Abstract: An anodization apparatus for anodizing the surface of a semiconductor substrate by supporting the semiconductor substrate between a pair of electrodes in an electrolytic solution and applying a voltage across the pair of electrodes. The anodization apparatus includes an elastic sealing member for supporting a peripheral portion of the semiconductor substrate such that a surface portion of a semiconductor substrate remains exposed, a support jig which includes a tapered hollow portion for supporting the sealing member, and a device for introducing a fluid of gas or liquid into the tapered hollow portion. When the fluid is introduced, the sealing member is pressed against and brought into hermetic contact with the tapered hollow portion and with the entire peripheral portion of the semiconductor substrate such that the electrolytic solution is separated into electrically isolated parts by coordination between the semiconductor substrate, the sealing member, and the support jig.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus and process for recovering metal from a solution. This apparatus is a structure having an anode formed from a plurality of reducing metal elements and a cathode formed from a high surface area electrically conductive material such as metal wire. The reducing metal elements of the anode have a more negative standard state reduction potential than the metal to be recovered. This invention is also a process in which a metal is recovered by contacting a solution of a metal to be recovered with the apparatus of the invention.

Abstract: A process and system for removing trace amounts of oxygen as an impurity in inert gases is disclosed. The process and system involve an electrochemical cell containing an oxygen ion transporting, solid state metal oxide electrolyte having a high thermodynamic potential and having only one thermodynamically stable valence state for the metal ion component of the electrolyte. The electrolyte is coated with a perovskite anode and a metallic cathode. Operation is conducted at high voltages, e.g., 1.5 volts and above, at elevated temperatures. Purification of inert gases to an oxygen content of about 1 ppm is readily achievable.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus includes a casing having a large opening at the bottom, a substrate being electroplated in the casing, a plating solution injector penetrating through an upper part of the casing for introducing a plating solution into the casing, an exhaust port penetrating through an upper part of the casing for draining the plating solution, a vertically movable substrate stage disposed beneath the casing for holding the substrate and having an opening smaller than the substrate, and a spin chuck for carrying the substrate to the substrate stage. In this apparatus, initially, the substrate is put on the spin chuck. Then, the substrate stage moves up and closes the casing from the bottom, and the substrate is electroplated in the casing. After the electroplating, the substrate stage moves down, and the substrate is transferred to the spin chuck. Automatic transfer of the substrate is possible using a uniaxial robot that moves only in the vertical or horizontal directions.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus positively biases an anode with respect to a work dipped in an electrolyte in an electrolysis vessel for depositing metal on the work, and an inert ambience is created over the electrolyte so that the electrolyte is never oxidized.

Abstract: There are provided a gaseous-diffusion electrode which can exhibit sufficient gas-supplying ability and gas-discharging ability and an excellent durability even when partly immersed in an electrolysis solution; and an electrochemical reactor using the gaseous-diffusion electrode. A porous membrane 15 which is permeable to gas but not to an electrolysis solution is fixed to the surface of the gaseous-diffusion layer 13 of a gaseous-diffusion electrode 11 obtained by joining a reaction layer 12 supporting a catalyst metal and a gaseous-diffusion layer 13 to each other, so as to cover the surface of the gaseous-diffusion layer 13. When a gas passageway member 17 serving as gas passageway to the gaseous-diffusion layer 13 is inserted between the surface of the gaseous-diffusion layer 13 and the porous membrane 15, the gas-supplying ability and the gas-discharging ability becomes greatly improved.

Abstract: A polarographic electrochemical cell for the measurement of oxygen in ppb. The cathode in the system is a non-depleting carbon polytetrafluoroethylene electrode catalytically specific for oxygen reduction. The anode is a composite nickel matrix. The reaction at the anode is an electrochemical oxidation reaction but there are no soluble byproducts that contaminate the electrode. The reaction at the anode is a simple oxidation, state-of-change of the nickel in the nickel composite matrix.

Abstract: This invention discloses cross-flow electrochemical reactor cells containing oxygen permeable materials which have both electron conductivity and oxygen ion conductivity, cross-flow reactors, and electrochemical processes using cross-flow reactor cells having oxygen permeable monolithic cores to control and facilitate transport of oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas stream to oxidation reactions of organic compounds in another gas stream. These cross-flow electrochemical reactors comprise a hollow ceramic blade positioned across a gas stream flow or a stack of crossed hollow ceramic blades containing a channel or channels for flow of gas streams. Each channel has at least one channel wall disposed between a channel and a portion of an outer surface of the ceramic blade, or a common wall with adjacent blades in a stack comprising a gas-impervious mixed metal oxide material of a perovskite structure having electron conductivity and oxygen ion conductivity.

