Abstract: An apparatus for transferring a fast-running, ready-dried fibrous web from a first location to another with minimal undesirable motion is described. The apparatus includes an air foil defining a web support surface which extends substantially continuously from a first processing location to a second processing location, and includes at least two air supply channels extending substantially perpendicular to the direction of web travel across the air foil for providing flows of pressurized air between the foil and the web being, processed in the general direction of web travel. In this way, a layer of reduced static pressure is provided which stabilizes the web against undesirable motion, while the build up of dust is minimized.

Abstract: A suction box in a paper machine including a vacuum chamber, a deck or a number of substantially U-section holders open toward a wire and ribs arranged in the deck or the holders so that they can be loaded against the wire. At least in a running situation, the deck of the suction box is curved or the ribs are arranged to provide a curve run of the wire so that the wire tension of the curved run over the deck or ribs serves to lower a normal force which is produced by the vacuum present in the suction box and which is effective between the wire and the deck or ribs. A method in a suction box in a paper machine, wherein a vacuum is formed in a vacuum chamber of the suction box and, during formation of the vacuum, the deck and/or the ribs is/are pressed against the wire.

Abstract: A device for conveying and guiding a lead-in strip in a paper machine which includes a conveyor formed of an air permeable material, the conveyor having a run with opposed faces on respective sides. The lead-in strip is conveyed on a first face on a first side of the run. The device also includes a foil rib located on a second side of the run of the conveyor. The foil rib includes a foil head for producing a vacuum effect on an outlet side of the foil head in the direction of movement of the run.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of recovering energy in a forming section of a papermaking or boardmaking machine, wherein stock from a headbox is fed into a forming zone of a forming section, said forming zone including at least one looped forming fabric curving along a convex surface of a support member, and water is drained from the stock through said at least one forming fabric in the forming zone to form a paper or board web, the water passing through said at least one fabric being thrown out from the forming zone and possessing kinetic energy, characterized by placing a movable component in the water thrown out from the forming zone, so as to cause the water to move the component, and thereby recovering part of the kinetic energy. The invention also relates to an arrangement in a papermaking or boardmaking machine.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for guiding a fibrous material web, apparatus includes an elastic transfer belt arranged to transfer fibrous material web between an acceptance region and a delivery region, and a delivery element arranged to deliver fibrous material web to elastic transfer belt. During acceptance of fibrous material web from delivery element, elastic transfer belt is arranged to travel at a same speed as or at only a slightly higher speed than delivery element. An accepting element is arranged to accept fibrous material web from elastic transfer belt. During delivery of fibrous material web to accepting element, transfer belt is arranged to travel with a same speed as or with only a slightly higher speed than accepting element. Transfer belt is driven or slowed to be stretched more during delivery of fibrous material web to accepting element belt than during acceptance of fibrous material web from delivery element.

Abstract: A former for producing a tissue web and a process of making a tissue web using the former. The former includes a forming element, an inner dewatering belt, and an outer dewatering belt. The inner and outer belts converge to form a stock inlet nip. The inner and outer belts are guided over the forming element and thereafter separating from one another in the area of a separation point. At least one suction element is positioned adjacent the inner belt on a side which is opposite the outer belt. Alternatively, a conditioning device is positioned adjacent the outer belt. The process includes forming the tissue web in the area of the forming element, guiding the inner and outer belts around the forming element, and separating the inner and outer belts in the area of the separation point. Alternatively, the process includes conditioning the outer belt.

Abstract: A machine for producing a tissue web is provided, including a former having a forming region which includes at least one circulating, continuous dewatering wire having zonally variable wire permeability. Furthermore, a process for producing the tissue web in a tissue machine is provided. The process includes forming the tissue web in a forming region of a former, wherein the forming region includes at least one circulating, continuous dewatering wire having zonally variable wire permeability.

Abstract: A process arrangement for the short circulation in a paper or board machine including stock chests for component stocks, metering pumps for component stocks, cleaning devices, pumps, a headbox and a wire section as well as a system of pipes connecting these elements, together with regulation devices. After the metering pumps, the component stock flows are passed into a closed mixing volume in which the component stocks are mixed and diluted with a first dilution water flow. From this closed mixing volume, the stock is passed in a closed space by a first feed pump of the main line of the process through a screen and a centrifugal cleaner to the suction side of a second feed pump of the main line, where a second dilution water flow is passed to the stock. The second feed pump feeds the stock through a machine screen to the inlet header in the headbox.

