Abstract: A heat and fire resistant planar unitary shield formed of heat and flame resistant fibers and voluminous bulking fibers. The shield material has a heat and flame resistant zone with a majority of the heat and flame resistant fibers, and a voluminous bulking zone with a majority of the voluminous bulking fibers. The fibers are distributed through the shield material in an manner that the heat and flame resistant fibers collect closest to the outer surface of the shield with the heat and flame resistant zone, and the voluminous bulking fibers collect closest to the outer surface of the shield material with the voluminous bulking zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of a non-woven material having high extensibility and comprising polymer fibers using mixtures with amphiphilic block copolymers as compatibilizers for preparing blends, as well as their production and use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inert, non-asbestos separator and method of making same, the separator comprising an inorganic/polymer fibrid and agglomeration composite material containing from about 5 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of organic halocarbon polymer fibers together with from about 30 wt percent to about 95 weight percent of a finely divided non-organic particulate, which non-organic particulate is firmly bound in said composite fibrids and agglomerates; a natural gum thickening agent in an amount to provide a viscosity of about 6270 to about 590 cP at 0.22 sec?1; and an inert inorganic particulate powder whereby the inert inorganic particulate remains unbound from the inorganic/polymer fibrid and agglomeration composite, the inorganic particulate powder having a mean particle size of not greater than 1.0 ?m and being present in an amount to provide a ratio of polymer fiber composite to unbound inorganic particulate in a range from about 1 to 25.

Abstract: An adhesive layer for resin according to the present invention is formed of copper or a copper alloy for adhering a resin to a layer of copper or a copper alloy. The adhesive layer is formed of a metal layer of a coralloid structure made of an aggregation of a number of particles of copper or a copper alloy with gaps between the particles, and a plurality of micropores are present on the surface. The micropores have an average diameter in a range of 10 nm to 200 nm, and at least two micropores in average are present per 1 ?m2 of the metal layer surface. Thereby, sufficient adhesion between the resin and the copper or copper alloy is provided. This serves to prevent ion migration caused by dendrites, which has been a problem in a conventional layer of tin or a tin alloy, and the adhesion to a resin having a high-glass transition temperature (Tg) is improved as well. The present invention also provides a method of producing a laminate including the adhesive layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of manufacturing an image article comprising the steps of: (a) providing a substrate; (b) coating a water-soluble agent capable of adhering solid particles when wetted with an aqueous medium, on at least a portion of the substrate; the water-soluble agent being wetted with an aqueous medium, and (c) applying solid particles to at least a portion of the water-soluble agent, to form an image. The invention further relates to image articles produced by the method of the invention.

Abstract: A getter system (20) is described for the sorption of organic molecules at the inside of active systems (30) for the transdermal release of drugs, suitable to avoid the corrosion of electrical parts of these systems being caused by these organic molecules in the presence of water.

Abstract: A method for preparing an overlaid composite product comprises treating a web comprising a functional barrier on one face of the web with a binding agent; placing the treated web directly adjacent an unconsolidated substrate wherein the unconsolidated substrate comprises an uncured first resin; and concurrently consolidating the unconsolidated substrate and curing the binding agent and first resin thereby bonding the web to the substrate without addition of a separate adhesive. An overlaid composite product produced by this method is described. An overlaid composite product can be, e.g., a paper laminated oriented strand board.

Abstract: An add-on armor plate is made by powder coating a thin elastomeric layer at least on edges of a plurality of substantially identical ceramic elements. Then the elements together with their elastomer-coated edges engaging one another. Finally the fitted-together elements are sandwiched between a base sheet and a cover sheet.

Abstract: A honeycomb structure includes a plurality of pillar-shaped honeycomb fired bodies each having a large number of cells longitudinally disposed in parallel with one another with a cell wall therebetween. The plurality of pillar-shaped honeycomb fired bodies are combined with one another by interposing an adhesive layer. A catalyst supporting layer is included in the adhesive layer which abuts one end face side of the honeycomb structure, while substantially no catalyst supporting layer is included in the adhesive layer which abuts another end face side of the honeycomb structure.