Abstract: An electrical apparatus is provided for the conversion of compounds, elements, or mixtures which are in particulate form, into new compounds, elements or mixtures in gaseous, liquid, or particulate form. In a reaction chamber, particulates are mechanically transported into a first region of high electric field, where they acquire a charge and are projected into a second region in which a low-density plasma is maintained. Energetic plasma ions strike the surfaces of the particulates, causing chemical reactions and release of both neutral and ionic products species. Charge exchange on particulates causes the reduced-size particles to fall back into the first region, where the charging recurs and the cycle is repeated. Gaseous and particulate products are removed from the chamber. In one application, naturally-occurring ores may be reduced by a methane plasma; in another, coal may be converted in a methane plasma to intermediate range hydrocarbons.

Abstract: An oxygen sensor for measuring oxygen in the ppb range. The sensor comprises an electrochemical cell. The oxygen is metered to the cathode based on gaseous phase diffusion to provide a measurement proportional to volumetric concentration. Hydrogen is metered to the anode in an amount in excess of the oxygen being reduced at the cathode. A current is generated which is linear to the volumetric concentration of the oxygen in the sample gas. The concentration of the oxygen is measured based on the current generated.

Abstract: An electrolytic ozone generating apparatus comprising a closely adhered electrode structure of(i) an anode composed of an electrically conductive porous material carrying an ozone generating catalyst,(ii) a perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid ion-exchange membrane which is a solid electrolyte, and(iii) a cathode composed of a gas electrode carrying a catalyst, andmeans for supplying an oxygen-containing gas to the cathode side,wherein the gas electrode as the cathode has a hydrophilic property and a hydrophobic property and carries a catalyst unevenly distributed therein at the ion-exchange membrane side, and a process for generating ozone using the apparatus. The electrolysis is conducted while supplying an oxygen-containing gas to the cathode side.

Abstract: A novel continuous process and system are provided for the production of chlorine dioxide at favorable economics and high efficiency. The process involves effecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution of alkali metal chloride, in an electrolysis zone, to form an aqueous solution of alkali metal chlorate having a chlorate ion concentration of about 400 to about 1,200 g/L, and a chloride ion concentration of about 90 to about 120 g/L, gaseous hydrogen and water vapor. Hydrogen is conducted to a hydrogen chloride synthesis system where it reacts with chlorine gas, (recycled, as well as make-up,) to yield hydrogen chloride gas which is quenched with water to provide hydrochloric acid. A solution of alkali metal chlorate is conducted from the electrolysis zone to the chlorine dioxide generating zone.

Abstract: A system adapted for use in decomposing water and separating an oxygen rich gaseous stream and a hydrogen rich gaseous stream. The system comprises an enclosure containing a decomposition zone, an oxygen separation zone and a hydrogen separation zone. The decomposition zone comprising an inlet for supplying a flow of water vapor, a plurality of conductive tubes arranged in a spaced array and connected in a parallel circuit including a source of electrical energy capable of supplying energy to all of the conductive tubes. The tubes in the array are elongated circular structures and preferably spaced less than one-eighth inch from each other.

Abstract: A system for electroplating a tin-bismuth alloy at near eutectic composition is disclosed. The system includes the plating bath and the process for initially preparing the bath as well as the process for plating an object with tin-bismuth alloy. The system further includes an apparatus for regulating the concentrations of tin and bismuth in the plating bath and the process by which the concentrations are controlled.

Abstract: An apparatus for electrolytically generating small volumes of a selected gas such as hydrogen for introduction into a flowing gas stream is described. The gas stream flows through an electrolytic cell wherein the selected gas is generated at an electrode and a portion of the gas stream is diverted through a needle valve and a non-conducting capillary with a small orifice to deliver gas to the electrodes so as to dislodge the selected gas bubbles forming thereon and carry them into the flowing gas stream. To maintain the level of electrolyte in the cell, the cell is connected by a narrow tube to a reservoir of electrolyte. The reservoir has a volume and surface area many times greater than that of the cell and the gas volume above the reservoir is maintained at the pressure and composition of the gas stream entering the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A heater which uses the electrolysis of a liquid to produce heat from electricity and transfers the heat from the electrolyte by means of a heat exchanger. One embodiment includes electrodes of nickel and platinum and an electrolyte of potassium carbonate with a heat exchanger immersed in and transferring heat from the electrolyte.

