Abstract: The wastewater treatment apparatus of present invention has an electro-coagulation unit for removing contaminants with at least one anode and at least one cathode and an electro-oxidation unit for oxidizing contaminants with at least one anode and at least one cathode wherein oxidants are electrochemically generated. Based on the type of wastewater, the apparatus can have an electro-flotation unit between the electrocoagulation unit and the electro-oxidation unit. The apparatus also has an oxidant removal unit which can have a metal ion-liberating electrode for reacting with and removing residual oxidants. In some cases, portions of effluent from the oxidant removal unit can be recirculated to the electro-coagulation unit for increased efficiency.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen using a water electrolysis system comprising at least an electrolyzer and a purifier for removing oxygen in a hydrogen gas generated in the electrolyzer. The method includes controlling a concentration of oxygen in a hydrogen gas to be introduced to the purifier to be constantly less than 0.5 volume % when the electrolyzer is operated at least under a current density of 0.5 kA/m2 or greater; and further controlling Ob/Oa to be less than 10.0, where Oa represents the concentration of oxygen in the hydrogen gas to be introduced to the purifier when the electrolyzer is operated under a current density of 2.0 kA/m2, and Ob represents the concentration of oxygen in the hydrogen gas to be introduced to the purifier when the electrolyzer is operated under a current density of 0.2 kA/m2.

Abstract: A method for depositing zinc on the surfaces of a coolant loop of a nuclear power plant includes: providing within a portion of the coolant loop a treatment solution comprising zinc and optionally one or more noble metals and/or reducing agent(s); allowing the treatment solution to remain in the portion for a treatment period; and removing the treatment solution from the portion. According to various embodiments, an average temperature of the treatment solution over the course of the treatment period is less than 150° C. or 100° C. According to various embodiments, an instantaneous temperature of the treatment solution remains below 150° C. or 100° C. throughout the treatment period. The zinc deposition treatment may be applied (1) before the plant is first put into power-generating operation or (2) during an outage following power-generating operation and optionally following a chemical decontamination to remove any oxides formed on surfaces of a coolant loop during prior power operation period(s).

Abstract: There is provided an electrochemical cell, including a cathode, an anode, and an ion exchange membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode includes a first catalyst capable of catalyzing a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, and the anode includes a second catalyst capable of catalyzing a carbonylation reaction for producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound.

Abstract: An example method for connectorizing a superconducting cable is described herein. The method can include depositing an oxide layer on a surface of a superconducting cable, electroplating a metal layer on the surface of the superconducting cable, and soldering a connector to the metal layer coated on the surface of the superconducting cable. The oxide layer allows the metal layer to adhere to the surface of the superconducting cable.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for the management and control of electrolyte within confined electrochemical cells or groups (e.g. stacks) of connected electrochemical cells, for example, in an electrolyzer. Various embodiments of systems and methods provide for the elimination of parasitic conductive paths between cells, and/or precise passive control of fluid pressures within cells. In some embodiments, a fixed volume of electrolyte is substantially retained within each cell while efficiently collecting and removing produced gases or other products from the cell.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for electroplating nickel which employ substantially sulfur-free nickel anodes. The methods may include placing a semiconductor substrate in a cathode chamber of an electroplating cell having an anode chamber containing a substantially sulfur-free nickel anode, contacting an electrolyte solution having reduced oxygen concentration with the substantially sulfur-free nickel anode contained in the anode chamber, and electroplating nickel from the electrolyte solution onto the semiconductor substrate placed in the cathode chamber. The electroplating systems may include an electroplating cell having an anode chamber configured for holding a substantially sulfur-free nickel anode, a cathode chamber, and a substrate holder within the cathode chamber configured for holding a semiconductor substrate. The systems may also include an oxygen removal device arranged to reduce oxygen concentration in the electrolyte solution as it is flowed to the anode chamber.