Abstract: Method of producing a nonwoven material, includes forming a web of continuous filaments on a forming member (12) and applying a wet- or foam formed fiber dispersion containing natural fibers and/or synthetic staple fibers on top of the continuous filaments. A fibrous web is thus formed containing continuous filaments and natural fibers and/or synthetic staple fibers, this web subsequently being hydroentangled to form a nonwoven material. Moisture is applied to the web of continuous filaments under a low pressure before laying the wet- or foam formed fiber dispersion on the web of continuous filaments, avoiding any substantial bonding between the filaments in the web.

Abstract: A nonwoven material and method of construction thereof from post consumer mixed Asian cardboard for forming structural and/or acoustic and/or thermal panels. The method includes providing post consumer mixed Asian cardboard and comminuting the cardboard into pieces of a predetermined size. Further, combining the reduced sized cardboard pieces with heat bondable textile fibers to form a substantially homogenous mixture, and then, forming a web of the mixture, with the web having a predetermined thickness, in a dry nonwoven webbing process. Then, heating the web to bond the heat bondable material with the reduced size pieces of mixed Asian cardboard to form the nonwoven material.

Abstract: Bioremediation geocomposite articles, and their method of manufacture, for treating (digesting) contaminats in soil or water. The bioremediating geocomposite mat includes a woven or non-woven geotexile, having a thickness of about 6 mm to about 200 mm. In the preferred embodiment, outer layers of the geocomposite article have a porosity sufficient to receive a powdered or granular contaminant-reactive material, contaminat-sorptive material, or a contaminant-neutralizing material in at least outer portions of the thickness across its entire major surface(s) for better contact of the bacteria with contaminants held by the powdered or granular material. In the most preferred embodiment, liquid-permeable cover sheets are adhered to the upper and lower major surfaces of the bacterial-containing geotextile article to prevent a powdered or granular material from escaping from the geotextile during transportation and installation.

Abstract: This invention involves encapsulating an RFID device in an encapsulating material by known encapsulating processes to form a domed, encapsulated RFID tag. The encapsulating material may be translucent or opaque, flexible or hard, and has minimal effect on transmission or reception of radio frequency (RF) signals. The invention further involves a stand-off bracket, composed of one or more materials that have minimal effect on transmission or reception of RF signals, for mounting an RFID device on or near materials that impede RF transmission and reception. The encapsulated RFID tag and stand-off bracket, separately, may have an adhesive or other attachment means on one of their surfaces so that they may be adhered or otherwise attached to another surface. In one application, an encapsulated RFID tag in the 860-928 MHz range is mounted on a stand-off bracket and may be used for tracking items to which it is attached.

Abstract: A battery device includes a cathode current collector and an anode current collector. A fibrous electrode forms a structure defining a plurality of pores. A first portion of the fibrous electrode is in contact with a current collector. An electrolytic polymer is electrodeposited on the fibrous electrode to provide substantial uniform coverage of fibers forming the fibrous electrode. A plurality of electrode particles are disposed within the plurality of pores and separated from the fibrous electrode by the electrolytic polymer.

Abstract: The process according to the invention comprises: a step in which chopped filaments and discontinuous PVOH fibers are dispersed in a process water, followed by a step in which a bed is formed in a forming device by passing the dispersion over a forming cloth through which the process water is drained, the filaments and fibers being retained on said cloth, followed by a heat treatment step in a stoving device. The PVOH fibers impart rigidity to the bed of fibers being formed. This process provides a veil with a very high tensile strength for low proportions of binder.

Abstract: The chrysanthemum-shaped element is in a cylindrical shape in which folds are formed and inner surfaces of adjacent folds are bonded at their top and bottom edges. The chrysanthemum-shaped element includes (A) an element body composed of a filter medium having a filter paper and a low-melting fiber layer formed on a surface of the filter paper on the inner surface side of the folds at least at the top and bottom edges of the filter paper; and (B) bonding sections formed at the top and bottom edges on inner surfaces of the folds by heat-adhesion of the low-melting fiber layer. The low-melting fiber layer is made of a fiber having a lower melting point than that of filter paper materials that form the filter paper and/or compound fibers which contain a fiber of a lower melting point than that of the filter paper material.