Abstract: A paper machine and web control system for the same to be activated on web rupture, which paper machine has a double-felted press nip and a treatment unit for increasing the dry solids content of the web downstream of the press nip, the web being transferred from the press nip to the treatment unit in an open draw. The web control system has a water-application device arranged at the open draw to discharge jets of water against the upper press felt on rupture of the web so as to prevent an upstream end of the web continuing with the upper press felt, a felt-deflection device situated downstream of the press nip to bring the press felts into contact with each other downstream of the press nip on rupture of the web so as to sandwich the web between the felts, and a suction device in the loop of the lower press felt at a position between the press nip and the felt-deflection device to temporarily attach the web to the lower press felt by suction.

Abstract: Device and process for applying a liquid or paste-like medium onto a traveling material web of paper or cardboard. In the application of the application medium, the material web is transferred from a first twin wire zone to a second twin wire zone. The second twin wire zone may be more finely meshed than the first twin wire zone to reduce marking and impressions in the web. The application medium may be applied and drained from one side or from both sides of the first twin wire zone or second twin wire zone. Application devices and draining (suction) devices for the application medium may oppose each other across a twin wire zone, or be arranged in alternating fashion along a twin wire zone.

Abstract: A process for making paper with increased wet and dry strength by incorporating into the pulp suspension an ionic thermosettable resin which is the reaction product of dialdehyde and epihalohydrin, or epihalohydrin equivalent, with a copolymer containing monomer units derived by polymerization of monomers comprising acrylamide or alkyl-substituted acrylamide and diallylamine or an acid salt thereof. The paper has wet and dry strength greater than that of paper not containing the resin and has a higher repulpability index than wet strength paper that is essentially the same but contains conventional polyazetidinium ion containing wet strength resin instead of the ionic thermosettable resin.

Abstract: Device and method for handling a material web, in which the material web is guided by at least one smooth support surface and is then guided together with a porous support belt to a deflection roll includes a suction box. The suction box has a wall opposite from the porous support belt, and creates a vacuum that draws the material web from the support surface to the porous support belt. The device also includes at least one sealing element positioned near a front end, in the web travel direction, the sealing element cooperating with the porous support belt, and a vacuum zone in which the vacuum is provided. The vacuum zone adjoins a side of the porous support belt not contacting the material web and is defined between the porous support belt, the at least one sealing element, the wall of the suction box, and at its rear end, the deflection roll.

Abstract: Provided are alkenyl and/or alkyl succinimides formed from at least one alkenyl or alkyl succinic anhydride and at least one aliphatic amine having one or two primary amino groups in the molecule. These succinimides are characterized in that each alkenyl or alkyl group thereof contains in the range of 16 to 30 carbon atoms. Such group is bifurcated on its alpha carbon atom into two branches neither of which contains less than 2 carbon atoms, one such branch being free of any side chain, and the other such branch either being free of any side chain or containing at most one methyl or methylene side chain. In addition the succinimide has a viscosity at 80° C. of less than about 100 centistokes. These succinimides are especially useful as internal and external sizing agents for paper and paper products.

Abstract: An aqueous formulation of a high solid content fully functional thermosettable wet strength resin designed for use in the manufacture of paper products is disclosed. The wet strength resin is the product of reaction of an epihalohydrin and an end-capped polyaminamide polymer. The thermosetting wet strength resins are useful in the manufacture of improved absorbent paper products such as bathroom tissues, facial tissues, napkins, towels, and paperboard products such as dairy cartons and bag paper.

Abstract: A method in a paper machine for transferring a paper web from a wet wire in a former section to a pick-up fabric or an equivalent transfer fabric of a press section, including the steps of forming a pick-up point on the wet wire and separating an edge strip from at least one edge of the web prior to the pick-up point by means of at least one cutting device. The method further includes separating the web from the wet wire and passing the web onto the pick-up fabric at the pick-up point. The method also includes applying a pressure difference to the at least one edge strip through the wet wire or the pick-up fabric at or after the pick-up point to cause the at least one edge strip to either follow the wet wire or become separated from the pick-up fabric after the pick-up point and to be placed in a broke system arranged beneath the paper machine.

Abstract: A process for producing a paper web having an essentially flat basis weight cross-machine profile and for simultaneously producing an essentially flat breaking length ratio cross-machine profile. This is achieved in that the lay of the fibers is deliberately influenced with a knowledge of shrinkage behavior. Techniques for respective sectional adjustments in the cross-machine direction are described.