Abstract: A plating device comprising: a water tank into which a plating solution is poured; a tubular nozzle being disposed in the water tank and serving as an anode; a to-be-plated object being disposed in the water tank so as to be opposed to the nozzle and serving as a cathode; a direct-current power source to apply a voltage between the nozzle and the to-be-plated object; and a pump to circulate the plating solution such that the plating solution poured into the water tank passes through the nozzle and is ejected onto the to-be-plated object. A perforated plate member, which includes a through-hole having a smaller diameter than the inside diameter of the nozzle, is arranged on the inflow side of the nozzle such that the through-hole is opposed to an open region of the nozzle.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor structure, including: direct bonding a substrate to be handled with a handle substrate via a bonding layer covering the handle substrate, to form a temporary structure capable of withstanding technological steps; disassembling the temporary structure at the bonding layer to separate the substrate to be handled from the handle substrate; and a prior depositing the bonding layer onto the handle substrate and/or onto the substrate to be handled, the bonding layer including a porous material including, an inorganic matrix and organic compounds connected or not to the matrix, and the disassembling is carried out by providing a thermal budget for disassembly to the intermediate structure, the providing resulting in a spontaneous disassembly of the temporary structure occurring at the bonding layer.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for generating electric power via conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen. According to an aspect, a method includes applying super-heated steam across a catalyst surface within a catalyst chamber to generate ionized steam plasma. The method further includes forming an anode and a cathode between molecules of the ionized steam plasma. The method also includes using the anode and the cathode to generate electricity.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus for producing chlorine bleach includes an anode plate, a cathode plate spaced apart from the anode plate, one or more inner conductive plates positioned between and spaced apart from the anode plate and the cathode plate, and a sleeve surrounding the anode plate, the cathode plate, and the one or more inner conductive plates. A system for producing chlorine bleach includes, in addition to the electrolysis apparatus, a container having an opening and which is configured to hold a solution of water and salt. The system further includes a power source having a first terminal connected to the anode plate and a second terminal connected to the cathode plate. Upon connecting the anode plate and the cathode plate to the power source and inserting the electrolysis apparatus into the solution, electrolysis of the solution produces chlorine bleach.

Abstract: An electrolytic ion water generation method for generating strong electrolytic ion water having a pH value higher than a reference pH value through use of the same generation apparatus as an electrolytic ion water generation apparatus configured to generate electrolytic ion water having the reference pH value by setting an amount of raw water, which is to be supplied into a cathode chamber of an electrolytic bath, to be smaller than that of the raw water used for generating the electrolytic ion water having the reference pH value and setting generation conditions other than the amount of the raw water to the same generation conditions as those for generating the electrolytic ion water having the reference pH value. The raw water amount is set to a raw water amount calculated based on the following expression: pH=14+log[OH?].

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for plating and/or polishing wafer includes a wafer chuck, an auxiliary nozzle apparatus and a main nozzle apparatus. The wafer chuck holds and positions the wafer, moves horizontally, and rotates. The auxiliary nozzle apparatus supplies uncharged or charged electrolyte to cover the outer edge of the wafer and the wafer chuck, and the main nozzle apparatus supplies charged electrolyte to the surface of the wafer, to improve the plating and/or polishing uniformity of the outer edge of the wafer, reduce the entire electric resistance of the apparatus, and improve the plating and/or polishing rate.

Abstract: A photoelectrolysis system includes at least one photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell having at least one photoanode and at least one photocathode. A light concentrator provides concentrated light to PEC cell. The PEC cell electrolyzes the electrolyte into H2 and O2 in response to excitons generated by the concentrated light on the PEC cell. An electrolyte flow apparatus moves the electrolyte over surfaces of one or both of the photoanode and the photocathode at a flow rate that is based on one or more characteristics of the photoelectrolysis.

Abstract: An electrical brush plating system and method for metal parts wherein a motion control member and a plating bath with a plating pen includes an anode member provided with an anode plate and bristles that are mounted on the motion control member. A part to be plated is disposed within the plating bath with the bristles provided towards the surface of the part to be plated and under the control of the motion control member, the bristles perform a relative friction motion with the surface of the part to be plated. During the relative friction motion, the surface of the part to be plated is opposite to the anode plate of the anode member. The method includes the steps of mounting the plating pen and the part to be plated; electrocleaning; strong activation; weak activation and electrical brush plating. The generation of pinholes, pits and nodules are avoided.

Abstract: The invention discloses a parallel jet electrolytic process, wherein an electrolyte after being pressurized is jetted in parallel from a position at the bottom and near a surface of a cathode at a rate of 0.5-2.5 m/s into a gap between the cathode and an anode. During the production process, the pressurized electrolyte is jetted in parallel along the surface of the cathode, and the electrolyte flows from bottom to top at the cathode side and moves from top to bottom at the anode side simultaneously, which thus achieves a side cutting function on the cathode and the anode; and the side cutting flow of the electrolyte from top to bottom at the anode is able to greatly increase the settling rate of the anode slime and avoid its adhesion to the anode to form an anode slime layer. The invention also provides a parallel jet electrolytic device.