Abstract: An oxygen sensor for measuring oxygen in the ppb range. The sensor comprises an electrochemical cell. The oxygen is metered to the cathode based on gaseous phase diffusion to provide a measurement proportional to volumetric concentration. Hydrogen is metered to the anode in an amount in excess of the oxygen being reduced at the cathode. A current is generated which is linear to the volumetric concentration of the oxygen in the sample gas. The concentration of the oxygen is measured based on current generated.

Abstract: An electrolytic conductivity detector cell featuring a flow bore for communicating gaseous products of a gas chromatographic system designed to provide electrolytic conductivity supporting compounds, combined with a liquid solvent in which the compounds in question dissolve. Electrodes are provided, in general, in the form of conducting pins which are positioned in bores in the cell block, intersecting the flow bore to expose surfaces of the electrodes to the fluids in the bore.

Abstract: An oxygen concentration system for producing oxygen from air comprises an electrochemical oxygen generator mounted within an inner housing. The generator has an outer surface and is adapted to extract oxygen from air by means of an electrochemical reaction. The oxygen generator fits within an inner housing having the form of an annulus. The inner housing is insulated and is spaced from the outer surface of the oxygen generator to create a first passageway. Air in the first passageway is heated by the generator and rises upwardly out of the passageway by means of convection.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for electrowinning metal from particulate waste metal material is provided whereby waste metal material is mixed with an electrolyte to form a suspension. The suspension is separated into portions. A first portion enters the anodic compartment and a second portion is filtered and enters the cathodic compartment where metal is electrowon onto a rotating cathode.

Abstract: Micron sized gas bubbles produced by electrolysis (e.g., oxygen and/or hydrogen gas bubbles by the electrolysis of water) are introduced into a flotation cell which is also provided with larger bubbles produced by sparging a gas such as air into the flotation cell. The mixed presence of both large bubbles and small bubbles serves to improve the recovery of various copper-containing ores. The small bubble producing electrodes can be retrofitted into an existing sparged gas driven flotation cell.

Abstract: A device for producing and recycling hydrogen (DPRH) from electrolyte and hydrocarbons comprises an electrolysis unit which is energized by the source of direct electro-current and agitated by the generator of ultrasonic vibrations. The electrolysis unit comprises a container having inlet means for introducing a gasoline or other hydrocarbons and for introducing an electrolyte; a pair of positive and negative electrodes connected to the source of direct electro-current; outlet means for exiting hydrogen and oxygen. A DPRH is adapted for producing hydrogen from an electrolyte, gasoline, petroleum or the like, including gaseous hydrocarbons. A DPRH is adapted for producing oxygen from an electrolyte. A DPRH is adapted for recycling hydrogen from exhaust gases and for reducing polluting emission into the atmosphere. A DPRH is adapted for powering a vehicle utilizing an electrolyte and hydrocarbons as sources of energy. A DPRH is adapted to be inserted in the space gas station for producing hydrogen and oxygen.

Abstract: A device for the continuous disinfection of and removal of nitrate/nitrite ions as well as other adsorbable organic impurities from water and a process for using the device are disclosed. Three or more containers may be arranged in series in the direction of water flow. A first container may contain a water reservoir with a level control. A second container may contain a gaseous disinfecting agent producing device, which may be a cartridge releasing hypochloric acid through a membrane. Alternatively, the gaseous disinfecting agent producing device may be a sodium chloride electrolytic cell having a diaphragm. A third container may include a plurality of acrylic filters and a nitrate-specific ion exchanger. A fourth container may include an activated charcoal filter.

Abstract: An oxygen concentration system for producing oxygen from pressurized air comprises an electrochemical oxygen generator which selectively extracts oxygen from air by an electrochemical reaction. The oxygen concentration system includes first, second, and third concentric enclosures. The three enclosures produce three annuli formed between the enclosures. Air enters the top of the outermost enclosure, travels downwardly through the outermost annulus, crosses over the second annulus to the oxygen generators via ports, travels upwardly through the oxygen generators and back downwardly through the second annulus. By orienting the downward flow of the oxygen-depleted air next to the downward flow of the cooler incoming air, the incoming air is heated by the outgoing hot air, thereby increasing comfort to the user and reducing energy requirements.

