Abstract: Apparatus for producing chlorine dioxide comprises an electrolysis cell having an anode and a cathode which receives sodium chlorite solution as an anolyte flow and water as a catholyte flow, a chlorine dioxide gas separator which releases chlorine dioxide gas from the anolyte flow which leaves the cell and a separator which releases hydrogen gas from the catholyte flow which leaves the cell. The anolyte and catholyte flows are recirculated from the separators to the cell.

Abstract: An apparatus for the electrolytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases is disclosed. The apparatus comprises: (i) a first hemi-enclosure; (ii) a second hemi-enclosure; (iii) a diaphragm electrode array positioned between the first hemi-enclosure and the second hemi-enclosure comprising: (a) a diaphragm, that passes ions and impedes the passage of gases, comprising a first side and a second opposed side; (b) a first plurality of electrodes in a first vicinity of the first side of the diaphragm; and (c) a second plurality of electrodes in a second vicinity of the second opposed side of the diaphragm; (iv) a fastener, for leak-tight fastening of the first hemi-enclosure, the diaphragm electrode array, and the second hemi-enclosure, whereby a leak-tight enclosure is formed; (v) contacts, for electrically powering the first and second pluralities of electrodes, and; (vi) pathways, configured to remove hydrogen and oxygen gases from the enclosure.

Abstract: A plating apparatus includes a plating bath, an insoluble anode located in the plating bath, a plating electric power supply being capable of applying a voltage between the insoluble anode and the member to be plated, an anode-displacement mechanism being capable of moving the insoluble anode in the plating bath and of holding the insoluble anode at a predetermined position in the plating bath, and a controller having an anode-position controller being capable of generating a control signal for controlling an action of the anode-displacement mechanism and of outputting the control signal to the anode-displacement mechanism.

Abstract: A system for electroplating a rotogravure cylinder out of a plating solution having a concentration of copper ions wherein the cylinder is connectable to a current source is provided. The system includes a plating apparatus configured to copper plate the cylinder comprising a non-dissolvable anode, a plating tank configured to receive the cylinder, a controller configured to control operation of the apparatus, and a tube for delivering a mixture of a hardener and the plating solution to the plating tank.

Abstract: Method for treating sewage, comprising at least one step of electrolytically treating sewage, an energy transfer step comprising at least one selected in the group comprising: a temperature raising treatment, an ultrasound treatment. The electrolytic treatment and energy transfer steps determining the dissociation from the sewage of gas comprising nitrogen. Further, the method comprises a step of separating gases comprising nitrogen from the mass of sewage.

Abstract: The embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods and apparatus for promoting bubble-free circulation of processing fluids in a recirculation system. Certain disclosed techniques involve passive, mechanical valve designs that promote variable resistance to flow in a drain. Other techniques involve automated flow control schemes that utilize feedback from flow meters, level sensors, etc. to achieve a balanced and bubble-free flow. The disclosed embodiments greatly reduce the incorporation of gas into a processing fluid, in particular as the processing fluid returns from a processing cell to a reservoir.

Abstract: In a process for chlorine-alkali electrolysis, use is made of an oxygen depletion cathode. The process is run with a high excess of oxygen. The oxygen needed for this is provided for a device of the gas separation, for example a VPSA plant or an air fractionation plant. The large quantities of oxygen produced lead to considerable costs of the process. According to the invention, the oxygen-rich atmosphere remaining after passing through the process is fed back into the device for gas separation as input gas. The device the gas separation is therefore operated with an oxygen-rich input gas and therefore produces a larger quantity of oxygen-rich gas, which in turn is fed to the oxygen depletion cathode. As a result of the circulation of the gas, the economy of the overall process is increased considerably.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system comprising an absorber; the absorber being operative to extract carbon dioxide from a flue gas stream to form a carbon capture solution that is rich in carbon dioxide; and an electrolytic cell disposed downstream of the absorber; where the electrolytic cell is operative to reduce carbon dioxide present in the carbon capture solution. Disclosed herein too is a method comprising discharging a flue gas stream from a flue gas generator to an absorber; contacting the flue gas stream with a carbon capture solution; extracting carbon dioxide from the flue gas stream to form a carbon dioxide rich carbon capture solution; discharging the carbon dioxide rich carbon capture solution to an electrolytic cell; and reducing the carbon dioxide to a hydrocarbon in the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A plating apparatus for plating a surface of a substrate includes a plurality of plating tanks for holding a plating solution therein, a plurality of pumps combined respectively with the plating tanks, for circulating the plating solution through the plating tanks, a plurality of suction pipes connecting respective suction ports of the pumps to the plating tanks, respectively, and a plurality of discharge pipes connecting respective discharge ports of the pumps to respective different ones of the plating tanks from the plating tanks which are connected to the suction ports of the pumps. The plating tanks and the pumps are connected in series with each other.