Abstract: This disclosure includes a device for producing sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid for water treatment, the device including: a cylinder for storing salt in solid form, adapted for being fed directly via a pressurized water pipe, and including one or more tubes that form one or more electrolytic chambers; one or more electrolytic cells received in the electrolytic chambers; the tubes of the cylinders being perforated to allow the contacting of the electrolytic cells with the salt-saturated water while preventing the electrolytic cells from being short-circuited by the solid salt. This produces sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid from salt-saturated water in a cylinder, connected directly to the pipe of the water to be treated without the latter being loaded with salt.

Abstract: Provided are a plating apparatus and a container bath, which have a simpler structure than a conventional system and are capable of improving uniformity of a plating thickness. The plating apparatus includes a plating tank which stores a plating liquid, an anode member arranged inside the plating tank, a plating object arranged inside the plating tank to face the anode member, a cathode jig which contacts with the plating object, and a space formed between the anode member and the plating object to be a flow passage to which the plating liquid flows from the plating tank. The plating liquid flows into the space from above relative to the space, and is sucked by a pump from below relative to the space.

Abstract: A method for producing electric power from hydrogen and hydrogen from electric power, comprising: a reversible electric power-hydrogen conversion stage comprising a fuel cell stack to produce electric power from stored hydrogen and an electrolytic cell stack to produce hydrogen from electric power; a hydrogen pressure modification stage to modify the pressure of hydrogen supplied to or produced from the reversible electric power-hydrogen conversion stage; an electric power management and conditioning stage to condition electric power from/to the reversible electric power-hydrogen conversion stage; and a management stage to differentially manage the operation of the reversible electric power-hydrogen conversion stage, the hydrogen pressure modification stage and the electric power management and conditioning stage according to whether the system produces electric power from hydrogen or hydrogen from electric power and on a user-settable operation management strategy.

Abstract: A method for production of disinfectant with active chlorine concentration in the range 0-6000 ppm from a flow through diaphragm—electrolyzer with one of the aims to reduce the volume of disinfectant for its transportation to the point of usage.

Abstract: The present embodiments are directed to systems and methods for plating of work rolls. In one embodiment, a system includes an inner tank having an inner diameter dimensioned to receive a work roll, and an outer tank, wherein the inner tank is disposed coaxially within the outer tank. The inner tank and the outer tank may each include cylindrical shapes. A temperature regulating tank, positioned outside of the outer tank, may be in fluid communication with an annular space between the inner and outer tanks. An exhaust hood having a generally ring-shaped profile including a plurality of slots formed therein may suction fumes from the inner tank. An anode configuration also is disclosed, having a shunt incorporated into the anode, wherein current going to the anode passes through the shunt.

Abstract: A system and method for applying an advanced oxidation process to a UV fluid reactor. An L-shaped electrode is connected to a UV reactor hatch and inserted into the reactor upstream from a UV radiation source.

Abstract: An electric power storage device (19) disposed on a revolving frame (6) located closer to an upstream side in a flow direction of cooling air (F) than a heat exchanger (18) is provided on an upper revolving structure (4). The electric power storage device (19) has a box-shaped casing (20) forming an outer wall and a battery module (29) provided in the casing (20) and accommodating an electrolyte. An electrolyte discharge pipe (30) for discharging an electrolyte mist and/or electrolyte injected out of the battery module (29) at abnormality of the battery module (29) to an outside of the upper revolving structure (4) is provided on the casing (20).

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for electrically lysing cells and releasing macromolecules from the cells. A microfluidic device is provided that includes a planar channel having a thickness on a submillimeter scale, and including electrodes on its upper and lower inner surfaces. After filling the channel with a liquid, such that the channel contains cells within the liquid, a series of voltage pulses of alternating polarity are applied between the channel electrodes, where the amplitude of the voltage pulses and a pulsewidth of the voltage pulses are effective for causing irreversible electroporation of the cells. The channel is configured to possess thermal properties such that the application of the voltage produces a rapid temperature rise as a result of Joule heating for releasing the macromolecules from the electroplated cells. The channel may also include an internal filter for capturing and concentrating the cells prior to electrical processing.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating water are provided. The systems and methods may utilize an electrochemical water treatment device comprising ion exchange membranes. In certain systems and methods, a concentrate stream and a dilution stream may be in fluid communication with ion exchange membranes. The ion exchange membranes may be configured to provide a ratio of a pH of the concentrate stream and a pH of the dilution stream to be less than about 1.0. In some instances, the LSI of the concentrate stream may be less than or about 1.0. In certain instances, the electrochemical water treatment device does not require a reverse polarity cycle.