Abstract: A plating system includes a plating tank and a separation tank connected in a closed loop. Toxic bubbles or fumes are generated during plating which rise above the plating solution in the plating tank. Venturi and/or vortex scrubbers scrub the bubbles as the solution is drained from the plating tank to the separation tank. The toxic fumes are sucked into the primary scrubbing tube while the solution is drained from plating tank into the separation tank. The fine fumes are then forced through the secondary scrubber/filter. The solution once in the separation tank is then pumped back into the plating tank.

Abstract: This invention concerns a fluid treatment apparatus wherein active particles are used to perform fluid treatment.As active particles have a very short lifetime, it has conventionally been difficult to use them for fluid treatment. In this invention, active particles generated in electrolytic dissociation chamber (104) under reduced pressure are aspirated by a fluid jetted from jetting throat (108) into a diffuser throat (110), and then perform treatment of the source fluid.

Abstract: Process for electroplating and apparatus therefor characterized by guiding just released bubbles to rise up symmetrically between the substrate plate and each of the anode plates so as to cause stable rising currents; providing a pair of passages outside of the bath so as to receive the bath solution overflowing above the upper edges of the bath wall to be jointed with the respective rising currents near the bath bottom; and preventing the descending and turning currents from disturbing just released bubbles near the joint positions of the descending and rising currents.

Abstract: A waste gas treating apparatus including a discharge tube comprising a tubular container having a gas introduction opening and a gas leading opening and at least one pair of an anodes and a cathodes placed within the container, a dc or ac power supply connected to said electrodes, and a gas flow passage formed in the discharge tube whereinat least a pair of anodes is provided opposite to each other in the flow passage,at least a pair of cathodes is provided opposite to the anodes in a direction nearly at right angles to the anodes without contacting the anodes in a space including the pair of anodes;a set of electrodes is composed of said pair of anodes and said pair of cathodes;a part of the whole of said anodes and said cathodes are composed of a plurality of plates or pillars and they are electroconductively connected integrally; anda device for forming a magnetic field application device forming a dc or ac magnetic field in the opposing direction of the cathodes is fixed to the discharge tube.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus and a process for using same for etching a metallic object (22), suitably a plate to prepare a metallic printing plate. The object is partially covered by a resist surface (14) wherein the exposed portions (16) of said metal, will be exposed to the action of an electrolytic etchant force. The apparatus comprises a bath (10) for an aqueous electrolyte (12), an electrode (23), suitably but not critically metallic, immersible in said electrolyte, which will serve as the cathode, a source of direct current voltage (32), which may further be associated with adjustment means (38) for controlling the applied voltage.

Abstract: A process for treating water comprises feeding water to be treated into an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode at least partially encompasses the second electrode. The water to be treated is subjected to electrolysis in the presence of an electrolyte, and, preferably, in the presence of elemental carbon. An apparatus for conducting the process is also provided.

Abstract: A low mist chromium plating system is disclosed which comprises a closed plating tank containing chromium plating solution preferably covered by a layer of mist suppressing foam. Nitrogen carrier gas is introduced into the plating tank above the plating solution and carries chromium mist to a series of aqueous traps. The first trap contains sodium bisulfite for reducing hexavalent chromium ions to trivalent chromium ions. The last trap contains 1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide for indicating the presence of hexavalent chromium.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for electrochemically processing an anodic material in strip form, such as the stainless steel print bands used in high speed printers. Also provided is an electrochemical process including electroetching, electropolishing, or both to obtain microfinishing of the material. Moreover, an electrolyte is provided which is a mixture of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and glycerol in which the material removal rate is controlled by the addition of small amounts of sodium chloride. The electrochemical process operates at ambient temperature over a wide range of current density.

Abstract: A portable self-contained solar powered water purifier for swimming pools, spas, and other bodies of water is disclosed. The purifier includes a buoyant housing for supporting a solar cell array above the surface of water to be treated and a purification cell below the surface of water to be treated. Suitable electrical connections, between the solar cell array and purification cell, are sealed to prevent the entry of water therebetween which could result in electrical shorts and corrosion. The purification cell includes a sacrificial anode, having a metal alloy essentially composed of copper and silver and a cathode which is preferably constructed of stainless steel so as to not react adversely with the sacrificial anode. Metallic copper and silver ions are released by the sacrificial anode to prevent algae and bacterial growth.

