Abstract: The quality or durability of an oxidation protective coating produced by alitizing or aluminizing on the surface of a structural component made of titanium or titanium alloy, is improved by adding niobium to the surface of the structural component. The addition may be accomplished prior to the aluminizing or during the aluminizing. Prior application may involve, for example, vapor deposition of the niobium. Simultaneous application involves including a niobium donator powder in the aluminizing powder mixture.

Abstract: Adhesion of copper to a resin layer is improved by reducing a copper oxide layer with an aqueous aldehyde solution (a) while applying a potential of -1000 mV to -400 mV to the copper oxide layer, (b) after contacting with a metal piece made of copper or a metal nobler than copper, or (c) after contacting with an aqueous solution of alkali borohydride.

Abstract: A chemical conversion treatment solution for titanium or titanium alloy which comprises fluoride ions in a concentration of between about 5 to 40 g/l, a nitrate ion to fluoride ion weight ratio between about 0.005:1 to 0.2:1, a sulphate ion to fluoride ion weight ratio of between about 0.02:1 to 0.5:1 at least one metallic ion selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn and Mo in a weight ratio to fluoride ion between about 0.02:1 to 0.5:1, and at least one compound which is organochelate compound in a concentration of between about 0.1 to 2 g/l, a water-soluble organic high polymer in a concentration of between about 0.1 to 10 g/l, or a surfactant in a concentration of between about 0.01 to 3 g/l.