Abstract: Oriented strand board (OSB), comprising a core layer and two face layers, whereby the face layers comprise an adhesive composition, wherein the adhesive composition in at least one of the face layers comprises a resin composition comprising melamine, formaldehyde, optionally urea and aromatic hydroxyl compounds, wherein the molar ratio of melamine to formaldehyde is 1:0.84.0, the molar ratio of melamine to urea is 1:0-2.0 and the molar ratio of melamine to aromatic hydroxyl compounds is 1:0-2.0. In a preferred embodiment, both the face layers and the core layer comprise the said adhesive composition. The OSB's according to the invention can meet the OSB/3 and even the OSB/4 requirements in the EN 300 standards.

Abstract: Method and systems for producing three-dimensional objects. One exemplary method, among others, includes: forming an identifiable structure within the three-dimensional object. The identifiable structure within the three-dimensional object can be detected using a non-invasive dimensional imaging device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flexible article for making up and/or caring for the nails and/or false nails, comprising at least: an adhesive layer; and at least one polymeric film obtained by evaporating the aqueous phase from an aqueous dispersion of particles of at least one film-forming polymer.

Abstract: A core material for a vacuum insulation material is produced by forming under heat a mat of inorganic fibers with an uncured, thermosetting organic binder adhered thereon into the core material while pressing the mat for at least 30 seconds such that a density of the mat increases to 150 to 400 kg/m3.

Abstract: Biodegradable polymer composites resulting from the combination of a biodegradable polymer resin with a fibrous cellulose-based aggregate. The biodegradable polymer resin in this composite is substantially biodegradable and the aggregate and/or aggregates used are from renewable natural resources and are processed to produce aggregates of varying sizes. Methods of molding the biodegradable polymer composites are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems for selective inhibition of sintering in 3D fabrication. The disclosure provides methods and systems that use selective heating arrangements to selectively sinter areas during fabrication thereby reducing waste improving efficiency.

Abstract: An acoustical and thermally absorbent chopped strand mat formed of thermoplastic bonding materials and bundles of reinforcing fibers is provided. The reinforcing fibers are preferably wet use chopped strand glass fibers (WUCS). The thermoplastic bonding materials may be any thermoplastic or thermosetting material having a melting point less than the reinforcing fiber. The chopped strand mat may be formed by partially opening the WUCS fibers and filamentizing the thermoplastic bonding materials, blending the reinforcement and thermoplastic bonding fibers, forming the reinforcement and thermoplastic bonding fibers into a sheet, and bonding the sheet. During bonding, the sheet is heated to a temperature above the melting point of the thermoplastic bonding fibers but below the temperature of the glass fibers. The melted thermoplastic bonding fibers act as a glue to hold the glass fibers in bundles. The chopped strand mat thus formed may be used as a reinforcement material in automotive applications.

Abstract: A method of making a lid for a casket comprises providing tooling configured to produce a one-piece, unitary casket lid having a crown, a pie, a rim and a header, providing settable material from which to mold the lid, molding the settable material with the tooling, permitting the settable material to set thereby producing a one-piece, unitary casket lid having a crown, a pie, a rim and a header, and adhesively applying a wood veneer sheet to at least a portion of the lid. The veneer sheet can be applied with either a membrane press or a profile wrapping machine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for forming a fire combustion modified batt. The method comprises the step of forming a blend of nonwoven and oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers into a web. The oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers are fire resistant and when blended with nonwoven fibers are relatively easily processed into a batt. A second blend of nonwoven fibers can be formed into a web and layered with the oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber web to form the batt. The fibers are bonded together with heat, resin or other bonding material and are compressed and cooled. The fire combustion modified batt is useful as fire barriers and fillers in bedding, upholstery and vehicle and aircraft seats, as insulators for apparel, appliances, walls and ducting, as barriers to separate control systems from a heat source, and as components in fire safety gear such as race driver suits and oven and welding mitts.

Abstract: A method of producing a lightweight heat resistant and insulative composite sheet, and containing glass fibers, consisting essentially of homogenized glass fiber and binder materials forming a first layer, binder material extending in a second layer on a surface of the first layer and bonded thereto, woven glass fiber facing cloth extending in a third layer on a surface of the second layer and bonded thereto so that the second layer is sandwiched between the first and third layers, binder material in all layers being cured, to integrate the layers.