Abstract: A solid state electrochemical cell adapted to alter the composition of gas streams passing therethrough comprising: a porous, high surface area electrolyte forming the body of the cell, said electrolyte having darkened electrocatalytic surfaces; a gas communicating passageway through the cell length; a first electronically conductive region and a second electrolytically conductive region, said regions disposed in opposing segments of the cell; a first electrode located in said first conductive region and a second opposing electrode located within said second conductive region, said solid electrolyte having a transference number of less than 1 and greater than 0.50 in a region between the electrodes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the removal of metal ions and other contaminates from a contaminated liquid comprises introducing the contaminated liquid into a vessel having an inlet section, an electrode section having a plurality of anodes and cathodes and an outlet section. Agitation is provided in the inlet section and the outlet section and the contaminated liquid is continuously recirculated from the outlet section to the inlet section. The combination of high electrode surface area, vigorous air agitation and recirculation allows for the economical reduction of the contaminate level and the waste solution to extremely low levels in the minimum amount of time.

Abstract: A water treating apparatus comprising a plurality of treating tanks (2) connected together in series for removing contaminants from a liquid, and an electrode unit (6) disposed at the bottom of each treating tank (2). Water is passed sequentially from the most upstream treating tank toward the most downstream treating tank and is subjected to electrochemical treatment when flowing through the electrode unit (6) of each tank. The electrode unit (6) comprises a tubular case (61) made of an insulating material, and a plurality of electrode plates of a soluble metal each formed with a multiplicity of holes (82) and arranged within the case one above another at a spacing. Current is so passed that the adjacent electrode plates are different in polarity, with the uppermost electrode plate in each upstream treating tank differing in polarity from the lowermost electrode plate in the downstream treating tank adjacent thereto.

Abstract: Gas diffusion oxygen cathodes, oxygen consuming electrochemical cells utilizing such cathodes, and a method of preparing such cathodes are disclosed. The cathode comprises an electronically conductive porous body defining respective gas and electrolyte contacting surfaces. The cathode is prepared by forming the porous body, disposing the electrolyte contacting the gas contacting surface with a gaseous atmosphere. Current is passed through the porous body at a degree of electrode polarization much higher than normal whereby modification of the electrode material is effected. If desired, a transition metal macrocycle catalyst may be incorporated in the electrode and is subjected to pretreatment as well. The inventive electrodes exhibit superior voltage performance under oxygen reduction polarization conditions.

Abstract: An apparatus in the form of a disk for the separation of oxygen from gases, or for the pumping of oxygen, uses a substantially circular disk geometry for the solid electrolyte with radial flow of gas from the outside edge of the disk to the center of the disk. The reduction in available surface area as the gas flows toward the center of the disk reduces the oxygen removal area proportionally to provide for a more uniform removal of oxygen.

Abstract: The rod incorporates a sealing device enabling a part of the inside surface of the tube, extending along its length, to be isolated from adjacent zones. The sealing device comprises two assemblies (5, 6) spaced along the length of the rod and each consisting of an annular piston (26, 36) slidably mounted on the body (2) of the rod, and at least one annular seal (32, 42) interposed between the piston and a radial support flange (33, 43). Compressed air supplied to the piston (26, 36) enables the seal (32, 42) to be compressed and to undergo radial expansion.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus which comprises a first enclosure for containing a first fluid, a second enclosure for containing a second fluid, a pathway between the first and second enclosures through which the first fluid can leak from the first enclosure into the second enclosure, and means for admitting into said pathway a third fluid under greater pressure than either the first fluid or the second fluid, whereby the third fluid leaks into the first and second enclosures and prevents the first and second fluids from intermixing.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for performing an electrochemical process involving hydrogen and gaseous compounds capable of dissociating into or combining with hydrogen ions using a solid electrolyte concentration cell. Specific applications are fuel cells for producing an electrical current and separation of hydrogen from a gaseous mixture. A novel solid electrolyte membrane is used which comprises an organic polymer-inorganic compound blend prepared by admixing an organic polymer such as poly(vinyl alcohol) with a phosphoric acid in a mutually miscible solvent. For increased strength, a membrane may be composited with or attached to a porous support. In one embodiment, the membrane may be formed into a hollow fiber having electrically conductive particles with catalyst embedded in the fiber walls; a multiplicity of such fibers may be used to form a hydrogen separation device.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for performing an electrochemical process involving hydrogen and gaseous compounds capable of dissociating into or combining with hydrogen ions using a solid electrolyte concentraton cell. Specific applications are fuel cells for producing an electrical current and separation of hydrogen from a gaseous mixture. A novel solid electrolyte membrane is used which comprises a three-component blend prepared by admixing an organic polymer, such as poly(vinyl alcohol), with an inorganic comound, such as a phosphoric acid, and a polyorganic acid, such as poly(acrylic acid), in a mutually miscible solvent. For increased strength, a membrane may be composited with or attached to a porous support. In one embodiment, electrically conductive particles with catalyst are partially embedded in the membrane to form a hydrogen separating device.