Abstract: An electrolyte electrolyzer adapted to create hydrogen and oxygen from electrolyte fluid at or near atmospheric pressure. The electrolyzer is comprised in a preferred form of a plurality of cells which collectively create oxygen and hydrogen chambers separated by an ion permeable membrane. The electrolyzer is further defined by a passive electrode that is electrically interposed between a charged anode and cathode. The chambers defined by the cells are in communication with oxygen and hydrogen supply lines to transfer the hydrogen gas from the unit.

Abstract: An electrolyte, and particularly anolyte, may be circulated via an open loop having a pressure regulator, so that the pressure in the plating chamber is maintained at a constant (or substantially constant) value with respect to atmospheric pressure. In these embodiments, a pressure regulator is in fluid communication with the anode chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an ammonium peroxydisulfate or alkali metal peroxydisulfate, to an undivided electrolytic cell which is composed of individual components, and to an electrolytic device composed of a plurality of said electrolytic cells.

Abstract: The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant. The method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. The second product may be removed from the second region and introduced to a secondary reactor. The method may include forming the recycled reactant in the secondary reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a Fuel Augmentation Support System (“FASS”). The disclosed FASS herein is useful to support a multitude of electrolysis cell composition and designs. It provides a system which supports an uncontaminated electrolysis process via the prohibition of other elements from intermingling with the electrolytic fluid, without creating excess positive or negative pressures in a FASS operations, an example of producing gas using the electrolysis of distilled water combined with a catalyst of potassium Hydroxide will be used since it is a method to generate a combustible gas used to enhance the combustion of practically any fuel. The FASS exploits an efficient utilization of electrons generated between the electrolysis electrodes in order to produce gas and achieve it's goals.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments relate to methods and apparatus for immersing a substrate in electrolyte in an electroplating cell under sub-atmospheric conditions to reduce or eliminate the formation/trapping of bubbles as the substrate is immersed. Various electrolyte recirculation loops are disclosed to provide electrolyte to the plating cell. The recirculation loops may include pumps, degassers, sensors, valves, etc. The disclosed embodiments allow a substrate to be immersed quickly, greatly reducing the issues related to bubble formation and uneven plating times during electroplating.

Abstract: A method for operating a water electrolysis system includes determining whether or not a water electrolysis apparatus is shut down. The water electrolysis system includes the water electrolysis apparatus, a water circulation apparatus, and a gas-liquid separation apparatus. The water electrolysis apparatus includes power feeders provided on an anode side and a cathode side of an electrolyte membrane. The water electrolysis apparatus generates oxygen on the anode side and generates hydrogen on the cathode side at a higher pressure than a pressure of the oxygen by electrolysis of water. Pressure on the cathode side is released when it is determined that the water electrolysis apparatus is shut down. The water circulation apparatus is operated until a concentration of hydrogen remaining on the anode side is a specified value or less under a condition in which a release of pressure on the cathode side is completed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device for single-sided electrolytic treatment of a flat substrate. The device comprises a bath for electrolytic fluid and conveying means for conveying the flat substrate in a conveying direction at the free surface of the fluid in the bath, with the flat substrate being horizontally oriented such that the underside of the flat substrate makes contact with the free surface of the fluid in the bath. The conveying means comprise two conveying elements disposed opposite each other, which extend along two respective conveying paths, which conveying paths each comprise an electrolytic part, which electrolytic parts extend on two opposite longitudinal sides of the bath.

Abstract: A hydrogen producing cell of the present invention is provided with an electrolyte supply hole, an electrolyte discharge hole, a first hydrogen circulation hole and a second hydrogen circulation hole respectively penetrating a housing. In disposing the hydrogen producing cell, the electrolyte supply hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte discharge hole, the first hydrogen circulation hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte supply hole, and the second hydrogen circulation hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte discharge hole. By this configuration, it is possible to considerably reduce the length of a pipe and the number of manifolds concerning the electrolyte and hydrogen, and to link the hydrogen producing cells with one another simply and rationally.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation reactor is provided for treating waste water and removing contaminants therefrom. The reactor is typically a six-sided rectangular water-tight housing which has an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe. There are a multiplicity of charged plates located parallel to one another within the housing. Adjacent plates are typically oppositely charged and water will pass between the plates as it flows through the reactor. The electric field between the plates will help encourage coagulation of waste matter which then may be removed from the waste water downstream of the electrocoagulation reactor.

