pressure reduction in a fluid flow control device is optimized. The pressure reduction achieved according to the present invention also minimizes valve wear and presents new solutions in reducing, attenuating, eliminating, damping, redirecting, or otherwise defeating valve noise. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a flow control device is provided including a valve trim assembly comprising a plurality of valve trim disks defining a plurality of flow paths along a fluid passage between a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet of the flow control device. Respective flow paths defined by the valve trim disks comprise an expansion/contraction mechanism, a velocity control mechanism, an acoustic chamber, and frequency shifting passages. The expansion/contraction mechanism has a cross section including rapid increases and decreases in cross-sectional flow area.

Abstract: A pipe connection fitting having at one end a tapered edge (1) which communicates at its base with tightening nut (2) which communicates with male pipe threads (3) which communicates with extension member (4) having an angle cut (6) with a flow port (5) through the center of the fitting. Positive differential pressure is created by installing a differential pressure fitting facing into the fluid stream of a flow line. Negative differential pressure is created by installing a differential pressure fitting facing away from the fluid stream of a flow line. Tubing connects the fittings to a pressure tank containing the fluid to be injected in the flow line. Fluid flow past the fittings in the flow line motivates flow from the flow line to the pressure tank and from the pressure tank back to the flow line. The fitting being made of rigid plastic or metal.

Abstract: An air flow measurement apparatus for verifying one or more apertures in a test piece 126 by mounting the test piece in an air flow such that air flows through the aperture(s) therein. The apparatus comprises a servo pilot valve 114 for adjusting the air flow from the source 104, a pressure sensor P3A for measuring the flow and a computer for determining the effective area of the test piece 126 at a range of different pressures across the test piece, the range including a desired pressure differential. The computer continuously tracks the readings and, when sufficient data has been obtained, computes a curve fit to calculate the effective area of the test piece 126 at the exact specified pressure differential. The present invention avoids any problems associated with differences in atmospheric pressure as well as any problems that are associated with obtaining the exact desired pressure differential across the test piece 126.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cost effective means by which pressure reduction in a fluid flow control device is optimized. The pressure reduction achieved according to the present invention also minimizes valve wear and presents new solutions in reducing, attenuating, eliminating, damping, redirecting, or otherwise defeating valve noise. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a flow control device is provided including a valve trim assembly comprising a plurality of valve trim disks defining a plurality of flow paths along a fluid passage between a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet of the flow control device. Respective flow paths defined by the valve trim disks comprise an expansion/contraction mechanism, a velocity control mechanism, an acoustic chamber, and frequency shifting passages. The expansion/contraction mechanism has a cross section including rapid increases and decreases in cross-sectional flow area.

Abstract: The mixing element (2) is provided for a flange transition (10) in a pipeline (1) and can be mounted between two flanges (11, 12) of the pipeline. It comprises a mixing-active structure (25) which is formed by one or two vanes (25a, 25b) within a ring (20). Two mutually inclined planes (21, 22) can be defined, with the one vane being arranged on the one plane or the two vanes being arranged on the two planes. The two planes intersect at a crossing axis (23). Closed sub-surfaces (52, 51′) as well as open pieces of surface (51, 520, 521, 522) of vanes form a surface pattern (5) which is formed asymmetrically with respect to the crossing axis.

Abstract: A process for mixing or dispersing liquids is provided that includes introducing liquids to be mixed or dispersed into a mixing device having a cylindrical support. The cylindrical support includes an inlet nozzle having a bore which is in fluid communication through a turbulence chamber with a bore of an outlet nozzle, wherein the bores of the nozzles are axially spaced apart relative to one another. The liquids are then allowed to enter the turbulence chamber through the bore of the inlet nozzle where the liquids are mixed or dispersed. The mixed or dispersed liquid is then recovered from the outlet nozzle. Various devices for mixing or dispersing liquids are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for moving a measuring sensor (2) into and out of a pressurized or flow-through conduit (1) or a pressurized or flow-through vessel. The device according to the invention comprises, in this case, a holding element (3) for holding the measuring sensor (2), a guiding element (4) for guiding the holding element (3) and a volume element (5). The holding element (3) can be moved in such a way that the measuring sensor (2) held by the holding element comes to rest in a position completely in the volume element (5). In this position, the measuring sensor (2) can be removed from the holding element (3). With the aid of the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention, it is possible, in particular, to measure the cleanliness of a conduit system blown out with a fluid, without the blow-out operation being interrupted.