Abstract: A method for solids removal in heat exchanger systems includes a first water flow path from a heat exchanger to a cooling tower and back to the heat exchanger, including: forming an additional path in parallel with the first path, wherein water flows from the heat exchanger to a UET reactor and back to the heat exchanger, and wherein the UET reactor including means for solids removal from the water using a partial electrolysis process. Optionally, the volumetric flow rate in the additional path is about 5% of the volumetric flow rate in the first water flow path.

Abstract: A method for electrochemically converting a carbon dioxide gas into expected products includes using a member reactor. In the method, a membrane reactor includes a cavity, a solid electrolyte membrane separator, a cathode, an anode, and a fuel cell is provided. A cathode electrolyte and the carbon dioxide gas are passed through the cathode, and an anode electrolyte and an anode active material are passed through the anode chamber at the same time. An electrolytic voltage is applied to decompose the carbon dioxide gas into expected products. The expected products include a hydrogen gas and an oxygen gas which are fed back to the fuel cell to generate electric power.

Abstract: An electric current is passed through an acidic solution containing one or more soluble metal salts in an electrolytic cell divided by an anion exchange membrane. The acidic solution is fed into the cathode compartment whereby the passage of electric current at sufficient voltage causes the generation of hydrogen at the cathode. This gives rise to a localized very highly polarized region at the cathode resulting in a localized effective high relative pH. This causes the metal cation species to precipitate as a hydroxide (or oxide) species and electroadsorption/electrocoagulation causes the finely precipitated hydroxide (or oxide) species to adhere to the cathode. Electrodialytic transport of the liberated acid anions across the anion exchange membrane selectively removes the acid anions. Oxygen and hydrogen ions are formed by hydrolysis as the counter-reaction at the anode. Hydrogen ions combine with the anions to regenerate sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen production unit for electrolyzing water to generate oxygen and high-pressure hydrogen (the pressure of the high-pressure hydrogen being higher than that of the oxygen), and a gas-liquid separation unit for removing water contained in the high-pressure hydrogen. The gas-liquid separation unit is placed on a hydrogen pipe for discharging the high-pressure hydrogen from the high-pressure hydrogen production unit. In addition, the water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe for transferring dewatered high-pressure hydrogen from the gas-liquid separation unit, a cooling unit, which is placed on the high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe and is capable of variably controlling the temperature of the high-pressure hydrogen to adjust the humidity of the high-pressure hydrogen, and a control unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide are disclosed. The systems involve an electrochemical cell having a cathode of anodized silver and the methods involve introducing carbon dioxide into such a system and applying a potential. The disclosed systems and methods have improved carbon monoxide production selectivity, support higher current density, and have improved efficiency in comparison to existing silver-based CO2 electroreduction devices.

Abstract: The invention discloses a hydrogen/oxygen (HHO) system containing a HHO generator and a Zeer pot which is configured to reduce a temperature inside the HHO generator by evaporation of water on a surface of the Zeer pot. The Zeer pot contains a radiator which cools an electrolytic solution for the HHO generator. The HHO system also contains a pump and a reservoir tank which is in fluid communication with the radiator to pump the electrolytic solution from the radiator back to the HHO generator, and a demister which is installed downstream of the HHO generator to remove steam from hydrogen and oxygen gas generated in the HHO generator.

Abstract: A non alpha controlled Tin including Tin and a trace amount of Polonium is utilized as a plating anode to selectively plate Tin upon a plating cathode. Tin may be selectively plated by pulse plating the non alpha controlled Tin with current control to suppress plating of Polonium upon the plating cathode. Tin may also be selectively plated by pulse plating the non alpha controlled Tin with potential control to suppress plating of Polonium upon the plating cathode. Tin may also be selectively plated by pulse and reverse plating to plate out Polonium upon a filtering cathode. Tin may also be selectively plated by plating out Polonium upon a filtering cathode within a concentrate. Tin may also be selectively plated by plating out purified Tin upon a filtering cathode, separating the purified Tin from the filtering cathode, and utilizing the purified Tin to plate Tin upon the plating cathode.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for generating gas(es). A device includes a first layer having a conductive region and an electrode, a sealing layer adjacent the first layer and having a conductive region and a multi-electrode assembly including an ionic layer with a cathode side and an opposed anode side, and a second layer adjacent the sealing layer and having a conductive region and an electrode operably associated with an isolated electrical connector, wherein the device is configured to generate the gas(es) upon application of a voltage to the electrical connector and to the conductive regions of the layers.