Abstract: Recycled paper pulp having at least two different types of paper which consume widely different amounts of bleaching chemical, or mixed hardwood and soft-wood pulps, are treated in a manner that enhances distribution and redistribution of bleaching chemical to enhance uniformity of the bleaching treatment. The pulp is intensely mixed to provide a homogenous mixture of fibrous material and bleaching chemical, and then is continuously or intermittently subjected to mechanical action (such as in low intensity mixers, or by agitating pulp in a retention tank) of sufficient intensity and duration so as to enhance distribution and redistribution of a bleaching chemical. Also, recycled pulp will have cleanliness which varies significantly over time, and this is accommodated by sensing at least one of the brightness, color, or lignin content (e.g.

Abstract: A mat containing highly machine direction oriented (90% or greater), discontinuous reinforcement fibers, is produced on inclined wire or rotary paper making machinery. Fibers are first uniformly dispersed in an aqueous medium containing thickeners and wetting agents. In one embodiment, antifoaming agents are also added to prevent floating fibers which entangle and reduce orientation. Thermoplastic fibers or particles may also be included. Stock is brought into an open headbox in a flow pattern which allows the fibers to decelerate before approaching the porous suction belt (wire). As the fibers approach the suction belt, the fibers begin to turn and align in the streamline so as to present one end toward the suction wire. The leading ends of the fibers are gripped by the moving belt which drags the fibers out of the dispersion stock in a straight line. The porous mat produced may be dried and bonded through hot air, heat and/or pressure, or chemical binders.

Abstract: A device for the moistening of a running web of material with the aid of steam includes a housing which has a treatment side facing the web of material. The treatment side includes steam exit openings. The device further includes a front side disposed at the incoming end of the treatment side. In the area of the front side, over part of its length in a direction toward the web, a projecting rail is placed over the treatment side and has a working edge that faces toward the web of material.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing a low strength sheet which involves passing the sheet under an apparatus having a width and a top surface and moving in a first direction at a rate sufficient to entrain air. The apparatus includes an airfoil adapted to extend along the top surface of the sheet. The airfoil, in turn, includes:a bottom surface adapted to extend along a portion of the top surface of the sheet;a first surface extending a first distance from the bottom surface at a first juncture;a second surface extending a second distance from the bottom surface at a second juncture; anda top surface extending from the first surface at a third juncture to the second surface at a fourth juncture. The first distance in general is less than the second distance.

Abstract: A system for combining a dilution flow with the stock flow passed from the inlet header of the headbox of a paper/board machine. The equipment comprises a valve which regulates the dilution flow and which consists of a valve housing, of a spindle, and of a flow duct placed in the spindle, which flow duct can be rotated into different regulation positions for the purpose of regulating the dilution flow departing from the valve. One end opening of the flow duct and the flow opening in the valve housing are placed in alignment with one another irrespective of the position of rotation of the spindle. The position of the other end opening of the duct placed in the spindle in relation to the flow opening in the valve housing can be regulated by rotating the spindle.

Abstract: A device for the moistening of a running web of material with the aid of stream includes a housing which has a treatment side facing the web of material. The treatment side includes steam exit openings. The device further includes a front side disposed at the incoming end of the treatment side. In the area of the front side, over part of its length in a direction toward the web, a projecting rail is placed over the treatment side and has a working edge that faces toward the web of material.

Abstract: A transfer configuration for a paper making machine, the transfer configuration being composed of: 1) a first carrier fabric having a first surface on which a fibrous web is transported to the transfer configuration at a first velocity; 2) a second carrier fabric having a second surface on which the fibrous web is transported away from the transfer configuration at a second velocity that is less than the first velocity; 3) a lengthened transfer zone that begins at a transfer shoe and terminates at a portion of a transfer head and has a machine direction oriented length ranging from about 0.

Abstract: A method and device for stabilizing the running of a paper web in a paper machine in connection with a paper guide roll, in particular between a press section and a dryer section. In the method, the paper web is passed over the paper guide roll onto a drying wire or equivalent and negative pressure (suction) in the opening nip of the paper guide roll is lowered until a transition is made to the side of positive pressure in order to press the paper web against the drying wire or equivalent. The device includes a nozzle beam and an air chamber which communicates with a blow air duct. The nozzle beam is placed at the side of the opening nip of the paper guide roll such that the blowing discharged out of a nozzle opening of the nozzle beam is directed at the opening nip in order to press the paper web against the drying wire or equivalent.