Abstract: A flow meter including at least one flow valve used to performance test system compressors is described. The flow meter includes a pressure vessel including at least one exit port. A flow valve is coupled to each vessel exit port, and each flow valve discharges fluid from the vessel at a pre-determined flow rate. The flow valve includes a first end, a second end, and a bore extending therethrough. The bore includes an entrance portion and an exit portion. The bore entrance portion is frusto-conical and curves outwardly from the bore exit portion such that a diameter of the bore entrance portion is variable and larger than a diameter of the bore exit portion.

Abstract: Drainage is enhanced in an orifice formed inside the internal passage of a pneumatic line by providing the orifice with first and second portions. The first portion defines a diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the internal passage, and the second portion defines a progressively increasing diameter. Generally, a first end of the second portion has a diameter that is equal to the first portion diameter, and a second end of the second portion has a diameter that is equal to the internal passage diameter.

Abstract: A process for mixing or dispersing liquids is provided that includes introducing liquids to be mixed or dispersed into a mixing device having a cylindrical support. The cylindrical support includes an inlet nozzle having a bore which is in fluid communication through a turbulence chamber with a bore of an outlet nozzle, wherein the bores of the nozzles are axially spaced apart relative to one another. The liquids are then allowed to enter the turbulence chamber through the bore of the inlet nozzle where the liquids are mixed or dispersed. The mixed or dispersed liquid is then recovered from the outlet nozzle. Various devices for mixing or dispersing liquids are also provided.

Abstract: A process for deposition and condensation and reaction and separation and distillation employing at least two chambers separated by a diaphragm with at least one separation wall and at least one orifice or flow duct or plurality thereof, said process providing a controlled and stationary conveyance capacity of an uncondensed intermediary phase for a product or by-product with a controlled concentration, structure or microstructure, for example, said conveyance capacity relying on a controlled pressure of an atmosphere in the at least two chambers on both side of said diaphragm and on a novel diaphragm and condenser technology and a temperature control of one or more chamber walls or said diaphragm or parts of said diaphragm being transversed by said uncondensed intermediary phase.

Abstract: A flow meter including at least one flow valve used to performance test system compressors is described. The flow meter includes a pressure vessel including at least one exit port. A flow valve is coupled to each vessel exit port, and each flow valve discharges fluid from the vessel at a pre-determined flow rate. The flow valve includes a first end, a second end, and a bore extending therethrough. The bore includes an entrance portion and an exit portion. The bore entrance portion is frusto-conical and curves outwardly from the bore exit portion such that a diameter of the bore entrance portion is variable and larger than a diameter of the bore exit portion.

Abstract: A water pipe structure of a branch pipe line (12) connected to a main pipe (22) for flowing water therethrough, wherein a cavity flow suppressing means (30) is installed between the main pipe (22) and the branch pipe line (12) or in the branch pipe line to suppress a cavity flow produced in the closed branch pipeline, whereby the adverse effect of a thermal stratification formed by the cavity flow on the pipe can be eliminated.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a novel apparatus and method to restrict pneumatic flow in a planar manifold. A forming tool of specific geometry is pressed into a planar manifold causing the pneumatic channel inside to collapse onto itself in a predictable and controllable way, therefore restricting the fluid flow in the pneumatic channel. The geometry of the forming tool is provided with angles and radii so that the planar manifold is not ripped during the pressing operation. Further, the geometry limits the deformed area so that distortion of adjacent pneumatic channels, and the potential for springing leaks between layers is minimized. In a preferred embodiment, the tooling also provides flow measurement while the forming tool is pressed into the planar manifold at a specific orientation.

Abstract: A passive flow control valve including a barrier member positioned in a fluid conduit between an upstream conduit portion and a downstream conduit portion. The barrier member substantially prevents fluid flow around a barrier member perimeter. The passive flow control valve also includes barrier member orifices extending through the barrier member, which allow controlled fluid flow through the barrier member orifices. When the fluid flows through the upstream conduit portion and encounters the barrier member, the fluid is prevented from passing around the barrier member perimeter and is forced to flow through the barrier member orifices.