Abstract: This is an electrolytic apparatus and process for the production of Hypochlorous Acid (HClO) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in a closed-loop arrangement. A brine solution in an electrolyzer cell is subjected to an electric current, causing HClO and/or NaOH to be produced in water circulated through the cell. The produced solution is recirculated through the cell as its chemical properties are monitored by a sensor, connected by a controller which controls a recirculating pump and the electric current, until the sensor indicates that the concentration of the solution has reached a desired value, and the controller stops the process.

Abstract: A method and electrochemical cell for recovery of metals is provided, where the electrochemical cell includes an anode disposed in an anodic chamber, a cathode disposed in a cathodic chamber, an ion-conducting separator disposed between the anode and the cathode to physically separate the anodic and cathodic chambers, a basic pH anolyte containing a sacrificial reductant disposed within the anodic chamber, an acidic pH catholyte containing metal ions disposed within the cathodic chamber, and an electrical connection between the anode and the cathode. The method includes applying a voltage or an electrical current to an electrolytic cell across the cathode and the anode and is sufficient to reduce the metal ions to form an elemental metal species at the cathode, and to oxidize the sacrificial reductant at the anode.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating an acid or base, e.g. for chromatographic analysis of anions. For generating a base the method includes the steps of providing a cation source in a cation source reservoir, flowing an aqueous liquid stream through a base generation chamber separated from the cation source reservoir by a barrier (e.g. a charged membrane) substantially preventing liquid flow while providing a cation transport bridge, applying an electric potential between an anode cation source reservoir and a cathode in the base generation chamber to electrolytically generate hydroxide ions therein and to cause cations in the cation source reservoir to electromigrate and to be transported across the barrier toward the cathode to combine with the transported cations to form cation hydroxide, and removing the cation hydroxide in an aqueous liquid stream as an effluent from the first base generation chamber. Suitable cation sources include a salt solution, a cation hydroxide solution or cation exchange resin.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are electroplating apparatuses for electroplating metal onto a semiconductor wafer which may include an electroplating cell, an electrolyte circulation system connected to the cell for circulating electrolyte to and from the cell, first and second sampling ports for taking first and second sample of electrolyte at first and second locations in the apparatus, and one or more liquid particle counter modules, connected to the first and second sampling ports, for measuring particle concentration in the electrolyte. Also disclosed herein are methods for reducing particle concentration in an electrolyte present in an electroplating apparatus which may include determining an approximate particle concentration using a liquid particle counter module and modifying the operation of the electroplating apparatus to reduce particle concentration in the electrolyte.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuous simultaneous electroplating of two metals having substantially different standard electrodeposition potentials (e.g., for deposition of Sn—Ag alloys) comprises an anode chamber for containing an anolyte comprising ions of a first, less noble metal, (e.g., tin), but not of a second, more noble, metal (e.g., silver) and an active anode; a cathode chamber for containing catholyte including ions of a first metal (e.g., tin), ions of a second, more noble, metal (e.g., silver), and the substrate; a separation structure positioned between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber, where the separation structure substantially prevents transfer of more noble metal from catholyte to the anolyte; and fluidic features and an associated controller coupled to the apparatus and configured to perform continuous electroplating, while maintaining substantially constant concentrations of plating bath components for extended periods of use.

Abstract: An electrolyte, and particularly anolyte, may be circulated via an open loop having a pressure regulator, so that the pressure in the plating chamber is maintained at a constant (or substantially constant) value with respect to atmospheric pressure. In these embodiments, a pressure regulator is in fluid communication with the anode chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for electroplating metal onto substrates are disclosed. The electroplating apparatus comprise an electroplating cell and at least one oxidization device. The electroplating cell comprises a cathode chamber and an anode chamber separated by a porous barrier that allows metal cations to pass through but prevents organic particles from crossing. The oxidation device (ODD) is configured to oxidize cations of the metal to be electroplated onto the substrate, which cations are present in the anolyte during electroplating. In some embodiments, the ODD is implemented as a carbon anode that removes Cu(I) from the anolyte electrochemically. In other embodiments, the ODD is implemented as an oxygenation device (OGD) or an impressed current cathodic protection anode (ICCP anode), both of which increase oxygen concentration in anolyte solutions. Methods for efficient electroplating are also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus including at least one electrolytic cell having at least one electrode compartment structured to contain a liquid electrolyte and a plurality of electrically conducting particulates forming a particulate bed, at least one reaction region structured to support electrochemical reactions, at least one collection region structured to facilitate collection of electrically conducting particulates, at least one feeding region structured to facilitate input of electrically conducting particulates, at least one actuation module arranged substantially outside of the at least one reaction region of relevance for the electrochemical modifications.