Abstract: A developing apparatus comprises: a photodetection unit, which emits detecting light toward the development area of the substrate to be developed within a scheduled time after the substrate to be developed is immersed into the developer solution; and a processing unit electrically coupled with the photodetection unit for determining the time interval which it takes for development to occur in the development area by means of the detecting light, and for determining that the developer solution is failed if the development time interval is determined to be out of the preset time range. A method for monitoring the developer solution is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a Fuel Augmentation Support System (“FASS”). The disclosed FASS herein is useful to support a multitude of electrolysis cell composition and designs. It provides a system which supports an uncontaminated electrolysis process via the prohibition of other elements from intermingling with the electrolytic fluid, without creating excess positive or negative pressures in a FASS operations, an example of producing gas using the electrolysis of distilled water combined with a catalyst of potassium Hydroxide will be used since it is a method to generate a combustible gas used to enhance the combustion of practically any fuel. The FASS exploits an efficient utilization of electrons generated between the electrolysis electrodes in order to produce gas and achieve it's goals.

Abstract: An electrolyte, and particularly anolyte, may be circulated via an open loop having a pressure regulator, so that the pressure in the plating chamber is maintained at a constant (or substantially constant) value with respect to atmospheric pressure. In these embodiments, a pressure regulator is in fluid communication with the anode chamber.

Abstract: Techniques disclosed herein include an electro-chemical deposition apparatus that provides an efficient circulation system, chemical management that provides reliable and uniform plating, and a configuration that provides short maintenance times and greater tool availability. Techniques include a processing tank containing an anolyte fluid, and one or more plating cells each having a catholyte fluid compartment with a circulation path that connects to a separate or remote catholyte reservoir. Thus, with such a configuration, a single pump can be used to flow catholyte (via manifolds) through one or more plating cells. Thus, with the catholyte reservoir maintained off board, instead of dumping catholyte over a weir into a reservoir, catholyte fluid—after flowing through a plating cell—is returned to the catholyte reservoir.

Abstract: A supplementary intercooler cools engine air after it has passed through the turbocharger of a vehicle's turbocharged internal combustion engine, but before it enters the engine. The unit has an inlet for capturing the turbo's air charge and an outlet for routing the air charge to the engine after passing through the intercooler. A container stores water until it is needed and a water pump transfers water from the container to the unit. This loosened bond of water is then sprayed on capacitor plates under turbo pressure to be converted into hydrogen and injected into the air intake stream making it a totally “hydrogen-on-demand” intercooler.

Abstract: A process electrolyte replenishment module adapted to replenish ions in a process electrolyte in a substrate electrochemical deposition apparatus having a first anode and a first cathode, the replenishment module having a second anode. A process electrolyte recirculation compartment is disposed in the frame configured so that the process electrolyte is recirculating between the replenishment module and the deposition apparatus. An anode compartment is coupled to the process electrolyte recirculation compartment having the second anode, that is a soluble anode, for immersion in a secondary anolyte, and having a first ion exchange membrane being a cationic member separating the secondary anolyte from the process electrolyte.

Abstract: A high differential pressure water electrolysis system includes a high differential pressure water electrolysis device, a water supply tank, a high pressure gas-liquid separator, a hydrogen outlet line, a drain line, a low pressure gas-liquid separator, a water return line, and a pressure maintaining mechanism. The drain line is to drain a liquid water separated by the high pressure gas-liquid separator. The low pressure gas-liquid separator is disposed in the drain line and has a discharge line via which a gas separated by the low pressure gas-liquid separator is to be discharged. The water return line connects the low pressure gas-liquid separator and the water supply tank. The pressure maintaining mechanism is disposed in the discharge line and configured to maintain a pressure in the low pressure gas-liquid separator to be higher than a pressure in the water supply tank.

Abstract: The leaching and precipitation of noble metals when circulating an electrolyte through a vertical cylindrical electrolytic cell comprising a fixed granular catalyst bed and a three-dimensional cathode filled with activated carbon granules are performed in the same step. Because the electrochemical leaching process and the electrochemical sorption process are performed simultaneously, the consumption of electric energy is reduced and the use of equipment becomes easy. An apparatus for extracting noble metals from inorganic granular waste catalysts comprises a vertical type electrolytic cell, conduit lines, an electrolyte circulating pump, a unit for automatically maintaining the required acidity of the electrolyte being circulated, a filter for filtering activated carbon particles from the electrolyte, control valves, and stop valves.