Abstract: In a fluid metering device for metering a fluid from a supply source to means of use of this fluid comprising a metering valve able to slide in a sleeve over a travel C, this valve comprising an intake orifice (16) for admitting the fluid from the said supply source and an orifice (18) for ejecting this fluid to the means of use, there are provided means (20) for channelling the fluid intended to allow, during the movement of the metering valve in its sleeve, a sweeping of the fluid over all the contacting surfaces of the valve and of the sleeve. The means of channelling the fluid advantageously comprise a helical groove of width L and of pitch P.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water-saving apparatus that is easy to use, and has a higher water conservation effect than a top-like water-saving device. The present invention provides a flow controller in a venturi or jet type configuration, provided in a tubular housing inside of which are formed a dam chamber for damming a stream provided on the upper side, a nozzle orifice formed on a central portion of a bottom wall of the dam chamber, and an outwardly diverging skirt chamber connected below and opening into the nozzle orifice. A stream of water discharged from a feed tap through the flow controller is reduced in flow rate for reducing water consumption by the combination of the dam chamber and the nozzle orifice. However, a feeling of as strong a flow of water as before the installation of the water-saving apparatus is obtained because the combination of the nozzle orifice and the skirt chamber increases the flow velocity while reducing the flow volume per unit time or flow rate.

Abstract: The mixing element (2) is provided for a flange transition (10) in a pipeline (1) and can be mounted between two flanges (11, 12) of the pipeline. It comprises a mixing-active structure (25) which is formed by one or two vanes (25a, 25b) within a ring (20). Two mutually inclined planes (21, 22) can be defined, with the one vane being arranged on the one plane or the two vanes being arranged on the two planes. The two planes intersect at a crossing axis (23). Closed sub-surfaces (52, 51′) as well as open pieces of surface (51, 520, 521, 522) of the vanes form a surface pattern (5) which is formed asymmetrically with respect to the crossing axis.

Abstract: An energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying liquid under pressure, and a method for attenuating energy in such a system, are provided. The apparatus includes a hose or tubular casing having an inlet opening for receiving liquid from the system, and an outlet opening for returning the liquid to the system. An inlet conduit extends concentrically into the hose or tubular casing, with an annular space being formed between the inlet conduit and the tubular casing. At least one aperture for introducing liquid into the annular space from the inlet conduit is provided on a portion thereof that is disposed in the tubular casing.

Abstract: An energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying liquid under pressure is provided, wherein the apparatus is disposed in a liquid conveying line of said system. A restrictor or tubing section is disposed in a hose and divides the interior thereof into an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber that communicate with one another. A first tuning cable of polymeric material is disposed in the inlet chamber, with a first end of the tuning cable being connected to the inlet end of the inlet chamber for receiving liquid from the system, while a second open end of the tuning cable is spaced from the outlet end of the inlet chamber for conveying liquid thereto. A second tuning cable of polymeric material is disposed in the outlet chamber, with a first end of the tuning cable being connected to the restrictor or tubing for receiving the liquid, while a second open end of the tuning cable is spaced from the outlet end of the outlet chamber for conveying the liquid thereto.

Abstract: An energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying liquid under pressure, and a method for attenuating energy in such a system, are provided. The apparatus includes a hose or tubular casing having an inlet opening for receiving liquid from the system, and an outlet opening for returning the liquid to the system. An inlet conduit extends concentrically into the hose or tubular casing through the inlet opening thereof, with an annular space being formed between the inlet conduit and the tubular casing. At least one aperture for introducing liquid into the annular space from the inlet conduit is provided on a portion thereof that is disposed in the tubular casing.

Abstract: A fluid pressure reduction device with tortuous flow paths in stacked disks. The fluid flow outlets are maintained independent by directed flow paths to avoid flow collisions in the exiting flow streams. A flow straightening section includes an inwardly tapered end section at the fluid flow outlets. Splitting of a tortuous flow path into at least two sub-flow paths with balancing of the mass flow between the sub-flow paths.

Abstract: A fluid delivery and removal mount for a stationary hydraulic roller shaft is disclosed as having a housing surrounding an annular support member which in turn supports the stationary roller shaft. The housing defines a pair of radially extending fluid conduits as does the annular support member. These fluid conduits in turn couple with a matched pair of radially oriented ports defined by the shaft. The shaft ports intersect a pair of axially extending fluid conduits formed in the shaft that serve to deliver and remove fluid from a hydraulic motor in roller. The annular support member preferably has a convex outer surface to match a concave inner surface of the housing thereby approximating the functionality of a self-aligning bearing. To facilitate off axis positions of the shaft, the fluid conduits of the housing are oversized compared to those of the annular support member. Optional circumferential seals located at the housing-support member interface limit fluid migration to the environment.