Abstract: Control systems for use of electrolysis solutions for automated recirculating or single-pass cleaning systems, such as clean-in-place (CIP) applications are disclosed. Control systems and methods for using automated chlorine output solutions for various cleaning applications are measurable over broad pH ranges. The control systems generate consistent and predictable electrolytic solutions and include a measurement system that identifies chlorine oxyanion concentration across broad ranges of pH, overcoming the sensitivity of chlorine monitors to pH and permitting use of the control systems to control cleaning systems.

Abstract: Provided are a substrate plating apparatus and a substrate plating method. In the substrate plating apparatus, a substrate support member supports a substrate to allow a plating surface to look up. A plating solution containing positive ions dissolved from a positive electrode is supplied from a plating solution supply member onto the substrate at an upper side of the substrate support member. A plating bath surrounds the substrate support member. The substrate support member is rotated in a state where it is immersed into the plating solution and an additive. The substrate can be supported by the substrate support member without reversing the substrate. Also, a pattern defect due to bubbles generated during a plating process can be prevented.

Abstract: There is provided an automated electrochemical device for generating a biocidal output solution, said device comprising: a flow-through electrochemical cell comprising an anodic chamber and a cathodic chamber for electrolysing an electrolyte to generate an anolyte solution and a catholyte solution; characterised in that the device further comprises: (i) a reservoir for storing catholyte; and (ii) a hydraulic circuit for recirculating catholyte from the reservoir to the anolyte on start-up of the cell, wherein input of catholyte of a compensating strength to the cell anodic chamber, is arranged so as to optimise the cell anolyte pH to produce a stable output solution at the start of the electrolysis process.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems and methods for electrocoating a part are presented herein. According to one embodiment, an electrocoating system comprises a tank, a pump in fluid communication with the tank, and an external anode positioned outside of the tank. The external anode is a substantially membrane-free metal pipe configured to provide an electric charge to a fluid for electrocoating a part. The system may further comprise one or more internal nozzles positioned inside of the tank to direct an electrically charged fluid from the pump into the tank for electrocoating a part. In addition, the system may further comprise one or more external nozzles positionable outside of the tank to direct an electrically charged fluid from the pump to one or more selected areas of a part positioned for electrocoating outside of the tank.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrolysis method and electrolysis apparatus (10) for producing oxygenated and hydrogenated fluid. The apparatus (10) comprises first and second outer end members (12 and 14), both being of polyethylene and at least two spaced apart permeable electrodes (16 and 18). The permeable electrode (16 and 18) are each of a foraminous or perforated material, such as nickel foam sheet material. The two permeable electrodes (16 and 18) are arranged generally parallel to one another and are relatively closely spaced from one another. An inlet chamber (20) is therefore defined between the first and second permeable electrodes (16 and 18). A first oxygenated fluid collection chamber (22) is disposed between the first permeable electrode (16) and the first end member (12) and a second hydrogenated fluid collection chamber (24) is disposed between the second permeable electrode (18) and the second end member (14).

Abstract: An odor treatment device for septic tanks, including an electrolytic oxidation module that has one or multiple electrode sets and processes odor precursors or organic matters that cause odor from organic wastewater and excretion flow inside by an electrolytic oxidation reaction; a supply line through which the excretion is supplied from a septic tank to the electrolytic oxidation module; a circulation line through which the organic wastewater and excretion with the odor precursors and organic matters processed by the electrolytic oxidation module are circulated back to the septic tank; a circulation pump that is disposed in the supply line and continuously circulates the organic wastewater and excretion; a direct current power supply unit that supplies direct current to the electrode sets of the electrolytic oxidation module; and a pump power supply unit that supplies power to the circulation pump.