Abstract: In a method for forming a sheet from a fiber-water suspension, the fiber-water suspension is supplied on a traveling bottom wire at a first zone thereof to dewater the fiber-water suspension. Subsequently, the suspension is introduced between the bottom wire at a second zone and a top wire, and dewatering is effected. The sheet is further caused to travel around a sheet-forming roll while keeping the sheet in contact therewith by the bottom wire at a third zone thereof, and reformation of the sheet is carried out. Finally, the sheet on the bottom wire is caused to travel up to a fourth zone thereof to effect a further dewatering with a fourth dewatering device disposed adjacent to the bottom wire at the fourth zone thereof, whereby a final stage of sheet formation is carried out. An apparatus for carrying out the above method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A suspension of bacterial cellulose having a reticulated structure has been conditioned to remain in suspension when the suspension is under shear so that it may be coated on a substrate. The suspension of bacterial cellulose is homogenized and thereafter filtered to provide a bacterial cellulose component having a size no greater than 125 microns. This allows a process for applying bacterial cellulose as a coating on a substrate on a substantially continuous basis, either by roll coating or spraying. It also provides a coated product in which the bacterial cellulose is substantially uniform, taking into account the normal discontinuities of roll coating and spray coating.

Abstract: The specification discloses an improved method for drying a paper or paperboard web emerging from the press section of a papermaking machine as it traverses a dryer unit. The method comprises continuously rewetting the web across its width during the initial web drying stage when the web has a solids content of no more than about 65 wt. %. The method improves the water removal rate and decreases the shrinkage rate of the web during drying.

Abstract: This invention relates to sleeves or belts which are used in paper machines. Such structures of this type, generally, are reinforced through the use of reinforcing fibers which are oriented at an angle turned 45.degree. from the straight machine direction orientation. This arrangement aligns the individual reinforcing strands in the direction of the principal tensile stresses that exist within the sleeve or belt structure as the sleeve or belt is being rotated in the paper machine.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for drying a web of paper utilizing impulse drying techniques. In the method of the invention for drying a paper web, the paper web is transported through a pair of rolls wherein at least one of the rolls has been heated to an elevated temperature. The heated roll is provided with a surface having a low K value of less than about 3000 w.sqroot.s/m.sup.2 c and having a low porosity. The surface material of the roll is preferably prepared from a material selected from the group consisting of ceramics, polymers, glass, inorganic plastics, composite materials and cermets. The heated roll may be constructed entirely from the material having a low K value or the roll may be formed from metal, such as steel or aluminum, or other suitable material which is provided with a surface layer of a material having a low K value.

Abstract: A triple layer papermaking fabric having top and bottom fabric layers joined by a binder yarn, the top fabric layer including machine direction and cross machine direction yarns interwoven in a plain weave having an open area determined by the formula:(1-N.sub.c .times.D.sub.c).times.(1-N.sub.m .times.D.sub.m).times.100whereN.sub.c =number of Cross Machine Direction yarns per inchN.sub.m =number of Machine Direction yarns per inchD.sub.c =number of Cross Machine Direction yarnsD.sub.m =diameter of Machine Direction yarnsThe configuration of the papermaking fabric reduces or eliminates density differences in the finished paper sheet produced on it.

Abstract: A method for the production of a fibrous web having textile length fibers wherein a fiber furnish is formed by dispersion of the fibers in an unfoamed carrier medium of water and an associative thickener of ethylene oxide base urethane block copolymers or hydroxyethylcellulose ethers having a C.sub.10 to C.sub.24 alkyl side chain in an amount within the range of from about 1 to about 150 pounds of thickener per ton of dry fiber and including an anionic viscosity modifier in the range of 10 to 500 ppm. The furnish having a consistency in the range of 0.05 to 0.2 weight percent fibers is supplied to a high speed papermaking machine for forming a fibrous web. The textile length fibers may be polyester fibers being 1.5 denier and 3/4 inches. The high speed papermaking machine may be a twin-wire papermaking machine or a suction breast roll papermaking machine or a crescent former papermaking machine.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of very low density mineral wool structural panels on a moving foraminous support wire by frothing a dilute aqueous dispersion of mineral wool is disclosed. The forth, a mass of delicate, non-resilient and non-uniform bubbles among the entangled mineral wool fibers readily breaks, is stripped of water and dried without substantial loss of the highly open, porous structural configuration by a first controlled rate of maturation dewatering followed by brief pulses of high vacuum. Then the open structure is rapidly stripped of remaining water and dried by passing high volumes of heated dry air through the structure with continued vacuum. The drainage water may be recycled in the process to maintain a low level of binder and any frothing aid additions.