Abstract: A heavy oil emulsified fuel combustion apparatus is provided in which steam bubbles generated in the pressure reduction operation for dewatering a heavy oil emulsified fuel before combustion are prevented from mixing into a dewatered heavy oil side resulting in lowering of a dewatering efficiency.In a heavy oil emulsified fuel combustion boiler, a heavy oil emulsified fuel 101 is heated by a heater 110 and dewatered by a flusher 120 and then introduced into a boiler 10 for combustion, and water 152 obtained by the dewatering is sent to a water utilizing system of the boiler. The heavy oil emulsified fuel 102 is heated in a high pressure and then introduced into a pressure reducing device 200 to be applied by a pressure reduction by multi-stage orifices 201 for dewatering. The pressure reduction is done with a pressure reduction per stage of 1 to 3 ata.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for conducting sonochemical reactions and processes using in large scales liquid medium volumes is disclosed which passes a hydrodynamic liquid flow at a velocity through a flow through channel internally containing at least one element to produce a local constriction of the hydrodynamic liquid flow. The velocity of the liquid flow in the local constriction is at least 16 m/sec. A hydrodynamic cavitation cavern is created down stream of the local constriction, thereby generating cavitation bubbles. The cavitation bubbles are shifted with the liquid flow to an outlet from the flow through channel and the static pressure of the liquid flow is increased to at least 0.85 kg/cm.sup.2. The cavitation bubbles are then collapsed in the elevated static pressure zone, thereby initiating the sonochemical reactions and processes.

Abstract: A new production efficient venturi insert for mixing powder with an air stream to the feed line of a gun outlet of a powder application system. The inventive device includes a generally cylindrical member having an inlet end and a outlet end, a generally cylindrical outer surface, and an inner surface defining a lumen. The outer surface of the member has spaced apart first and second annular grooves therearound positioned towards the outlet end of the member. The inner surface of the member has a first frusto-conical portion, a cylindrical portion, and a second frusto-conical portion. The first frusto-conical portion is positioned adjacent the inlet end of the member and tapers towards the outlet end of the member. The second frusto-conical portion is positioned adjacent the outlet end of the member tapers towards the inlet end of the member. The cylindrical portion is interposed between the first and second frusto-conical portions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for conducting sonochemical reactions and processes using in large scales liquid medium volumes is disclosed which passes a hydrodynamic liquid flow at a velocity through a flow through channel internally containing at least one element to produce a local constriction of the hydrodynamic liquid flow. The velocity of the liquid flow in the local constriction is at least 16 m/sec. A hydrodynamic cavitation cavern is created down stream of the local constriction, thereby generating cavitation bubbles. The cavitation bubbles are shifted with the liquid flow to an outlet from the flow through channel and the static pressure of the liquid flow is increased to at least 0.85 kg/cm.sup.2. The cavitation bubbles are then collapsed in the elevated static pressure zone, thereby initiating the sonochemical reactions and processes.

Abstract: An energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying liquid under pressure, and a method for attenuating energy in such a system, are provided. The apparatus includes a housing containing at least one chamber, wherein an inlet conduit extends into the at least one chamber, a portion thereof being disposed in the housing and having at least one aperture for introducing liquid therefrom into the at least one chamber of the housing, and wherein an outlet conduit extends out of the at least one chamber, with a portion thereof being disposed in the housing and having at least one aperture for receiving liquid from the at least one chamber of the housing. The ratio of the diameter of the housing to the diameter of the inlet or outlet conduit is at least 2:1.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a liquid disperse system in a flow-through channel is described. The flow-through channel has first and second chambers. The liquid in the first chamber is maintained at a steady pressure P.sub.1. The liquid is passed through a localized flow constriction creating cavitation liquid jets that flow into the second chamber. The dynamic pressure of the liquid jets is govern by the equation .rho..nu..sup.2 /2.gtoreq.0.15 P.sub.1 where .rho. is the density of the cavitation liquid jet and .nu. is the velocity of the cavitation jet. Cavitation bubbles are produced in the cavitation liquid jets between 1.times.10.sup.-6 m and 1.times.10.sup.-2 m. The pressure in the second chamber P.sub.2 is maintained such that P.sub.1 /P.sub.2 is .ltoreq.9.8. The liquid disperse system is produced by the collapsing of cavitation bubbles under static pressure P.sub.2 in the second chamber. The pressure P.sub.