Abstract: An electrolytic device for the generation of hypohalous acid in aqueous solutions includes at least a single liquid chamber for receiving an aqueous solution containing halide ions therein, the single liquid chamber having an exterior wall and a solid anode contained within to provide for the oxidation of the halide ions, which, in turn, provides for the formation of hypohalous acid in aqueous solution, and a gas permeable cathode forming a portion of the exterior wall of the single liquid chamber, the cathode providing for the reduction of oxygen to provide hydroxyl ions in solution within the single liquid chamber to mix with the products generated at the anode. An embodiment of the electrolytic device including an anolyte chamber and a catholyte chamber separated by an ionomeric membrane is also described, whereby the anolyte chamber further includes an outlet including a pH control for determining and regulating the pH of the exiting anolyte effluent to between about 4 and 9.

Abstract: In a process for the operation of copper electrolysis cells including a plurality of anode and cathode plates arranged vertically and parallel to each other, a longitudinal electrolyte inflow and an electrolyte outflow, the electrolyte is injected via the electrolyte inflow horizontally and parallel to the electrodes in each electrode gap always at the height of the lower third of the electrodes at a speed of from 0.3 to 1.0 m/s, with the cathode plates being arranged stationarily relative to the inflow direction. As a result, an optimized flow guidance of the electrolyte with regard to the electrodes is achieved, resulting in an increase in the limiting current density.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a sulfur-based reactant. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. An additional step of the method may include removing the second product and an unreacted sulfur-based reactant from the second region and recycling the unreacted sulfur-based reactant to the second region.

Abstract: The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant and at least one of an alkane, haloalkane, alkene, haloalkene, aromatic compound, haloaromatic compound, heteroaromatic compound or halo-heteroaromatic compound. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region.

Abstract: Methods and systems for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to organic products including formate and formic acid are provided. A system may include an electrochemical cell including a cathode compartment containing a high surface area cathode and a bicarbonate-based catholyte saturated with carbon dioxide. The high surface area cathode may include an indium coating and having a void volume of between about 30% to 98. The system may also include an anode compartment containing an anode and an acidic anolyte. The electrochemical cell may be configured to produce a product stream upon application of an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: Provided are an electrolyzing unit (electrolyzing device 1) that electrolyzes a sulfuric acid solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 75 to 96% by weight to generate peroxosulfuric acid, a gas-liquid separation unit (gas-liquid separation tank 10) that subjects the sulfuric acid solution thus electrolyzed to gas-liquid separation, a circulation line 11 that causes a portion of the sulfuric acid solution subjected to gas-liquid separation in the gas-liquid separation unit to circulate between it and the electrolyzing unit, a supply line 20 that supplies a portion of the sulfuric acid solution subjected to gas-liquid separation in the gas-liquid separation unit to an application side (single-wafer cleaning device 100), and a heating unit 22 that is provided in the supply line 20 and heats the sulfuric acid solution to 120 to 190° C.

Abstract: Electrolyzed water producing method and apparatus are provided which are capable of producing electrolyzed water having a desired property irrespective of the quality of raw water supplied and the like while allowing the size and weight of the apparatus and the cost to be reduced by limiting the capacity of an electrolysis power source. The electrolyzed water producing method includes: circulating an aqueous electrolyte solution to a first electrolytic chamber of a pair of electrolytic chambers opposed to each other across an intervening ion permeable diaphragm while supplying raw water to the second electrolytic chamber; and applying a predetermined voltage to a pair of electrodes disposed in the respective electrolytic chambers with the diaphragm intervening there between, to electrolyze the raw water and the aqueous electrolyte solution, thereby producing electrolyzed water in the second electrolytic chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing reducing water that maintains a neutral range of pH and exhibits superior reducing force. The apparatus for producing reducing water includes an electrolytic bath including a cathode chamber provided with a cathode, an anode chamber provided with an anode, and an intermediate chamber interposed between the cathode chamber and the anode chamber, wherein the cathode chamber and the intermediate chamber are provided with an inlet through which water is supplied, and an outlet through which water is discharged, a cation exchange membrane is provided between the cathode chamber and the intermediate chamber, and the intermediate chamber includes a cation exchange resin that dissociates hydrogen ions when the cation exchange resin reacts with water.