Abstract: In a method for reduction of a solid feedstock, such as a solid metal compound, in an electrolytic apparatus a portion of the feedstock is arranged in each of two or more electrolytic cells (50, 60, 70, 80). A molten salt is provided as an electrolyte in each cell. The molten salt is circulated from a molten salt reservoir (10) such that salt flows through each of the cells. Feedstock is reduced in each cell by applying a potential across electrodes in each cell, the potential being sufficient to cause reduction of the feedstock. The invention also provides an apparatus for implementing the method.

Abstract: In a hydrogen producing device, an electrolyte flow path between a plurality of hydrogen producing cells is disposed in a hydrogen production side and in an oxygen production side, separately. Further, an electrolyte flow path is formed through which the electrolyte flows downward from the top between the plurality of hydrogen producing cells, and on the other hand the electrolyte flows upward from the bottom within each hydrogen producing cell. Moreover, a contact point with a produced gas or an atmosphere is provided in a pathway of the electrolyte flow path.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell, its method and system is disclosed. The electrolytic cell (12) is configured, at least in one design, to recycle the catholyte to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the output solution. The cell (12) includes at least an anode chamber (39) and a cathode chamber (35). And in one design, a chamber or reservoir (31) for that serves as a source of anions and cations for the anode and cathode chambers. The outlet (38) of the cathode chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet (44) of a degassing chamber (14) and the outlet (46) of the degassing chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet (40) of the anode chamber.

Abstract: A water electrolysis system includes a water electrolysis apparatus, a low-pressure gas-liquid separator, a high-pressure gas-liquid separator, water pipe, and a decompression water supply device. The high-pressure gas-liquid separator separates the hydrogen received from a cathode of the water electrolysis apparatus and permeation water that has permeated from the anode. The water pipe connects the high-pressure gas-liquid separator and the low-pressure gas-liquid separator and is used for returning the water from the high-pressure gas-liquid separator to the low-pressure gas-liquid separator. The decompression water supply device is arranged at the water pipe and is to decompress the water discharged from the high-pressure gas-liquid separator.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are electroplating systems for electroplating nickel onto a semiconductor substrate having an electroplating cell for holding an electrolyte solution during electroplating which includes a cathode chamber and an anode chamber configured to hold a nickel anode, and having an oxygen removal device arranged to reduce oxygen concentration in the electrolyte solution as it is flowed to the anode chamber during electroplating and during idle times when the system is not electroplating. Also disclosed herein are methods of electroplating nickel onto a substrate in an electroplating cell having anode and cathode chambers, which include reducing the oxygen concentration in an electrolyte solution, flowing the electrolyte solution into the anode chamber and contacting a nickel anode therein, and electroplating nickel from the electrolyte solution onto a substrate in the cathode chamber, wherein the electrolyte solution in the cathode chamber is maintained at a pH of between about 3.5 and 4.5.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed for chlorine generation and distribution for the treatment of a pool, spa, body of water, or other water system.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing chlorine dioxide comprises an electrolysis cell having an anode and a cathode which receives sodium chlorite solution as an anolyte flow and water as a catholyte flow, a chlorine dioxide gas separator which releases chlorine dioxide gas from the anolyte flow which leaves the cell and a separator which releases hydrogen gas from the catholyte flow which leaves the cell. The anolyte and catholyte flows are recirculated from the separators to the cell.

Abstract: A wafer processing apparatus is disclosed that includes a wafer support and a processing base. The wafer support is configured to support a wafer at a processing position with respect to a processing base. The processing base includes a scroll pump oriented to pump a processing fluid in a substantially perpendicular direction with respect to the surface of the wafer when the wafer contacts the processing fluid while in the processing position. While in contact with the processing fluid, the wafer support may rotate the wafer in the processing fluid. In one embodiment, the diameter of the scroll pump is substantially the same as or greater than the diameter of the surface of the wafer being processed.

Abstract: Provided is a processing unit including a condenser, which is capable of condensing, during a plate-making process to be performed by the processing unit in a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system, a processing solution vaporized into the form of mist so as to reuse the resultant as the processing solution, and to provide a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system using the processing unit including a condenser. The processing unit includes a condenser, which is to be used for a fully automatic gravure plate-making processing system for manufacturing a plate-making roll by performing a series of processes on an unprocessed plate-making roll.