Abstract: A transfer apparatus is disclosed for transferring a web from a press nip to a dryer section. The apparatus includes a backing roll and a press member which cooperates with the backing roll for defining therebetween the press nip. A press blanket extends through the press nip such that the web is disposed between the blanket and the backing roll during passage of the web through the press nip. A backing drum is disposed downstream relative to the press nip such that the blanket and the web extend contiguously relative to each other from the press nip to the backing drum. A dryer felt cooperates with the backing drum such that the web is disposed between the blanket and the felt during passage of the blanket, web and felt around the backing drum and a transfer mechanism is disposed adjacent to the backing drum for transferring the web without an open draw from the blanket to the felt such that the web follows the felt through the dryer section.

Abstract: A method for forming a fabric web by wet-laying fibers on paper-making equipment, the web comprising staple length natural or synthetic fibers and optionally wood cellulose papermaking fibers and an adsorbed polymeric surface active agent. The method comprises making up an aqueous fiber furnish with a polymeric surfactant having a plurality of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groupings per molecule. The polymeric surfactant is adsorbed by the fibers and may be added to the fibers or it may be included in the aqueous carrier medium. In either case, the finished web contains and is improved by the inclusion of the polymeric surfactant.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for extracting water from a paper web in a paper making machine using a ceramic foam component. The component includes a supporting structure and a water permeable member is mounted on the supporting structure and is adapted to support a paper web. The water permeable member comprises a rigid mass of ceramic foam having a plurality of interconnected cells. The ceramic foam has an air permeability in the range of 10 to 1,000 cubic feet per square foot of surface area per minute and has a density of 5 to 100 lbs/cubic foot. When a pressure differential is applied to the permeable member to the paper web, moisture will be extracted from the web and passes through the permeable member.

Abstract: A transfer apparatus is disclosed for transferring a web from a press section to a first dryer of a dryer section. The apparatus includes a lead-in roll which is disposed closely adjacent to the press section. A felt extends around the lead-in roll and from the lead-in roll to the first dryer such that the web extends in an "open draw" from the press section to the lead-in roll and is thereafter supported by and beneath the felt towards a dryer nip defined between the felt and the first dryer. A vacuum generating device is disposed adjacent to the dryer nip such that the web and the felt are disposed between the vacuum generating device and the first dryer. The web is disposed between the felt and the first dryer, and the vacuum generating device induces a partial vacuum in the vicinity of the nip so that wrinkling and breakage of the web as the web approaches the nip is inhibited.

Abstract: A method for forming a fibrous web by wet-laying fibers on paper-making equipment, the web comprising staple length natural or synthetic fibers and wood cellulose paper-making fibers wherein a water furnish of the fibers is made up with an associative thickener in the absence of a conventional surfactant. A preferred associative thickener for use with hydrophobic fibers is a urethane block copolymer having a polyethylene glycol backbone, the associative thickener acting as both surfactant and thickener. With predominately cellulosic fibers, i.e. conventional wood cellulose fibers, or a mixture of conventional and contorted wood fibers, and synthetic cellulosic fibers, such as rayon, a hydroxyethyl cellulose having a long alkyl side chain is preferred. Excellent consistency of the water and fiber dispersion is obtained at relatively low viscosity with rapid drainage of water from the wire and uniform formation of the web.

Abstract: A dual compartment vacufoil unit for making linerboard grade or other multi-layer paper comprising a dual compartment vacufoil and a forming blade and a method of using same. The dual compartment vacufoil unit is positioned beneath the forming blade, with an upstream compartment located on the upstream portion of the forming blade evacuating air through primary paper sheet prior to application of the secondary discharge, and a downstream compartment located on the downsteam portion of the forming blade. The forming blade is positioned directly beneath the secondary pulp discharge.