Abstract: Disclosed is a surface treatment apparatus including one of a positive electrode member and a negative electrode member to be electrically connected to a treatment-object article made of metal and having an annular treatment-object area in an outer circumferential face thereof, a frame member having a non-conductive inner circumferential face opposed with a gap to the outer circumferential face and to the annular treatment-object area, a non-conductive elastic seal member capable of forming an electrolysis solution path along the annular treatment-object area by sealing the gaps between portions of the outer circumferential face opposed to each other across the annular treatment-object area and the inner circumferential face, the other one of the positive electrode member and the negative electrode member having a bar-like shape with a leading end portion that protrudes into the electrolysis solution path toward the treatment-object article, and an electrolysis solution circulating means for circulating an am

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recycling educt-containing process gas (residual gas) in electrochemical processes with at least one gas diffusion electrode while using a gas jet pump for directly reintroducing the residual gas in the electrochemical process.

Abstract: A plating apparatus with direct electrolyte distribution system, including one or more of the following: an electrolyte tank; an electrolyte distribution compartment within the electrolyte tank, the electrolyte distribution compartment for containing electrolyte, the electrolyte distribution compartment having a first side and a second side; a pump having a fluid connection to the electrolyte distribution compartment for applying pressure to the electrolyte; a plurality of nozzles connected to the first side of the electrolyte distribution compartment, the electrolyte being forced through the plurality of the nozzles from the electrolyte distribution compartment to a part to be plated when the pump applies pressure to the electrolyte in the electrolyte distribution compartment; an electrolyte collection compartment within the electrolyte tank, the electrolyte collection compartment being in fluid communication with the electrolyte distribution compartment; and a removable screen between the electrolyte collec

Abstract: The electrolytic cell of the preferred embodiment includes an electrode pair and a cavitating jet. The electrode pair includes a cathode electrode and an anode electrode and defines an electrical path between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode. The cavitating jet, which is located along the electrical path between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode, functions to cavitate a fluid, such as water. The electrode pair and the cavitating jet cooperate to initiate a plasma state in the water. The water in the plasma state acts a virtual electrode with a higher current density than the cathode electrode and/or anode electrode. The plasma virtual electrode, through thermolysis and/or electrolysis, produces hydrogen.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an apparatus and a method for recovery of valuable metals. The apparatus includes an electrolytic chlorine producing bath, a dissolution bath disposed at a rear side of the electrolytic chlorine producing bath to perform leaching of a valuable metal content, a gas supplier connected to the dissolution bath to supply a carrier gas, a collection bath disposed at the rear side of the dissolution bath to collect a volatile material, a separation bath separating and purifying a leaching reactant generated in the dissolution bath, and chlorine and sodium hydroxide recirculation lines connecting the electrolytic chlorine producing bath, the dissolution bath and the separation bath. The apparatus permits recovery of valuable metals according to characteristics of the valuable metal, and the chlorine and sodium hydroxide recirculation lines of the apparatus provides optimized recovery rate and efficiency, thereby realizing economic feasibility.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to an electrochemical reactor (1, 13), in particular but not exclusively for vatting sulphur dye or vat dye as well as to methods of using such a reactor and to uses of such a reactor.

Abstract: A low-voltage, low-energy electrochemical system and method of removing protons and/or producing a base solution comprising hydroxide and carbonate/bicarbonate ions, utilizing carbon dioxide in a cathode compartment that is partitioned into a first cathode electrolyte compartment and a second cathode electrolyte compartment such that liquid flow between the cathode electrolyte compartments is possible, but wherein gaseous communication between the cathode electrolyte compartments is restricted. Carbon dioxide gas in one cathode electrolyte compartment is utilized with the cathode electrolyte in both compartments to produce the base solution with less that 3V applied across the electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus for establishing more uniform deposition across one or more faces of a workpiece in an electroplating process. The apparatus employs eductors in conjunction with a flow dampener member and other measures to provide a more uniform current distribution and a more uniform metal deposit distribution as reflected in a coefficient of variability that is lower than conventional processes.

Abstract: A process electrolyte replenishment module adapted to replenish ions in a process electrolyte in a substrate electrochemical deposition apparatus having a first anode and a first cathode, the replenishment module having a second anode. A process electrolyte recirculation compartment is disposed in the frame configured so that the process electrolyte is recirculating between the replenishment module and the deposition apparatus. An anode compartment is coupled to the process electrolyte recirculation compartment having the second anode, that is a soluble anode, for immersion in a secondary anolyte, and having a first ion exchange membrane being a cationic member separating the secondary anolyte from the process electrolyte.