Abstract: A method of making an embossed air-laid absorbent sheet includes: depositing a dry web of fibers on a foraminous support; embossing the compacted web with a laser engraved roll provided with a hard rubber embossing surface having an embossing pattern with a depth of from about 5 mils to about 100 mils. The hard rubber embossing surface is biased toward a second embossing surface selected from the group consisting of the surface of a nip roll and a foraminous web support engaging a support embossing roll. The process further includes bonding the web.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for forming a fire combustion modified batt. The method comprises the step of forming a blend of nonwoven and oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers into a web. The oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers are fire resistant and when blended with nonwoven fibers are relatively easily processed into a batt. A second blend of nonwoven fibers can be formed into a web and layered with the oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber web to form the batt. The fibers are bonded together with heat, resin or other bonding material and are compressed and cooled. The fire combustion modified batt is useful as fire barriers and fillers in bedding, upholstery and vehicle and aircraft seats, as insulators for apparel, appliances, walls and ducting, as barriers to separate control systems from a heat source, and as components in fire safety gear such as race driver suits and oven and welding mitts.

Abstract: A capacitive vacuum measuring cell includes first and second ceramic housing bodies (1, 4) joined by an edge seal (3). A thin ceramic membrane (2) is supported between first and second housing bodies (1, 4) by the edge seal (3) at a small distance from the first housing body (1) creating a reference vacuum chamber (25) therebetween. An electrically conductive material (7) coats opposing surfaces of the first housing body (1) and the membrane (2) to form a capacitor. A measurement vacuum chamber (26) is provided between the membrane (2) and the second housing body (4). A port (5) communicates with the second housing body (4) to connect the measurement vacuum chamber (26) of the measuring cell to the medium to be measured. The membrane (2) is made from an Al2O3 slurry that is sintered in a first heating step, cooled, and then reheated to smooth the membrane.

Abstract: A process for forming thermoplastic composites that uses wet use chopped strand glass is provided. Wet reinforcement fibers such as wet chopped strand glass fibers are opened by passing the fibers consecutively through a first opener, a condenser, and, optionally, a second opener. The opened reinforcement fibers are mixed with a resin and transferred to a first sheet former. The resin is preferably polypropylene fibers. An optional second sheet former may be used to form a final composite having high structural integrity. The resulting sheet may be optionally passed through a needle felting machine for mechanical strengthening. The sheet is then passed through a thermal bonder to thermally bond the reinforcement glass fibers and resin. The composite product that exits the thermal bonder can be subsequently used as a reinforcement in a molding process to produce composite articles.

Abstract: A bi-layered fire resistant (FR) nonwoven fiber batt and an associated method for manufacturing the same. The bi-layered FR nonwoven fiber batt includes a first, gray, FR layer, formed from a blend of black oxidized polyacrylonitrile (oxidized PAN), white dry polyester carrier fibers and white low-melt polyester binder fibers, and a second, white, layer, formed from a blend of white FR rayon, white dry polyester carrier fibers and white low-melt polyester binder fibers, disposed in a conforming relationship with the first, gray, FR layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are uni-layer and bi-layer FR nonwoven fiber batts formed of various blends of charring fibers such as FR treated rayon, oxygen-depleting fibers such as modacrylic fibers and nonwoven fibers such as carrier fibers and binder fibers and associated methods for forming the same. Variously, the uni-layer and bi-layer FR nonwoven fiber batts may include layers formed entirely of blends of charring fibers and nonwoven fibers, layers formed entirely of blends of oxygen-depleting fibers and nonwoven fibers and/or layers formed of blends of charring fibers, oxygen-depleting fibers and nonwoven fibers.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for producing a thin sheet of an Al—SiC composite material, which comprises the steps of: mixing aluminum powders and SiC powders to give spraying powders; and plasma-spraying the spraying powders on a graphite substrate to form a thin sheet. According to the method of the present invention, the composite material having low thermal expansion coefficient, high thermal conductivity and low density, which is suitable for use as a thermal management material for electronic devices, can be produced by a simple production process.