Abstract: A method for controlling the addition of cationic additive materials to a paper mill slurry used to neutralize the anionic contaminants in a papermaking process is disclosed which utilizes total organic carbon measurements of samples of the slurry as an indicator of the cationic demand of the paper mill slurry. The method of the present invention discloses the discovery that measurements of the total organic carbon taken from filtered samples of the papermaking slurry correlate very well to cationic demand measurements of a papermaking slurry. Therfore, measurements of the total dissolved organic carbon content may be used to determine the desired addition rate of cationic additives in a more convenient and reliable manner than prior control measures. According to the method of the present invention, monitoring of the papermaking slurry by total organic carbon measurements as a cationic additive control parameter provides improved control of such factors as machine drainage and retention.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for assisting the transfer of a web disposed contiguous relative to a transfer felt such that the web is transferred from a lead-in roll disposed adjacent to a press section to a first dryer of a papermaking machine dryer section. The apparatus includes an intermediate support roll disposed between the lead-in roll and the first dryer such that the transfer felt is disposed between the web and the intermediate roll. A first transfer box is disposed between the lead-in roll and the intermediate roll such that the transfer felt is disposed between the web and the first transfer box. The first transfer box is oriented relative to the transfer felt such that a partial vacuum is generated between the first box and the transfer felt for drawing the web into close conformity with the transfer felt between the lead-in roll and the intermediate roll.

Abstract: A method for applying a negative pressure over a sector of an air-pervious mantle of a roll includes providing a suction chamber within the pervious roll mantle which extends over a suction sector of the roll, directing air jets away from the suction chamber at the outermost edge portions of the suction chamber, the air jets causing air currents to be ejected from the suction chamber at the outermost edge zones thereof, the air currents thereby producing air seals at the outermost edge zones of the suction chamber without the use of contact-type sealing elements and at the same time, at least partly, providing a negative pressure in the suction chamber. A suction roll includes blow nozzles for directing air jets away from the suction chamber substantially parallel to the tangent of the roll mantle proximate to the blow nozzles. The inlet sides of the blow nozzles are connected to a pressure chamber situated within the roll mantle, the pressure chamber adapted to be connected to a pressure source.

Abstract: A forming fabric for use in a papermaking machine has two warp layers and three weft layers. The three weft layers are arranged as an uppermost weft layer adapted to define a paper-web supporting surface of the fabric during use, an intermediate weft layer arranged below the uppermost weft layer, and a lowermost weft layer arranged below the intermediate weft layer to define the under-side (i.e. wear-side) of the fabric during use. The two warp layers are arranged as an upper warp layer, the warp threads of which are interwoven only with the uppermost weft layer and with the intermediate weft layer, and a lower warp layer, the warp threads of which are interwoven only with the intermediate weft layer and with the lowermost weft layer. The warp threads of the upper warp layer are exposed on the paper-web supporting surface but are not exposed on the wear-side of the fabric.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for guiding a fibrous web from a press section to a drying section, such as guiding a paper web from the press section to the drying section in a paper-making machine. The apparatus comprises a fetching roll adapted to guide the web passing from the press section onto a drying wire from the drying section passing about the fetching roll, and means for urging the web and drying wire against one another as the web is passed to the drying section, this urging means disposed between the fetching roll and the drying section in a running direction of the web and wire. The method of the present invention comprises passing the web from the press section onto a drying wire passing about a fetching roll, and urging the web and drying wire against each other as the drying wire passes from the fetching roll to the drying section.

Abstract: A security with a paper substrate which exhibits identifying marks in the form of color patterns. The color patterns are arranged in the substance of the paper substrate in such a manner that the normal structure of the fibres in the substance of the paper layer is not disturbed by the color patterns. In the manufacture of the security, the color pattern is sprayed on to the not yet completely finished non-woven fibre during the formation of the paper sheet, and is preferably sprayed on to a non-woven fibre which is then united to a second non-woven fibre.

Abstract: Web flutter is suppressed by means of one or more foils along the path of movement of the web which may be porous, such as tissue, whether creped or not, or may be substantially non-porous. For porous web, the foil may be imperforate. For non-porous web, the foil may be foraminous. As the web travels at high speed in adjacently spaced relation to the foil, surface air pressure tends to be greater on the surface of the web opposite the web surface which faces the foil, thus tending to thrust the travelling web toward the foil, and thus stabilizing web travel and suppressing tendency for the web to flutter as it travels freely between supports such as a dryer and a calender.

Abstract: A fin apparatus is transversely disposed beneath a wire to create a wave of positive pressure thereunder to urge a formed web off of the wire. The fin surface, in transverse cross-section, is a smooth convex curve that diminishes in radius toward the downstream end of the fin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for continuously shrinking a fibrous sheet containing heat-shrinkable fibers by means of a hot liquid wherein a sheet is driven by a continuous, stable film formed on the emerged surface of a series of aligned cylinders with parallel axes rotated in the direction of the advance of the sheet and partially immersed in a hot liquid without the sheet being in contact with the cylinders. The invention makes it possible to shrink uniformly and at a high speed heat-shrinkable fibers obtained from an aqueous dispersion thereof by a paper-making method.