Abstract: The device for feeding a gas, particularly air into a liquid body present in an open container, includes a housing whose lower part is provided with a gas inlet opening and whose top wall is formed with a plurality of perforations. An inner perforated partition divides the housing into an upper chamber and a lower chamber communicating with the inlet opening. To create a dynamic pressure gradient between the two chambers, the perforations in the inner partition have substantially smaller diameter than the perforations or gas outlet openings in the top wall of the housing and the combined area of the perforations in the inner partition is substantially less than the cross sectional area of the gas inlet opening.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for effecting electrochemical reaction between two fluid phases, the first of which is liquid, which apparatus is characterized byan electrode permeable to the fluids,means for containing the first fluid phase in contact with the electrode,means for charging the second fluid phase to the electrodemeans for removing a reaction product of the two phases from the electrode, andmeans for rotating the electrode about an axis, such that when the second fluid phase is charged to the electrically charged, rotating electrode permeated with the first fluid phase, the second fluid phase permeates the electrode from the point of charging and the reaction product is removed from the electrode; a series cell cascade comprising at least two such electrode assemblies in series; and a process for effecting electrochemical reaction between two fluid phases, one of which is a liquid, using such an electrode assembly.

Abstract: The invention is an electrode/gas chamber combination comprising:a gas-permeable, vertically disposed electrode having oppositely disposed first and second vertical surfaces;a gas supply chamber in fluid and electrical contact with the electrode at a plurality of points,said gas supply chamber having a plurality of compartments, at least including a gas inlet compartment, an intermediate compartment, and a gas outlet compartment,each of said compartments being connected to its adjoining compartments through a fluid permeable structure, andwherein at least a portion of some of said compartments open onto portions of a first surface of the electrode thereby providing a pathway for a gas to contact the first surface of the electrode; andwherein at least a portion of the walls of the gas supply chamber are electrically conductive to provide a pathway for electrical current to flow from a power supply to the electrode.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrolyte cell which is used for the electrodeposition of silver from a fixer medium (used as the electrolyte) which has previously been used and has to be re-used for developing photographic films, X-ray plates and the like processes wherein silver is extruded by the treatment process. While the silver electrodeposition is taking place, air is bubbled through the electrolyte to prevent copper sulfate and the additives in the electrolyte from settling out and aggregating which shortens the life of the fixer medium. The electric potential which is applied to the electrodes is such as to give a much smaller electrolyzing current i.e. up to 1 amp compared to the more usual electrolyzing currents of 10 amp or more.

Abstract: An electrochemical separation of oxygen from oxygen containing gaseous mixtures, such as air, using a molten nitrate salt electrolyte retained in a porous matrix between two gas porous catalytic electrodes wherein oxygen is separated from the gaseous mixture when electrical potential is applied across the electrodes providing movement of ionic NO.sub.3 - from the cathode to the anode.

Abstract: An electrochemical oxygen generating device employing oxygen-conducting metal oxide electrolyte and a silver or silver alloy containing non-porous electrode is disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for removing hydrogen from a gaseous mixture containing hydrogen or a component capable of dissociating into hydrogen ions using a solid electrolyte concentration cell. A novel solid electrolyte membrane is used which comprises an organic polymer-inorganic compound blend prepared by admixing an organic polymer such as poly(vinyl alcohol) with a heteropoly acid or salt thereof such as dodecamolybdophosphoric acid in a mutually miscible solvent.

Abstract: An apparatus used in high pressure electrolytic cell operation which allows a cell to be operated at high pressures while providing balanced interface pressures between circulating liquids and gases. Each liquid and gas compartment in the cell is connected to a holding tank. Gas pressure in the holding tank is allowed to build up to the pressure required for cell operation before it is released. Positive displacement pumps circulate liquids through the cell at a pressure equal to the pressure of gases contained in the holding tanks. Gases are back-pressured into the gas compartments of the cell at a pressure equal to the pressure of the gases contained in the holding tanks thereby balancing the pressures of gases and liquids in the cell while allowing for circulation of the liquids.