Abstract: A fibrous structure and method for making the fibrous structure, wherein the method includes the steps of: providing a plurality of synthetic fibers onto a forming member having a pattern of channels such that at least some of the synthetic fibers are disposed in the channels; providing a plurality of cellulosic fibers onto the synthetic fibers such that the cellulosic fibers are disposed adjacent to the synthetic fibers; and forming a unitary fibrous structure including the synthetic fibers and the cellulosic fibers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to webs made of cellulose fibers admixed with thermobonding fibers, wherein the web surfaces are sealed to a greater or lesser extent by adding thereto a binder in modest amounts. The binder is applied without any attempt to provide deep penetration of said binder into the web material. By applying the binder in the form of a foam, a minimum of binder is required to provide bonded webs exhibiting minimal linting.

Abstract: A binder is applied to particles which are then combined with fibers to bind the particles to the fibers. The particles have functional sites for forming a hydrogen bond or a coordinate covalent bond. The fibers have hydrogen bonding functional sites. The binder comprises binder molecules, the binder molecules having at least one functional group that is capable of forming a hydrogen bond or a coordinate covalent bond with the particles, and at least one functional group that is capable of forming a hydrogen bond with the fibers. A substantial portion of the particles that are adhered to the fibers may be adhered in particulate form by hydrogen bonds or coordinate covalent bonds to the binder, and the binder in turn may be adhered to the fibers by hydrogen bonds. Fibers containing particles bound by this method are easily densified.

Abstract: A fine carbon fiber having a multilayer structure having stacked cylindrical carbon sheets and a center axis having a hollow structure. The fine carbon fiber has an outer diameter of 2 to 300 nm and an aspect ratio of 10 to 15,000, and at least one cylindrical carbon sheet layer among the multiple layers is folded at an end part of the carbon fiber and continued to another cylindrical carbon sheet. The folded and continued cylindrical carbon sheets form a cylindrical structure opened at the end part.

Abstract: A method for making in a single step a multiple-ply panel comprising the steps of forming and sandwiching a raw mat assembly of resinated furnish between two sheets of green incised wood veneer, applying a layer of thermosetting high-moisture tolerant adhesive at interfaces between the green veneer and core mat, and applying pressure and heat to cure the consolidated panel assembly for a duration sufficient to secure good internal bond within the substrate panel.

Abstract: A non-woven fabric which consists of a blend 75% to 95% by weight of polypropylene based fibers and 5 to 25% by weight of polyester based fibers. The polypropylene fibers are extruded from a melt mixture of about 80 to 99% by weight polypropylene and about 1 to 20% by weight of a suitable heat stabilizer. The polyester based fibers are extruded from a melt mixture of 80% to 100% by weight polyester and 0 to 20% by weight of other stabilizers and/or fire retardants. The flame retardant compounds are added to and blended with the polyester melt prior to the extrusion of the polyester based fibers. Most preferably, the extruded polypropylene and polyester based fibers are staple fibers of between about 2 and 12 denier.

Abstract: A method comprising adding a suspension of a wood-property-enhancing substance to a wood product precursor. The suspension may be added to the wood product precursor in a production line prior to making a finished wood product. The suspension may be manufactured at a site where the wood product precursor is produced. A finished wood product may be made from the wood product precursor. An article is also described comprising a finished wood product made by adding a suspension of a wood-property-enhancing substance to a wood product precursor.

Abstract: A method of making an embossed air-laid absorbent sheet includes: depositing a dry web of fibers on a foraminous support; embossing the compacted web with a laser engraved roll provided with a hard rubber embossing surface having an embossing pattern with a depth of from about 5 mils to about 100 mils. The hard rubber embossing surface is biased toward a second embossing surface selected from the group consisting of the surface of a nip roll and a foraminous web support engaging a support embossing roll. The process further includes bonding the web.

Abstract: A method of making a lid for a casket comprises providing tooling configured to produce a one-piece, unitary casket lid having a crown, a pie, a rim and a header, providing settable material from which to mold the lid, molding the settable material with the tooling, permitting the settable material to set thereby producing a one-piece, unitary casket lid having a crown, a pie, a rim and a header, and adhesively applying a wood veneer sheet to at least a portion of the lid. The veneer sheet can be applied with either a membrane press or a profile wrapping machine.

Abstract: The female component for engaging a complementary hook component in a refastenable fastening device is capable of engaging a hook component that has flexible, resilient individual hook elements. The female component comprises at least two, and preferably three zones or layers. These include a first zone for admitting and engaging at least some of the hooks of the complementary hook component (the “entanglement” zone), a second zone for providing space for the hooks to occupy after they have been admitted by the entanglement zone (referred to as the spacing zone), and a backing adjacent to the spacing zone. The present invention also provides a fastening device having a hook fastening component and a female component that comprises the multi-layer female component of the present invention. The present invention also relates to disposable articles and more particularly to a disposable diaper having such an improved fastening device.

Abstract: The compression molded article includes an outer plastic film layer, a first plastic layer adhered to the outer plastic film layer and a second plastic layer adhered to the first plastic layer. Long fibers having a length of from 8 to 100 mm are admixed with the second plastic layer. The article is formed by compression molding.

Abstract: Composite panels and pulp, and paper products of the pulp, are produced from Arundo donax. In the fabrication of the composite panels, Arundo donax is comminuted to a suitable size, combined with a binder, and consolidated into panels that meet standards for construction and/or furniture grade panels. The Arundo donax particulates may be combined with wood particulates to produce a mixed furnish that can be used in the preparation of composite panels. Comminuted Arundo donax is treated, in conventional pulping processes, to produce a high tensile strength pulp that can be used in the production of paper. The pulp has a lighter color than wood pulp, and thereby uses less bleaching chemicals to achieve a desired whiteness. The pulp can be combined with wood pulp to produce a variety of products.

Abstract: A method of coating disc brake pads to obscure and seal minor surface imperfections, thereby reducing scrap rates. A preform of friction lining material is coated prior to molding and curing the preform and bonding the same to the backing plate to form the brake pad assembly. The preform is coated with an aqueous composition containing a solids mixture of 5-50 vol. % resin and 50-95 vol. % non-resin solids. Advantageously, the coating composition has a 5-30 vol. % solids mixture content, which solids mixture includes 15-25 vol. % resin, 0-10 vol. % powdered elastomer, 5-15 vol. % carbon black, 20-50 vol. % inorganic fillers, 5-15 vol. % organic fibers and 1-10 vol. % inorganic flake material.

Abstract: A process for the manufacturing of a board, used as a core, forming a carrying structure for decorative laminates. Particles are achieved by grinding cured, and possibly foamed, rigid, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate and/or phenolic resin so that it passes through a 2 mm screen, preferably a 1 mm screen.

Abstract: A chopped fiberglass containing laminate for fabricating sound absorbing moldable structures, such an automotive headliner is provided. The laminate includes a nonwoven fine denier thermoplastic fiber scrim, a thermoplastic barrier film on one surface and a layer of chopped fiberglass and powder adhesive on the exposed surface of the barrier film. The laminate is combined with a foam core, fiberglass layer and decorative fabric on the fiberglass layer to provide a composite having elongation exceeding 30% in both machine and transverse directions for forming the headliner. An apparatus and method for forming the laminate are so disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous method for producing a thermoplastically deformable, thin semi-finished product consisting of a thermoplastic and long reinforcement fibres. The method comprises the following steps: A. the thermoplastic fibres and reinforcement fibres are mixed in their dry state to form a mixed nonwoven, B. the mixed nonwoven is bonded by needling, C. the bonded mixed nonwoven is heated and D. pressed to form a semi-finished product on a calender or in a smoothing device.

Abstract: A laser-sinterable powder product has been prepared having unique properties which allow the powder to be sintered in a selective laser sintering machine to form a sintered part which is near-fully dense. For most purposes, the sintered part is indistinguishable from another part having the same dimensions made by isotropically molding the powder. In addition to being freely flowable at a temperature near its softening temperature, a useful powder is disclosed that has a two-tier distribution in which substantially no primary particles have an average diameter greater than 180 ?m, provided further that the number average ratio of particles smaller than 53 ?m is greater than 80%, the remaining larger particles being in the size range from 53 ?m to 180 ?m. A powder with slow recrystallization rates, as evidenced by non-overlapping or slightly overlapping endothermic and exothermic peaks in their differential scanning calorimetry characteristics for scan rates of on the order of 10° C. to 20° C.